ecology 8310 population (and community) ecology predator-prey response to thursday empirical...
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Tests that inform predator-prey modelsTRANSCRIPT
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Ecology 8310Population (and Community) Ecology
Predator-prey• Response to Thursday…• Empirical patterns:
• Luckinbill's experiments• Huffaker's mites• Lake patterns in phyto-zoop as f(nutrients)• Causes of positive increases in consumer-resource
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For r>a For r<a
From Arditi and Ginzburg 2012. How Species Interact
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Tests that inform predator-prey models
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Ecology 54:1320-1327
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Paramecium alone
Note extinction after 1-3 predator-prey
cycles.
Baseline dynamics:
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Recall unstable equilibrium in "paradox"
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N
P
dN/Ndt=0
dP/Pdt=0
Unstable
How can we stabilize this system?
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N
P
dN/Ndt=0
dP/Pdt=0Reduce predators
attack rate
(add cellulose to medium):
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N
P
dN/Ndt=0
dP/Pdt=0
Reduce prey's K
(reduce food in medium):
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Paramecium alone
Increased persistence (stability)!Results:
See Harrison (1995, Ecology) for data-model comparison
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• one predator; one prey
• live on oranges
Huffaker's mites:
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Results:Without predator: prey persist…
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Results:With predator: extinction
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How might the system be modified to facilitate persistence?
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1) Network:
• Groups of oranges, coupled by migration…
• Many did not work…
2) Reduce predator dispersal ability among patches:
• dispersed oranges amid rubber balls, non resource; added barriers to slow down predator movement…
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Patch network:
P
aNP
N
aPN
P
aNP
N
aPN
P
aNP
N
aPN
NN
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Results:
Patches transition:none prey predator and prey predator none
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Other data…enrichment in lakes
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Compared phytoplankton in enclosures with vs. without fish (i.e., phyto only vs. phyto & zoop)
in lakes that varied in nutrients (TP)
What do you expect based on LV pred-prey model?
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Expectation: Enrich system: e.g., increase prey’s r and K
1) No zooplankton
2) Zooplankton (and no fish)
N (phytoplankton)
P (z
oopl
ankt
on)
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"No" Zoops (with fish)
without fish
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Is this the pattern we see in real lakes?
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Phytoplankton (algae)
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Zooplankton (e.g., Daphnia)
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Why the discrepancy?
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1. Interference among consumers
2. Pseudo-interference (consumer stage-structure)
3. Heterogeneity within trophic levels
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Expectation: Effect of interference…
N (phytoplankton)
P (z
oopl
ankt
on)
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Are they other ways to create this slanted isocline?
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Small Bluegill
Large Bluegill
Littoral Invertebrates Zooplankto
n
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Juvenile bottleneck:
N (adult resource)
P (a
dult
dens
ity)
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What about resource heterogeneity?
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Zooplankton
Inedible Algae
Edible Algae
Nutrients
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Zooplankton
Inedible Algae
Edible Algae
Nutrients
0
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Field experiment (vary nutrients and fish)
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Results:
Microflagellates Daphnia
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Data fit simple (not complex) model.
Why?
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Synthesize results of other nutrient experiments…
Change in Density
Zoop Inedible Edible
Increase 20 7 8
No change
1 7 5
Decrease 1 0 0
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These systems contain different grazers.
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Compare systems with Daphnia vs. smaller grazers (due to their size, they perceive “edibility”
differently):
vs.
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Change in Density
Zoop Inedible Edible
Increase 10 1 2
No change
1 6 4
Decrease 0 0 0
Change in Density
Zoop Inedible Edible
Increase 10 6 6
No change
0 1 1
Decrease 1 0 0
Daphnia systems
(all algae are “edible”)
Systems with smaller cladocera (some algae are
“inedible”)
heterogeneity key, but poorly
resolved
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Simple models have helped guide our understanding and have pointed to the
role of additional biological features