ECOLOGY ECOLOGY & &

HUMAN IMPACTHUMAN IMPACTGENERAL SCIENCE 8 GENERAL SCIENCE 8

What is ECOLOGY?What is ECOLOGY?

The study of how The study of how living things interact living things interact with their with their environmentenvironment

Click on here to view movie

Key DefinitionsKey Definitions OrganismOrganism

Any living thingAny living thing PopulationPopulation

All the members of a species that living together in an area and can reproduceAll the members of a species that living together in an area and can reproduce CommunityCommunity

All the different populations that live in the same areaAll the different populations that live in the same area HabitatHabitat

The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism needsneeds

EcosystemEcosystem All the living and nonliving things that interact in an areaAll the living and nonliving things that interact in an area

NicheNiche An organisms role in their environment An organisms role in their environment

AbioticAbiotic Non-living things in an ecosystemNon-living things in an ecosystem

Examples: water, oxygen, rocksExamples: water, oxygen, rocks BioticBiotic

Living things in an ecosystemLiving things in an ecosystem Examples: plants, animalsExamples: plants, animals

Key DefinitionsKey Definitions PredatorPredator

An organism that lives by killing and eating other organisms An organism that lives by killing and eating other organisms (prey)(prey)

PreyPrey An organism hunted for food by a predatorAn organism hunted for food by a predator

Symbiotic RelationshipSymbiotic Relationship Ecological relationship between 2 or more different speciesEcological relationship between 2 or more different species

Both benefit – MutalismBoth benefit – Mutalism One benefits, other is unharmed – CommensalismOne benefits, other is unharmed – Commensalism One benefits, other is harmed - ParasitismOne benefits, other is harmed - Parasitism

Carrying CapacityCarrying Capacity The number of organisms a given habitat can supportThe number of organisms a given habitat can support

Limited by available food, water, shelter, oxygen, mineralsLimited by available food, water, shelter, oxygen, minerals Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors

Conditions that determine the numbers and kinds of organisms Conditions that determine the numbers and kinds of organisms that can inhabit an ecosystemthat can inhabit an ecosystem

Can reduce population growthCan reduce population growth Examples: food, water, shelter, oxygen, mineralsExamples: food, water, shelter, oxygen, minerals

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

Equation: CO2 + H2O Oxygen + Glucose + water vapor

FOOD CHAIN TERMSFOOD CHAIN TERMS

ProducerProducer An organism that makes its own foodAn organism that makes its own food

Example: algae, grassExample: algae, grass

ConsumerConsumer Any organism that needs to obtain its food Any organism that needs to obtain its food

from other sourcesfrom other sources Example: animal, humanExample: animal, human

FOOD CHAIN TERMS contFOOD CHAIN TERMS cont..

HerbivoreHerbivore Any organism that eats only plantsAny organism that eats only plants

Example: rabbitExample: rabbit

CarnivoreCarnivore Any organism that eats only meatAny organism that eats only meat

Example: wolf, bearExample: wolf, bear

OmnivoreOmnivore Any organism that eats both plants and animalsAny organism that eats both plants and animals

Example: humanExample: human

DecomposerDecomposer Any organism that breaks down the remains of dead Any organism that breaks down the remains of dead

plant and animal matterplant and animal matter Example: fungi, bacteriaExample: fungi, bacteria

How to build a food chainHow to build a food chain

Producer Producer primaryprimary secondary secondary tertiarytertiary

consumer consumer consumer consumer consumerconsumer Finally Finally end with a decomposerend with a decomposer Food chains show a feeding relationshipFood chains show a feeding relationship Example:Example:

Sun Sun grass grass mouse mouse snake snake owl owl bacteria bacteria

BUILD A FOOD CHAINBUILD A FOOD CHAIN Using the following organism, create a food chain in Using the following organism, create a food chain in

your packetyour packet MouseMouse pandapanda bacteriabacteria batbat HumanHuman snailsnail birdbird dogdog MosquitoMosquito alligatoralligator grassgrass hunterhunter FishFish rabbitrabbit bearbear treetree SeaweedSeaweed DeerDeer mushroom hawkmushroom hawk CheetahCheetah wolfwolf grasshopper snakegrasshopper snake

SUN..______ SUN..______ _______ _______ _______ ___________________________________

MAKE A FOOD WEB : MAKE A FOOD WEB : many food chains that interconnectmany food chains that interconnect

Using Using ALLALL the organisms, create a food the organisms, create a food web in your packetweb in your packet MouseMouse pandapanda bacteriabacteria batbat HumanHuman snailsnail birdbird dogdog MosquitoMosquito alligatoralligator grassgrass hunterhunter FishFish rabbitrabbit bearbear treetree SeaweedSeaweed DeerDeer mushroom hawkmushroom hawk CheetahCheetah wolfwolf grasshopper snakegrasshopper snake

ENERGY PYRAMIDSENERGY PYRAMIDS

Energy FlowEnergy Flow Energy flows from:Energy flows from:

producersproducers consumersconsumers

Less energyLess energy is available to the highest level is available to the highest level of consumers in a food chain because of consumers in a food chain because organisms need to use the energy for life organisms need to use the energy for life functionsfunctions

Carbon/Oxygen CycleCarbon/Oxygen Cycle

Animals take in O2

Plants take in CO2

Animals release CO2

Plant release O2

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

One species replaces anotherOne species replaces another Causes:Causes:

Forest firesForest fires Volcano eruptionsVolcano eruptions DeforestationDeforestation Flooding/tsunamisFlooding/tsunamis earthquakesearthquakes

Ecological Succession – cont.Ecological Succession – cont.

Forest succession Mosses grasses small shrubs/bushes Forest of trees

Pond Succession

Water sediment swamp forest

Human Impact: Human Impact: PollutionPollution

Air pollutionAir pollution Human ImpactsHuman Impacts

Click on here to view movie Click on here to view movie

GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMING CAUSECAUSE

Too much carbon dioxide (COToo much carbon dioxide (CO22) in the ) in the atmosphereatmosphere

Car emissionsCar emissions FactoriesFactories

EFFECTEFFECT Increase in Earth’s temperatureIncrease in Earth’s temperature Melting of polar ice capsMelting of polar ice caps Flooding/rise in sea levelFlooding/rise in sea level Rise in heat related diseases and deathsRise in heat related diseases and deaths

PREVENTIONPREVENTION Use alternative energy sourcesUse alternative energy sources Do not pollute the air by burning fossil Do not pollute the air by burning fossil

fuelsfuels Car pool, ride your bike, walkCar pool, ride your bike, walk

OZONE DEPLETIONOZONE DEPLETION

CAUSECAUSE CFC’s - aerosol cansCFC’s - aerosol cans

Air conditionersAir conditioners RefrigerantsRefrigerants Hair spray, paint cansHair spray, paint cans

EFFECTEFFECT Holes in the ozone layerHoles in the ozone layer Rise in skin cancersRise in skin cancers

PREVENTIONPREVENTION Banned CFC’s in aerosol productsBanned CFC’s in aerosol products

ACID RAINACID RAIN CAUSECAUSE

Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide react with water droplets to form Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide react with water droplets to form sulfuric and nitric acids sulfuric and nitric acids

EFFECTEFFECT Effects soil, water, forests in areas far away from the factories the Effects soil, water, forests in areas far away from the factories the

pollution it is caused bypollution it is caused by Acidity of water can decrease (become more acidic)Acidity of water can decrease (become more acidic) Ecosystems become disrupted, fish and other wildlife can dieEcosystems become disrupted, fish and other wildlife can die Buildings/grave stones can become weatheredBuildings/grave stones can become weathered

PREVENTIONPREVENTION Use alternative energy sourcesUse alternative energy sources Stop burning fossil fuelsStop burning fossil fuels Place laws on factory emissionsPlace laws on factory emissions

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCESSOURCES

Oil is a nonrenewable, limited resourceOil is a nonrenewable, limited resource Fossils fuels pollute the environmentFossils fuels pollute the environment There are only 20-50 years of oil leftThere are only 20-50 years of oil left

Click on here to view movie

What are the alternative What are the alternative energy forms?energy forms?

WindWind SolarSolar NuclearNuclear GeothermalGeothermal HydroelectricHydroelectric TidalTidal

WIND ENERGYWIND ENERGY

Converting wind Converting wind energy into electricityenergy into electricity Most common Most common

machine = a windmillmachine = a windmill

• PositivePositive – no pollution – no pollution

• Negative Negative – wind is not – wind is not strong everywherestrong everywhere

Click on here to view movie

SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGY

Collecting the sun’s Collecting the sun’s radiation energy and radiation energy and converting it to converting it to electricityelectricity

PositivePositive – no – no pollution, pollution, greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

Negative Negative – Sun is not – Sun is not always outalways out

Click on here to view movie

NUCLEAR ENERGYNUCLEAR ENERGY

Converting the Converting the energy in the nucleus energy in the nucleus of atoms to electricityof atoms to electricity

PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

NegativeNegative – – radioactive wastes radioactive wastes and terrorismand terrorism

Click on here to view movie

GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Converting heat from Converting heat from the earth into the earth into electricity and powerelectricity and power

PositivePositive – No – No pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

NegativeNegative – hot – hot magma sources are magma sources are not found in all areasnot found in all areas

Click on here to view movie

HYDROELECTRIC ENERGYHYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Converting tidal Converting tidal energy into powerenergy into power

PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

NegativeNegative – large – large water sources are water sources are not available all over not available all over the U.S., creating the U.S., creating dams can kill wildlifedams can kill wildlife

Click on here to view movie

TIDAL ENERGYTIDAL ENERGY

Converting tidal Converting tidal energy into powerenergy into power

PositivePositive – no – no pollution or pollution or greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases

NegativeNegative – tides are – tides are only located near only located near ocean frontsocean fronts

Click on here to view movie

How do we get electricity from thHow do we get electricity from these alternative sources?ese alternative sources?

Moving Water, Steam, Wind, Water to boilMoving Water, Steam, Wind, Water to boil

Turns the turbine

Turns the magnets

ELECTRICITY!!

ENERGY CONSERVATIONENERGY CONSERVATION

WHAT CAN WHAT CAN YOUYOU DO FOR THE DO FOR THE

ENVIRONMENT???ENVIRONMENT???

Click on here to view movie