ecology 1 ppt

20
Populations Defined by Size Density Dispersion. Size: Total number of individuals present Limited by Birth – increases size Death – decreases size Immigration – increases size (moving INTO population) Emigration – decreases size (moving OUTof population)

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Page 1: Ecology 1 PPT

Populations• Defined by 

– Size– Density– Dispersion. 

• Size: Total number of individuals present– Limited by

• Birth – increases size• Death – decreases size• Immigration – increases size (moving INTO population)

• Emigration – decreases size(moving OUTof population)

Page 2: Ecology 1 PPT

s

Page 3: Ecology 1 PPT

Practice Problem: 

• An initial population of axolotls is 42. • 4 of the axolotls die of natural causes. 8 axolotls immigrate into the population. 2 axolotls emigrate from the population. 17 axolotls are born.

• What is the size of the new population?• Did the population grow or shrink in size? 

Page 4: Ecology 1 PPT

• Density: number of individuals per unit area or volume. 

• Sampling techniques are used to estimate population sizes– Mark and Recapture:

• Some organisms are captured, marked and released.

• Later, organisms are captured again.• The frequency of marked organisms that were recaptured can be used to determine density of population.  

Population Size

Area/Volume

HONORS

Page 5: Ecology 1 PPT
Page 6: Ecology 1 PPT

• Dispersion: describes how the individuals within a population are spaced out. 

Clumped:               Random:               Uniform:

most common

Page 7: Ecology 1 PPT
Page 8: Ecology 1 PPT

Population Growth• Biotic Potential: maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions– Different populations have different biotic potentials– Affected by several factors:

• Length of time before reproductive period begins• Length of time reproductive period lasts • Number of reproductive periods in lifetime• Number of offspring produced at a time. 

HONORS

Page 9: Ecology 1 PPT

Exponential population growth pattern:

• Exponential growth = rate of growth keeps increasing.– No predation– No parasitism– No competition– No immigration/emmigration– Unlimited resources

Doesn’t last in nature.

Seen in: • Bacteria grown in lab• Humans for the past 

300 years. 

Page 10: Ecology 1 PPT

Logistic population growth pattern:

– Initial period of slow growth– Period of exponential population growth– Population reaches carrying capacity: maximum number of individuals the environment can support

– Population crashes or oscillates (goes up and down) around the carrying capacity. 

– When the population becomes stable we can say it is in equilibrium 

Popu

latio

n

Time

Carrying Capacity

Exponential Growth

Stable Population

Page 11: Ecology 1 PPT

• Carrying capacity = K• Each environment has its own K• K can change as environmental conditions change.

Page 12: Ecology 1 PPT

K‐Strategists• Keep population size constant, near the carrying capacity (K)

• Produce a few, large offspring who take a long time to develop

• Intensive parenting• Reproduce many times• Mammals

r‐Strategists• Population size grows whenever environment is uncrowded/rich in resources. 

• Produce many small offspring who quickly develop.

• Little to no parenting• Reproduce once• Insects

HONORS

Page 13: Ecology 1 PPT

HONORS

Page 14: Ecology 1 PPT

Oh Deer! Game

• Each person is either a deer or a resource• The 3 resources are:Blue = water Green = food Brown = shelter• For each round, on the count of 3 – everyone holds up ONE resource card

• The “resources” must then pick a deer with the same card to match with.. They then become a deer

• If you are a deer and are NOT chosen – you switch lines and become a “resource” 

Page 15: Ecology 1 PPT

Oh Deer! Questions

• Would it ever be possible for the entire class to become deer?

• What real life scenarios could result in SIGNIFICANTLY less available water? Food? 

• How can we describe the graph that resulted from our class data?  

Page 16: Ecology 1 PPT

Limits to Population Growth

• Limiting factors: limit population growth.–2 Types:

• Density‐dependent factors: factors that increase as population density increases.

–Competition for food, waste buildup, predation, disease, etc.

• Density‐independent factors: factors that are unrelated to population density. 

–Natural disasters

Page 17: Ecology 1 PPT

• Bikini Bottom is found on the bottom of the ocean floor. What is a likely limiting factor for the PLANTS living there?  

Page 18: Ecology 1 PPT

• OH NO!A tornado hit bikini bottom.• Would this be considered a density dependent or density independent factor?

Page 19: Ecology 1 PPT

• Hungry “MEEP” fish have invaded the Krusty Krab !!!!

density dependent or density independent limiting factor?

MEEP!

MEEP!

MEEP!

MEEP!

MEEP!MEEP!

Page 20: Ecology 1 PPT

• There is only one tub of bubbles left but all the Spongebob characters want to use them!

• density dependent or density independent limiting factor?