ecological studies on the zooplankton population of … · 2018-01-04 · pond throng washermen...
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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE ZOOPLANKTON POPULATION OF SOME FRESHWATERS OF
ALIGARH REGION
Dissertat ion submit ted for the degree of
MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN
ZOOLOGY
By MUSHARRAF ALI
M. Sc. (Alig.)
Depar tment of Zoology ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY,
ALIGARH February, 1976
y
DS76
c 0 y t I M f i
ACKI ULBIXI9(E9fF3
IHTBDMCTION
DSSCRIFTIOS OP THIS pOHDS
RESULT AED DIOCUSSIOK . . .
Physicsal limaology . . .
Chemical l l suao lo^ , . •
Zooplazdcton . . .
Diurnal f a r i a t i o n s . • • i n iSooplajakton population
sraniABX
Pago
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A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
I am great ly indebted to Dr, Asif All Khan, under
whose supervision the present woik was oompleted. I am also
thaidcfUl to the Head, Department of Zoology, AligRih Muslim
Universi ty , Aligaih^for kindly providing the necessary
f a c i l i t i e s for the completion of the woik.
Thanks a re also due to Dr, Seikh Amjad Ali and
Mr. Anil Cha t t e r j i , Hesearch Scholars of my l ab , who helped
me during the course of i n v e s t i ^ t i o n s .
The science of Limnology* which deals with the eoology
of freshwaters inoludln/^ Uie hlolosical productivi-ty wi"tti a l l
the aepeota of "ttie interactinf^ physicali chGoical and biolo-
^ca l factorst io "beinj givoa inc r^sed at tention in recent
yrnXB* "Bio vast quantities of wat^p witlx tiieir r ich organic
resourcest offer 300d opportunltleo for -Qio naxi'mja esqploita-
tinn to tho advantage of 1iiQ Mo-economics of the country.
In view of the seneral paucity of the l i t e r a tu r e on
the various llinologicKil aspects of the tropical ponds of the
North India* an attenpt was iiade "by 1iie autiior to study 14ie
ecology of zooplankton coninunity.
The 2sooplanktoi:iic organioas represent one of the 130st
important group of aquatic animals in relat ion to fiah» p a r t i
cularly in respect of iiie food. The aajori'ty of the ©oonoml-
oally important freshc^water te leosts are icnown to pass tSirou^^
a stage in th s l r l i f e histozy when ISisy subsist on sooplankton
organlans for food. Besides this* many adult ss>eoies of
ooimereially important o a ^ r carps* are reported to feed seleo»
tlTsly upon these orpuniais. In carp culture ponds* oonsldsz^*
alAs effbrts are lieing laade ^ Inersass the pzoduetiTltar of
« 2 «»
wmp^MCk-^n* The atady ostphaslsos Hhe ntvA to mk9 ^lae^me
invtstig&tions on liio tzophodiBnasiies in ^ e £r«dt»f& «r ^&d«»
&d ^ Qonsflonre th«stt large )x>dift8 oX ponds i4hl^ ean sutftola
eonsidex&Mo Monaas of flahoo.
HxtensiTo yeax^xound reseazdi rosulta on eoopXankton
and roXated limnologit^l faetors haTo be«in ptt1}liiEiiQd by iLofoid
(1908)S Allen (1920) i Mrge and Juday (1922) In lihe beglanlng
of the twentieth centuiy* Durins the last four decados aany
notable woxfcers like Claifc (1940) J Clark sSk lik* (1948);
Rawson (1953a) f Davia (1954) I Sdoondaon (1955) I King (1957) t
aral53««r< 1959) S Colebiook (1960atb)l itoAllister (1961)and 1969)5
Haaalvood sk aX* <t96l and 1965)1 Bonse (1962)1 Marshall (1964)$
Mvm (1964); Appl^ata ^ ai.. (1967)1 Haertel s^ sJL* (1967)1
Hall jal al* (1967) I Olsen jg$, aX» (1967) i 'S&db. jcfe ai« < 1967) t
Axmitoga jBl aJL* (1968) I 3urgia (1969) I XfeiTls (1969) I Hopkine (1969)
Mdiarain (1969) i 'Daxm (1970) j Mat2aaan (1970) t Haava (1970) I
Cartar (1971)$ Dearasr (1971) J Wiape (1971)$ Boui ar ^ aJ,. (1972>i
Oapiahko (1972) $ Kirillova sk S3L* C 1972) J Zawialak (1972) I
Aadwnov (1973) I Bzandl (1973) $ Cadi (1973) t ^rlkaaoa (1973) i
I«dfcay (1973) t Portar (1973) f stavaan (1973) I Hanai^atti (1971) I
ULigLme (1974)1 Wataon (1974)1 Kvlk Skl^ (1973)$ Salgat^ (1973)
and %>salaa (1975) • davotad thair raaaarahaa tovurda aoology of
tha floopla»kton» and ita r^Latad faetora* £lalhosn (1932) aate
«» J <•>
9Xk mt^mpt to ia!r«0'ligRt« ^ « biology of I&e aooploiaktoxu
Wftvd (1959) pointed out a n«if mtthod foif ootmtJJQg sooplenkton
ii«a1»«ra* Banondaon (1962) ^ T O im aoooimt on tli« y^psaodixotioa
waA tfioA mppXj of aooplazdcton and also x«ir«al«d '^e r^latloii*
ihip with l ^ t of phytoplankton* McOiaren (1963) «asTl«d out
tho effect of tempsraturo on the ssooplaakton pioduotion and
I t s Tertlcal migration. Beors (1969) examined <Aaaee8 of
laloroiooplanicton vittiln depth intervals and beXov the euphotie
85one at fair locations with different hydrophio conditions in
the Horth-eastern Paclflo Ocean*
The Imowled^e of sooplsnkton In India i s s t i l l fra^en-
tar Tt thot gh a nunther of oontri'butlons are made midtk as those
hy Sew«ai (1924 and 1954)$ Prathi (1935)f Phillpose (1940) J
Ganapati (1943 and 1955) J Prasad (1952)* Baiaaiaurthy (1953)$
Allkunlri. a t ai* (1955)$ "Das and Ljrivastava (1955» 1956 and 1959)1
Hay (1955)$ Sttbrahraanyan (1959)$ Sastry skS^* (1960)l George
(1961 and 1966)$ Baniel and P rem Kvamr (1965)t rioltra and
Bhftttftdiaxya (1966); Ray and Sohgal (1966) $ ^ i t r a and 9iomidk
(1967)1 Ifeyav (1968)1 Ta^iiht (1968)1 BsMsdrthan (19^)f
Swmoayya (1971) I maaesfvm gi g^<, (1973) I PataaHc (1973) a»d
Baatmixtliy and Oana^ti (1975) • But a l l ^ase atadiast %d1li
only ftftf fxe^tionoi w«Fa oada in aastavn and adulhani aaotov
of India and novtham and vaataxn saetova ave uaually uslouohad.
. 4 •
In the preamit study• three ponds veare seleeted foar
an ext^asive stud^ on the eoolo^iy of f^eehidater sooplankton*
"Simoe v^n&m &r& sitimted im Mlk^ne^ ^ ^ ^ 3 ^ 1 ^ and emm- asaaU^
stocked vtih the flngerXlngs of major oaxps. All these ponds
show different aiorphological and ecological (^araeter ls t ies
aaklnix the stu«^ more comparative* ^ e main idea behind
t h i s study i s to evaltmte and then to ooapare the secondary
proaactiou, on which the t e r t l a iy production depeaidst in
lihesQ three different arriroiiaQntal conditions.
. 5 -
POHP CHAP TAI. i
Chau Tal I s a perennial freshwater pond aituated amidst
oon.'jested loca l i t l ea a t a distance of about lir to away from the
Zoolojy Department, I t i s a shallow eutrophic body of vat^Tt
coveriii?j an area of about 2.5 acrest with i t s depth Taiyin/;
from s^.son to season* The pond i e normally 5 to 9 feet deep,
Kain water and tuho-well watco? are the iiain sources to f i l l
the pond to i t s full capacity.
The length and wiflth of the pond increases during
monsoon monliia and gets flooded af ter heavy ra in fa l l . I t
also acts as a drainage basin into vdiic^ water swe^a fTon
the surrounding land, Durin^j the summer nontho» the pond dries
up due to the h i ^ a i r temperature* and henoe reduces i t s ariMt*
and 'hereby deoreasing the wat«p volume. Long and irregular
iliore l i ne i s the dmraeter ls t lo feature of liie pondt whieih
enhances the productivity of the pond by increasing the oppoxw
tunity of close supor imposition of photoaynl^etlc ssone upon
the deoomposition zone (Vleloht 1952),
I t s basin i s vezy simple• f l a t and sloping* The bottom
of th i s pond l e eontainlng sUt* clay* and and sand p a r t l ^ e a
lAiiflh aare geneXttXIy Ixttxodiaeed into t h i s pond Kith the inooming
• 5 .
wK%9r fiom adiaeatit f ie lds during rainy season* Bss&dMi - ^ i s
ihs dssd plajoktonic or^joniaae are also found on ths botlKHt*
Whe flhallov rogion of the pond mostly oonsist of sand* 9h«
oolour of the bottom materials ranges from iproor to VLacic: in
different regions. Sefveral detergents are aipplied into t h i s
pond th rong washermen durin,; oloth \ffa&Siing«
The pond i s also used for the culture of fiali and for
the culture of Traua Msoinoaua carop. 't he tldieof cultured
here are ^enexallir iiajor cai!pE i .e .» Labeo rohlta* Catla gatlafc^
This pond iu a seuado-fed pond» oituated ZL&ar I»T.I»
bulldinst a t a taistance of ahout 2«5 km away froa the Zoology
Department, I t covers a surface ar^i of about 2,0 acres* The
shape of t h i s pond* i s some\4iat rectangular. I t i s mai>>made.
The depth of -tiie pond also varied from season to 8eaaon» usually
5 to 7 feet . The pond* on the western aide* has a deep area wilfti
plants of Affp 9;Hfi SSSSSiSS^ /jxowing a t different distance flfom
eaeh other. A two meters vdde area alon.j the aisore l i ne use
found to be oovered with rooted aquatic plants and different
types of a l ^ e . The eaetaom aide have a i r regular u>ac*e l i n e
with etiallew water* gradually deep«iing into the oentral basin.
*Bie pond reeelvea a zmllah from the North aidet whicdti oonti*
zmeuely dlsoharf^ee the soMage oolleeted f ^ a the eitgr avn*
•» I •»
BottcKa of the pond oontaina aos t ly laudt atoxie p a r t i o l e o t
doad planktonlo or^aniaas and decayed a ^ a t l e planta* fh«
colour of ^ o bo t tds mat^ieial xangaa faxtm ^njr to luiiavfii. and c
bledclelif during the di f ferent aeasons of the year . The pond
reoelTes i t s n u t r i e n t suoply from aovfige a s well a s t h r o u ^
regenet ra t ion of n u t r i e n t s farom the deoaylng p l an t s aa well
a s from the f e r t i l l z e r a co ' i ln; fron the figprlcultural f i e l d s
aa^o in in ; to i t i du r ln ; rainy seaaon.
HjySLA PONDS
TSiio pond nny bo regarded na tii© pol lu ted pcnd. 'Hiis
pond receiveo dotorscaito and w^te mat ter roleaoed by t h e f ive
foc to i l e s t ni tuated near 1^ i t . The pond in s i tua ted near liie
Ha^a v i l l age* a t a diotanco ahout 3,0 kta a\^ay froti the Zoology
Department and covers an area of about 20,0 ac re s . The por t ion
of the pond» which receives the i n d u s t r i a l waatet i s mueh c
pol lu ted and the water always found to be bleOciifti i n colour.
IThis pond i s marshy i n nature and with i r r e g u l a r deep bas in .
t he pond i s noxmally 7 to 20 f ee t deep a t diff^rtf i t p l aces .
The foxci of t h e pond a s se^a tron the out idde laay be
regarded a s s u b » r e c t a n ^ l a r and elongated with surface e levat ions
a r e subjected to var ia t iona from season to season. I t i s a lso
used by the waebesman for d c t i i wag ing purposes.
•• Q •»
MASBaiAL AHD METHODS
Seunplin? waa done at two stntioas S and S* tvam saoSHl
pond, always a t 10,00 A.fl.
Atnospheric and surface water teraperatures were recorded
by neroury thermometer graduated upto 100°C (l/lOth) a t 10.00 A.M.,
a t monthly I n t e r m l s . Tho surface water temperature was m€»mired
hy increasing the tliertaometer into the pond wat^r for one minute.
Ti^nEnareao;/ in the pond was ii^.sured hy a atandord
secchi-dioc of 14.0 cm in diaiaeter. ?.h.Q sccdii disc waa fuiv
nished by black and vjhite quadrants» laade of heavy iron, The
disc was t ied with the help of nylon thraid. In the pond i t
was allowed to m deeper and deeper* and the average depth a t
which the ssoohi disc disappeared and raappigEtred was noted as
the reading of the l i ^ t penetration.
Turbidity was directly detezained by a Klett-Summerson
Photo-electric colorimeter using a red f i l t e r .
Water eaaples for ^emleal analysis were oolleeted only
from surface directly w l ^ Hie help of water saraplw*
Bamples were analysed for dissolved oij^gen ooneentoatloB
a t the s l t a of ooXlaotion \xy liiidcl«r*8 modified teolualqua
iAaayiean Pumio Haalth Aaao elation* 19^) •
• 9 •
Ihnm oastendiexide %»0 detsmlned by t i t i a t i n g 100 a l
iOBtpIt vitli H/44 I%0H using phonolphthaldin aa Indioa^tov*
Caxteimta and Bioaxl)onata wora astimatad by t l tva t lag 100 ml
aaaple v i ^ 0*025 N salplnixlc a d d uaing phsnoXphthal^a and
raathyl oran,';© as indicators.
pH MSLQ detemined with the help of a ziarvow range pll pap«r«
Chloride was ostinated lay t i t r a t i n g diractly with standard si lvor
n i t r a t e solution using potassium coronate ao indicator.
3aiplos for the analysio of nutr ients were ooXlacted
fro-n the surface \/atar and ooiiileted with six hours from UtiQ
t ine of collGction. toaonie was ostinated hy lies t i e r ' s reagent
aethod. Inor.^anio phosphorus was deterained hy Jteimoniiaa nioly'b-'
date "blue method. Inorganic phosphorus and ajmaonia-nltrogen
are expressed as/Ug atom/L.
ZoopXazikton aarsples wore oolXeoted from ' ^ e surface vateir
by f i l t e r ing 100 l i t e r s of watert S5 l i t e r s txom eaoh sidet
t h r o u ^ a plaiJicton net of % . 8 . ^ctrcne oare yt&G takma. to
diettti^ the water as l i t t l e aa possible while aaklag the oollee*
t ions . Baeh sos^le wae mflhed out In a 50 lal wide laott^ botlPL*
and made to 50 ml by addition of vater and preawved 1: adding
formalin to make a 5^ aolution* J?br analyalat two aub->eeaple8
of one ml each were drawn af ter ISiozoug^y mixlnti Ifoe aooplaiflcton
with a wide mou-tifi dropp«r and Ifoired into a oountin^ eeU of
one ml oapaeity and divided into len^tadlBal dlvlaloiis. All
- to -
-^e or ganiscis w re identtifi«d azid oounted and the mm& of ^ «
two oount vas oozxverted to nambeirs p«r l i tre of ponA «Bt«r*
The soopXefi rfon vfpe identifies up^ i|»e<iies l#r«X ttftet
Sewell (1924) s Kief er (1939) s 33*aona?.oii (1959) » and Naya»
(1971),
-.tl -
A a d l ^ t ctoan^ i» the terap^aturof whicii I s oa@ of 1*i©
Important factor to r e f l a t e ^e pxDduotivlty of the ©mrifonaepatf
rmy affect ^ e Molo ^ of the or'piilaas prescait in the esavlToimmit
(iproi/fehf dewraloimtintf repxo auction,'oUier l i f e paPocaasQa) and
also the diotrllmtion of the .^asea and nutriflcit cycdle along wi-^
tho other Mogonio p2?oo0ssos are got affected by the ctianges in
the teoiperatwro of the &avt3Ximi&it (Hutcliinooni 1957) • I'he main
sotirces of hent are aol©r isdiat ion and re la t ive hiaaidity and
t h i s heat d l reo t l / talc en tip t h rou^ direct absorption hy water
and throia,^ tho t2^yasf@i? of heat tmm the a i r or from the bottom
of the ponds.
Thm toDipes»ture changes in caaan Talt I»5»I» pond and
l la^a pond are /$Lven in table 1* Seaaonal changes are fbund to
be large, ©le water tempmratares are closely related to the a i r
teEspera^irest whidti obvioTisly depend ijpon the meteorology of t^ie
region* 15ie a i r tefaperature -mried from 15.0 to 36»5 C o-ver
Chan fa l and from 13.5 to 57.3**C in I .T . I . pond* VJh«roft8 over
"^e lft#a pondt the values ranged firom 14#0 to 56»0®C. fh t
diff«r«aii«e lietvoen a i r te^^era-tnz^s and sirfaoe imter toi^^Emtairea
v^pe foimd tipto 5®C at Chau Talt 6°C a t I .T . I , pond and 5#5**C a t
M0M poai* fh« maadJUOBi differences being Ibund in the imniik of
April f 1919 in aXl ^^ ponAs* saitfsaee vater t«i!^0xtiti»pea of theee
foMSf -mxt^A tvom 11.5 to 31#5 C» 12.0 to 33.0®C azid 15.7 to
31»0®C In Chan Tal, I .T . I , pond and Ka^a pond req^eotlvely.
The naxlaiuBi Gurfaee water tec^exatu^QS wore afaoorded i n ^ x i l ^
1975 in Chau Tal, May* 1975 In I .T . I , pond and Augaatt 1975 l a
Na^a pond* The dlfferoncoa in the surface vmtor and bottom
xmter toaperatures are of no significance aa tiiey are diallov ponds.
Berst and 'IcCrlrarion (1966) aX^ reported no tiieMaal atrat i i loBtion
in similar "bodiea of vrater. Beins aaaller ix. ^jiae i^^iu diallowt
those ponds quickly cihan: ^ tlieir toraperaturo with the ambicKit
conditions of the alsaosphere, A oicnifleant direct relationship
was noted here between the a i r and water taapeiaturoa (Table 1).
LIG-HT C0imi?I0Il3 Of TH^ ^OWDQt
LI jjtit condition in -the ocoqystcn are known to be affected
by many factor such as intensity of l i , :^t nt surface* a n ^ e of
contact of l i ^ t a t surface* differences in lati tude* seasonal
and diurnal differences* and dlssolTed and suspended materials
(Welch, 1952J Hutcbinson, 1957 and Huttner* 196?) have glYen a
^ o d aeoount of l l ^ t p«ietxatlon in different waterof I t s
mea8a»ffi«at and I t s effeet on the Moisiyetem. Tranapareneiy t«3.«M
of the water and tuxtoldity are given In table 2. Seasonal diaagea
in tranesjareney are ^ t e apparent* In Chau Tal* the aeeehi diee
meaflarementa ranged from 6.0 to 56.5 on over stat ion s^ and froa
5.0 to 60.0 om at stat ion S^* The naadmum trBaf{>aren«iy wis noted
In Marehf 1975 and mlnlmua in tlie aienth of July and Attestt 1975
(fmW.9 2 ) . fhls lew wmMmg e t ^nuapareney in the month of JiOy
• 13 •
and August was mainly dus to inflow of muddy vatflar during
rains and h i ^ oonoentratlon of zooplankton in the saifae«
water. Hho transparency values o\>talned from I,T»I, pond
were fbund to vary from 17.0 to 3$«0 em a t s tat ion S and
17,5 to 35#5 ca a t station Sg, The trend of seasoml fluctua
tion was sane In a l l the ponds.
Wide seasonal fluctuations In the water turbidity observed
and represented in table 2, In Chau Tal the turbidity varied
fro"i 10.0 to 130.0 K.U, a t station S and 10.0 to 111.0 K.U, a t
s tat ion Sp. 'J'he 'inxiiiun tm^bicllty valuo was obtained in August*
1975 Rnd l in lnui In th© "lonth of la rch , 1975. In I .T . I , pond
the turbidity values w^e found to vaiy fron 31.0 to 66.0 K.U.
Rt station 5^ and 30.5 to 63.0 -^.B, a t station Sg with maxiraum
a"iplltude in A Ufjust and ninimum in I'ovember 1975. Whilst in
la/^a pond, the turbidity values a t both laie stations were fbund
to vary from 33.0 to 60.0 ii.U. at s tat ion 3^ and 38,0 to 5S.0 K.U.
a t s tat ion Sp.
In order to determine tho re la t ive effect of turbidity
on the ioctinetlon of l i i ^ t , a relationahlp was det«aiisi«d ^tMMA
turbidi ty and transpareni^ values and i t was found that Hie h i ^
tntneparaaoy values are generally asao elated wit2i the lew tuz^l*
dity values (fable 2 ) , and low txan^arenqy values were obtained
when ^ e waiter was more turbid. A slgalf leant Inverse re la t ion-
ship was noted between tiiese two variables it « -0*9ft t <• 11.1
and p > 0*001), Thsse ponds generally low In tiw(upar«iiey
bMSBM Of ht^ turbidltor duo to taflov of anaddar m i a «»t«r
dnslzig nonooon month and due to d€»89 population of plankton
dnving the v in t i r and prvaonaoon months* I t vas also notod in
the oaso of I»T,X* pond that during hii^ transparency and lov
turhldi ty values the pond develops lar^je nuaher of green aquatlo
plant in tho hot-ton or pond baain*
Tlie dissolved oa^jen also plays an l-aportaxit it>lc in
TQPSiilnttn^ the netaholic a c t i v i t i e s . TTia osygen i s si^pplied to
the environaent t!irou{^ direct diffusion froa 1iiQ atnio sphooret
f ro i photosynthesis of ireon plnnta E3 n hy-jiroduct nnd thiougji
phytoplankton photo^Tnthesis* lEHssolved oixysen oonoentration in
Chau '5'al were found to vary froa 1.0 to 10.4 ppm a t stat ion S.
and from 1.6 to 9.5 ppa a t stat ion S * "^Q maximum concentration
vae found in the laoniai of ffabruaxy 1975» and minitmia in Julyt
1975 a t both the s ta t ions. In Ha^a pond the deoreaae and lnagr«N>
aee in "Vhe dieeolved oxyg«i oonoentration was almoet aaae as in
Hie (met of Chau Tal (Table 3)» but in I.T.I* pond the values
range between 4.0 to 14*0 ppm a t stat ion S and fxoa 4*2 to
14«5 ppa a t s tat ion S^t the aaadsnim oonoentration was noted in
the "aonlh of Februaxyt 1975 and miaiiaum in the aonth of April*
1975 (a t both <^e s ta t ions) . Aeoordin^ to Hutiliinson (1957)f
the oxygen oeno^itxtttion may Inorease due to the pveesnoe of
dense giswth of aqostio plants and vsedst near tlie ihore l i a s
as In the Z«f«I« poadf where h i ^ vsluss of SISSOITS osgrgw V«PS
• 15 •
m%9&* fli« oxyg«ci oo&osatration f a l l s down drying Hit tmmmmi
w»nMi»t as a rogult of loflow of ttnrMd dixainagv iwtar uliliii
InlilMM 12ia l i j i t j4»Qit3?atioxi In t2id pond watoir* l ^ l e IneroaM
audi deeifeaoe in th® ooaoantxation of dieaol^rod esorgui affoots
1^8 Eooplankton paroduotion* Bor Itie survival of ssooplasicton
a minimum conoentimtion of 1 mg/li i s neoeaaaz:^ (Kaeilvood j | | a^«»
1963) «wid tliia 'ainiiaua posit ton i^ ra r raacted in any of liiose
ponde*
cA]^o!i»nioxiBs ^mm OF ^HS POIIBSI
Ca2*bondioxia©t i^ id i i s r#sponsit>l0 for plio'fejs^tbotic
ac t iv i ty in tlio ©ooq^otrnt occurs oithor in VtXB foasa of a gas
or in oomt)inntlon with oihor suljol^nces (Hnt<&insonf 1957) • In
the present study i t only occarjin tho pond Chan fa l during
ingust to Bormb&Tt t975» Th© valuee were found to vary "between
9.1 to 19»0 a t station S nnd 9*0 to 19.5 a t Station Sg* ^*ie
fiiaxi'iium ooneentration VSLQ noted in August and Septembctr 1975
and mininmm daring NoTeabert 1975 (TaMe 4)# 'Phis prea^tiee of
mafiiomSi»isid9 i s mainly due to distort) oonditions in l^e eerlTOn*
a«at airiiig "^lat period* Carbondiosddet preduoed in the eaxfa#«
%fat«r«» was not ooiapletely u t i l i s ed indicating "^e inhiMtion
of photoajrn'&oi^a* fho appeaxazKse of free oasrtiondioadde tmm
Augaet 197$ i oanaydf i^ppeara to be due to the eoltiiration of
tXaM. ^^P ** ^fom m o f i r e t vooic of Augaet t i l l BeooQi1»«r» 1975*
mo poai was alaoot oerored with "g Bapft loanrost a s a raonlt
of i t m « l i # t poBglimtlon wae iahlMtoAt mtrnm^mM^ Uta
9liBt»i9ii'lli«ti9 v«s also inblHtad saA th« oaxlsoiidieaddt pveduM
during t}i« vvipiSAtlon and l>y the deoorapositlon of oreseoilo ottttMp
vma nmrm f^'^ -atllie«d# fhe h i ^ Qeneo&txatiDn «f eei«l»ik»di0xid«
WKf INI ^ a to h l ^ sooplankton pxoduction as wiiLl (Tablo 4)* In
©th«r ponds 11: i s found to be absent in a l l the samples oolleeted
dtarin<? the period of iiweatigations and this abaenoe of free
OftX'bondioxide from the QtsrlToxmmt shows that as audi oax'bondioadLda
produced durin/i respiration of the biota preseait in the onviroii»
ia«itt i s uti l ized atonoe by the s^^mai aquatic biota of the seat
environment during photoSi/nthetlo actiTity. I t was also obsonred
that util ization by the pri'a'ry prodaccrc and green aquatic plants
for photosynthesis was quite &3our$i to reiove the entire caibon-
dioxide fron l&o wnter of the pond during "Sho inveetigationa and
"ttiereforet no trace of carbondioadLde i s made.
Since free oarbondio3d.de vo s absent in I.T.I« and Ha pLa
ponds in a l l the sainples aoalysedy oazbonate values vere. etXwK^m
present in appreciable quantities* In I .T.I, pond osxtenats
<f«lue ims ranged between 80.0 to 240.0 ppa at station S aziA
60*0 to 200.0 ppa at station s^. While In Ka^a pond ths vsluss
vsnged b«tws«a 72.0 to 32.0 ppa at station 3^ and 35*0 to $8*0 ppn
at stKtioa ^2* ^ ^^ ^'*^ ® ^^^^ '^^ oaxl)onate vers only towoA
to be prsssBt betvssn Janiasy to July* t97$» xanglns bs^san 10«0
to 80«0 ppa at station S and 10«0 to 90.0 ppa at station S *
fha flu«tiiatioa bstwasn eas<bonat« alkallnltgr vara aalniy
dna ta pheteionfttfoa'Ho aattvitr of t^a gvaan btata pvaaint in Hia
- 17 -
pond* lihG QbQ&aoeoot twund QarbonAioaddQ and the prea«iu»o of
half bound cartjondloatide in a l l th© ponds* indlo».te ^ m t 14i«
'»3?e©n Mfita u tHlaea B olanifioant anount of half bound carboiv*
dioxide durin,:; photo^^thetio prooosaee. 1%o MoftX^nate oontfliits
of the ponds v&re always found to be hi ^ e r whan tho (^xljonatas
are prestrnt in low quantitieQ. In Chou Tal due to presoaico of
caii^ndio3d.de durln: certain periods (Ta'ble 4)» All the carbor^tes
were convertod Into blairtx>nato» resultln^l in tlie diisappaarauce
of carbonate fro.i the xsanda. An iaverse raLationship was noted
botwoon carbonatQ en6 •birarbonato content of "fee water.
The vrltien of bicarbonate and hjilro :on Irn concentration
Fire rJ-vea ii^ teblo 4« !l/dro ^on ion ooncentration values were
alvnyo found •'i''. f^QT tha^i 0,5 indicatln^^ 13ia doiinatlon of pho-to-
o./iithotio act ivi ty on tho reGi:)iration act ivi ty of the biota. In
tlio present stud/, however, a direct relationohip was noted
betwoim hydrogen ion oonoentration and bicarbonate oonteaats of
the pond* CJontrary to these observntionet Khan (197D) oba«rved
a direct rciLa^onfihip betw^m hydrogen ion oonoentration and
caxtwnate (Tftble 4)
CHLOBIDgt
Aaong "^e ions only one anient namely ahlorid« was
studied during the period of i nvea t i ^ t l ons . In th« pond Cha»
fa l itie Talttts of ohlorld« i^anged b9tv««n 14*2 to 127.0 ppa a t
BtatlOA S^ and s ta t loa S^ %Aiile in the oasa of Z*T«Z« pond the
irmluaa yaiigvd b«tir««n 9a,0 to 104*0 ppm a t both tbe statloiis
• t8 •
(fm¥i« 5)« l i a#a pond &^w«d & h i ^ range of ohloride oozrlesit8»
i t inal«A tnim 223*0 to 7$8,0 ppm a t s t a t i o n 3^ and 211*0 to
668*0 ppm a t s t a t i o n S^. The maxinmm oonosntrations v i r e fbund
lA ^ e loonthe of Ua^ and June tndlca t in / ; the poXlutiott of nateaf*
fhe presence of h i ^ quan t i t i e s of d i l o r l de i n Ifce pond i s oainly
due to reloasQ Indua t r l a l vfQstes i n t he pond. In Uie nonooon
tontho thG values dscreo-aeD In a l l the th ree pondsj because of
•the intsradactiaa of rsiii t^frer and gorface run off fiwa the
surrouadln; f ie lds*
The suhr;tance:: Ulic:! arcs required h / tho f^Ml-ml and p lan t
coTjnvmtty for .-yrowtli and ot.hor 'icrtnbollc ijroceosec a r e eo-irionly
Irnown as n u t r i e n t s , ' ^ G aquntlo or^^cinisrio recelveo t h o l r
n u t r i e n t s swpply trr.-i. t he w t<^ i n whicli thoy l i v e . The l'ipor»
tance of these n u t r i e n t s in ro lp t lon to the h io log ica l a c t i v i t y
of the ponds, has been diocuasQd in de ta i led hy Ilutohlnaon (1957)
and Ruttner (1963) •
PHOSPHORUS*» Phoiphorus whldi i s one of the major a u t r t a n t s
found i n the fraohvatera i s known to he a l i i a i t ing fac tor In
MoIOiSloal proAiotivity* I t oQcurs i n the surface vntwra hoth
a s Inorgpnlc phoai>hato-phoepho2?u8 and organic phoaphorus, Inoraa-
n i c pho8phat0»phoq^rue slioved aeaaoiiel var ia t ionB In a l l tha
« i r ae ponda during the praaeo* invea t lga t loa ( fab le 5) and « ia
supply of itmm m t v i v i t a appears to 1»« dopanAeiit ^ e i i tlia natii
- 19 -
and dx«ilnag0* Anderson (I960) has reported t h a t ux'banleation
and land cn l t lTa t lon has inereased liie quanti ty of ' ^ e zai tr lente
i n the ponds. The ponde* under p r e s ^ i t investlgpationt a r e ait«>
uated amidat ou l t i ah l e land and huimn haMtaHon andt ae a
r e s u l t of I t t receive a ^ o d ^ p p l y of raitrlents during the
njonsoon -nonths. But i n tho case of present i nvea t i pitlone
plioaphate values were always found to he ' i i / ^e r i n pre-nonaoon
months HIBH -ttie 'iionaoon -lonths. Thio i o becruae of the i^iallow-
nesst snnl l aize and Iii/^h o.t ioopliQGrlc tedpeintura of ttie pondo.
T^e to shallowness and s a a l l alzQt the ponds evaporate h i ^
quanti ty of water nndf an a r e s u l t of i t t "Kie concentration of
the iyio£?i>liatG liicreaaed .ta tho iirononsoon nonths. I t -oay also
be fluo to l e s s ut i l lz8. t loi i oC tiie phcrihate by the aquat ic
or-^nn5.£na durtu^ tlint pcriocl end regenerat ion of phosphate In
t he ponds,
niTROQigU Tf-ie l a ln sources for t h e supply of inorganic nitrogon
a re mainly r a in and the ourHlace runoff carrying H0^» M^ and HOg
i n t he fom of t e r r e s t r i a l compounds during rainy season. In
t h e present study only exq^nia content was studied and the rmRalts
a r e slven i n t a b l e %
Saa80i»l variat ions i n the arsjuonla ni t rogen of the ponde
w«re det«rained* In I«T*I« pond and Sfagpia pond t h e f luo tua t loa
a r e ^nore a s these ponds received decaying or^Euolo matter throui^
dralnait* miXXahe and thxoui^ the i n d u s t r i a l wastes r s l s a s s d ysy
tile f ae to r i s s f s i t oa t sd nms^^ In I,T«I« pond ainaonift n i t roapn
• 20 «
oontent nuig«d betw««:i t&«76$ to 99*800/ug atoaA a t stfttlOB 8.
and 19,6?0 to 93*1btyag atom/L a t s ta t ion Sg* In Hia oiM •<
Hiaip.a pond the aismonia nitrogen oontonta varlad fwmL 0*980 ttt
^1«329/ag atoa/L a t station S and 15«0$2 to 60«607/ug atoaA a t
s tat ion Sg. during dl f farmt periods of the Inres t l^ t lona* H l #
values were seaieTally found In the winter and post^vlnteir montiia
(Table 5) .
In the oaae of Cfhau Tal Mie aanoxda nitrogen concentration
varied between 12*000 to 42,480/u.3 atom/L a t station S,j and
12» 552 to 42,560yu/]: nto^L at stat ion S * ^o naxltaua and
Tilnlaum concentrntlons were found to be prooont In the sane waniaa.
at both -aie statlona (IJabl© 5)# Hli^ value in the 'aonth of
September l a nainiy due to deca^in.-; organic na t t e r provided by
.the algal blooms in the tionth r f August and also due to inflow
of dewayinsf or^;anlc rrntter witli iHie ruii oix during ralxu
* 2t •
Ideirtlfleatlon of different ssooplarikton or^anlao was
^^de tiplx) species levelf vhenenrer I t %%s podslbXe. Thoisr QOik»
tained 21 spades belonging to three main ^ roupo nnmeiLy BotifeTt
Cladocera and Copepoda* 'The minil)er of esga of different apedea
were lunped together and oountinj were made In various monthe
during the period of imrestl jatlon. "Slio resu l t s of coimting
are ^iven in iiaVlQ 6. Copepodlte and naupller s ta ies were also
lumped •to.' eiaier durin: quantitative analyala*
The individual zooplaijicton were found to differ In alze
and shape even vitbixi a single apeolao. The speolee \ d i l ^ oould
be Identified are only oonddered here nn6. are as fbllovst
BDTIPl^St Twelve species were identified*
^.Mi^iipi^jt g« ^«?^lflillfl- £• 2SQM) y i l ln l^ banmalilfttag
CItAliOCgm- Five species of ol^dooera were identtfledU
TiKohaiwi m^%P h mam ^'wn^ffmrnAik smmsm*
fiir g « t i « q i ^ ^ l ""tifflltlHWIfflMt "PP*
QBfyof|t 9»«v ipedee v«r« veoord«a»
*> 2 2 <•
Mfferent sooplaiflcton ^jroups varied gi^oatly in susibev
and ralatiira liaport^iee durln/; the period of In res t i^ t ion*
Cladooerans being the domlnint groups were aliM^a tovmA l a
{preater numbers In a l l Ihe three ponds wllh exception in few
months* Next to Cladoeera oome the Eotlfers and Ck)pepod8.
Monthly averages of Cladocerans are given in tahle 6,
In Chau Tal -ttie maxlTtnaa number of Cladocerans was found to be
present durln,* July and the minimum durinj December and
January, while in the cnoe of It.T,I# pond the h l ^ quantit ies
of Clndocerans were noted during Januaiy and the mlnlaEum during
lovoabert vtolle I t was found to be absent in "the samples
eollected durln* December, In Ha ijla pond Clndocer^ns were
found to be absent in January* maximum number was noted in
the mon'tix of May and minlmuia quantity was noted daring February
and AUigust. Ray s&. SJL* C1966) have reported summer maxima of
Cladooerane. In the present study the same trend was luted*
This group i s represvated by five species namely Daahnia
MayJLgS 1* msm.i Cenodauhnla comutas C. re t icula ta and
M P W - I ^mUJg aad ! • W&aBBL were found to be abatnt
during most of the months § mostly af ter July in a l l the "ttii^e
p«a4s« SU «»"Mrt^ WAS noted in Ifee l a t e r period of Inres t isa t ioa ,
In Chautal and I»T*I« po&dt t h i s qpeeles was found to be abMOt
- 23 -
In Janaary* Pebruaxy and Aprl3« vAiile In the oaa« of Sa^^ft
pond* i t %ms only atieaiit durln.'? January and 9ebzt»xy,
£• gftticulata was only raoorded In Chau Tal during line pexlod
fxoat April to Deomti^itm
DiaiohanoaQma app, were only recorded in Chau Tal
and Na^la Dond. In Chau Tal t h i s species was itotod during the
period from July to Decerabor and in Na jla pond faram l 'ebruaxy
to Ubvffnber.
Ceriodaphnia oonmta was most donlnsnt ax>eciea amons
the Clr.aocerans and always recorded in preater quanti t ies .
Wext to thio was £. re t icu la ta .
The riU'ahQr of different species helonjin^j to th i s ,szo«qp
varied greatly in a l l the throe pondst during different periods
of inveeti i^t ion, Mon^ Copepods* Cyclopoida w^e r<apx9maA
in large number as ootnpared to the Calanoida. Tlaia gxoitp
r«pree«ated by four species» nanely: £• atrenua. £• vir ldla*
v«re always reported in eaoh sample oolleoted tgtm slX taiS8«
ponAs. While MsaeeyclpoB ed«» was fbund to be abssnt daring
laost of the months* Piaptoaus spp. was only reoordsd tmn
Chaa t a l and no trade was made in I .T . I , pond and Ka^a pond.
Anong Oflt>eMa4ii the nost dominBat species was (L. •Ir t .dis whldi
was fomoA i& aaxlaiiA nambsr doxi&g July i n a l l -ihs Ifturva ponAa*
Botlf«re wltli oaxliaua sumber of epeeies WASM «lMqra f «nA
in l«irgo ^itaatltlae in a l l i^e thr99 ponds* fhis gioup ia
r«!>r«8flnt«4 liy six speeles of Bra^doms (S,* qalyfltflitwia.
!• ttafffllMlift'^ • Th-me epecies of KoapateilXa (i.* oaaftdanfl y
IL* mia iliflffiir!' - * SBlUa) • " ^ spaoles of Pllinia (f« bganohlata.
£• 3LPMJ.efflR) ^^ one ^ooles of T^a^^tiA&* Bi^diioqaft
,a6aiy< ffllff,3m.at ! • i,l,|>,f gi,U,a were always rcopostod in i preciaKL^
quantities fro"i ^ 1 tlio throe ponds* Vlhile B* Mdaita icas fovmA
to be absent only in Ilagla pond durin/3 the psriod f»om Januazy
to felardi. B. h vfif , q ,8 and B, mia:u;i£ § was only oeciwred in
Chau ""al and Uagla pond. In Chautalt B» auadridantata vras
recorded only in few aonths (fable 6)1 %diile i t occurred in
Nagla pond and I.T.I, pond but in only £aall quantities. fh«
most doniinent £^eoies among the Bracfcionus species vae
lU «3ly<tf.fllfflHg (Table 6).
KeimtiilT] iZSLS ksaSla ^^ * SSSKGL wer* only reoorded fMs
OhftU fttl a&d Z*T*I« pond and in aowlX quantitieat ytaiX9
ifi fliiiilillWimill was veooxded ia al l the -^ree peiiAa* Zn Ghiw fiilf
&* fffiWlfllMirfl n was recorded in a appreciable foantititSi i^i l t
ia X*f*X* pond and Hagla poadt the apeoies was recorded in mtHl
qiiaixtitlee and alec fbuad to be abeeat in few aoaUbe*
U M B I A b|aan iiia% uae recorded f^n al l the thjree peato
moA 1% •Maonred la laise quwititlee ia Obam «al and Wu^fiat pwii*
*» 25 ••
In Clum Tal th0 flp«oi«8 %ia0 v«oord«d fxom JTaniBxy to Angastt
idiUo in Na^a pond i t was y«oovdoA tsoa ?«l»Riax7- to lIo¥ai1)«r
Igat la aaaXI quaatitlos*
1!,<fft»B, llHlill i|>* was reoordod facoa a l l th« thVM poiid«t
Imt maximim nusibar was onoounterod in Chaxi Tal» High quaotitlM
ware 210tod during mmmvr month in Oiaa Tal and I.T«I* pond and
during po aft»iK>nsoon laonths in Kagla pond»
laosa AHD HAHP IIt ^rlng th© quantitative analysia a l l ^e
nauplli and eessa vwo luitpad toga-feear, Thay wsra found in
great ar quantitias during &amnQT laonths*
TOTAL ZOQgLAII TOil gOFtlLATIOHt
The -aonthly avemgos nuabar of sooplsnkton found in
aiffarent fra^iwator ot Aligaich region are glveaa in *I!abla 6*
Total number of aooylankton varied fxortL 74/l l tre to 780/litr«
in Chau Tali 23 to 559/11 tra in I«T.I. pond and 114 to 724/lit»«
in Hagla pond, "She maxiiauRi mbaher vraa found in -^a month of
July and Augaat (Chau Tal)f June (I*T*I, pond) aztd AprlL» Hay
aad Vt>rm\mv (Na^a pond) and ^ a aininua number was jRnmd l »
tha aonUi of January in a l l the thraa poada. It i^pearo twom
the praoint a t a ^ that the pattern of changae in the Zooplaxflctoa
poptilatien in l^a poad Gha» Tal and X«T«I, poad i s of aoaooaia
typat vbila in the oaaa of Hagla pond the sooplanktoa distrt*
botioa tfiovad diaeciie oyala. deoxga (1962) haa alao r^ovtad
diaottio aaaaoaal tfiaagaa la the aooplanktoB pap«lati«B ia Hia
«» INI
fipsa Mi^ to %i l l« l^e pxoiii««i»a d.9mmkwm fxom Hey to .«iMP«t
«lft l^flo^Jl^lXovad bi* a seeoM p«riod o t iaermao during Oato^ir
h^m attrit>ut0a to aevepcBX f&otors* Has^woa &n& Vwckw (19$ 1)
and lutehiaeoa (1967)* ImT® reportefi aisgolTed oxyjen oenoontxa*
tiont ©ffectiv© l i ^ t penetration* t»^fapatar© and t o ^ l aUmliiiity
aa luportaat factors for r e f l a t i n g zooplatikton productionst i ^ l l a
: rasad (t956) found phytoplanktoa r@s|)oasi'bl@ for h i ^ zooplaiflctoii
prod»ction» Prasad < 1956) refsorted a diract raLatioasfeip liatwaan
pbytoplanktoa aad 2ooplai3ktoa» %ftiil0 Comlta and Anderaoa (1959)
and Ihaa'(1970) reported an liasreapse ralatioaaliip botweoa thes©
tvo varialJlo. ^ i s phytCH>®joplaifis:ton relalAoni^ip indicates "^tiat
phytoplainkton play an important rol© as food of 1h® ssooplanktoa*
In llie present studyt we also found an inverse relationi^iip
lietween llieee t%(0 -varialilea (Tatae 6)* I t vas seen during the
l i i reet lpi t ion in these ponds that loos of phytoplai^ton was usee*
Qiated v i ^ hi£^ prodaetlon of soopXankton sid loss of to&plmek^n
\m9 aeeoeiftted vfift ' ^ e h i | ^ phytopXaakton pf^aafirteloiulkQtt Ude
relationflbip» i t can "be assumed that phytopXaxOcton standing esop
i s a more reXiahXe indication of zoopXankton standing &to^m
§mvgm (1993) and Oaaapati and Siibhe Bm (19?8) eXee
n ^ r t e d that ^i^«Riti tre i s also one of the ia^ i f taa t fhietei«
•27 •
D»7 vvgalatlng -the pxoduetlon of Iftid aooplaiik'toii, 9i%m noiktra
Ibimd hi«^«r pTOdnetion daring the pertod of iov t«B9«n1»re aaA
Xov pjodaetion yhon the temperature was ooaeidtmliXy hi#i*
CdStraiy to these obsermtlons %fe noted ft mx^gm iidstiiinBhip
hetween the teaperature end t^e pxodmotiozi i .e^t Hie tmxiMm
quantity of zooplankton were rioted during the period of h l j ^
temperature and low ^mnt i t i e s wmr© recorded when the teraperature
was ooneidembly low( Table 5>. So ^c^rtionahlp oould 7>e 9stah-'
l ished "between differmt nutr ients and aooplankton produotioa.
Prom the above stateRient i t l a clear that Qiau fal has
greater production r a t e i f compared wltli other two pondsf however»
In few months Chau ?al lias voiy low production and that may he
due to dlsturt condition of Ifc© poad» I«T«I* pond has a very
h l ^ production on the month of June« 1?his i s mainly due to
h i ^ ^adoeei^tti population effected from hig^ r a t e of produeMoa
of Qaaeifldaahnift qorpjUta. In the l a t t e r month the produetlon of
£ji QcgMBta i s effected wM r a t e of u t i l i za t ion hy the tartiaaQf
pxodaeora Inoreases andt as a resul t of i t« ISie to ta l predaotioa
dooyoaMMi a« low as t78/ l i t re* In S a ^ a pond* h i ^ proia«llo&
l a the aoBlih of kpwiX and May i s mainly duo to h l ^ o r ra to of
pzodttotioa of msBiMM nsiMM» ^m<Mum9 vum^uu ^M SJdAlHdlBllI XMSSSiSM. B&d al90 due to hl#L«r r a t e of ogi*
aad n i ap l i i pzodnotloa (Table €) ,
•* eS ••
ZoopXankton population oonaisted of Qyel^Ba* Itfjiptegwift
ci4adftp!mla« |jQai|Ay&» te^itftgiat 2UI&I& «»A ^*«*"^*r?^tr
AXX aooplaiiktors have been reoorded tor t he i r diuxnaX l>«liavii>«««
Csutitaoean show a Ttry Ix^toreatlxig picture and vera foimd mora
Into the surface waters l a t e r In the flayt vdille Botlfera ahov
paoica a t different times (Table 7)« Cyclops showed a diat inet
diurnal movenesat. I t had h l ^ population in n i ^ t and early
morning samples* These findings oonfinn that the senus Oyol eQa
i s a n i ^ t dwellin,3 plankton as stated 1^ KhanJ<1970), Haifeed
diurnal nigration has nlso boon recorded sparingly aaong the
Botifers (Table ?)•
•• 2 9 •
For %h9 pv«s«:it study Hiree ponds were selected aaatiLjft
Olum TsXt X*T*I« pond and Hagila pond* Chan Tal la a pereBaial
f!reflh%iat«f pond and I.T.X. pond Is a sewage*fed pondg %diile
!lai^a pond i s a polluted pond as i t reoeiTea industrial wmt*
from five adjoiniaog factories.
Seasonal disxigea in the terapex^ture* transparencgr and
turlaidity were noted fron Januaiy t975 to Deceiaber* 1975. A
slisnificant direct relattonchip was noted ^between Air and Water
temperatures, while irwerco r^ationship was noted betweon
trBnepnrenosr and turbidity,
Wide s^iaonal fluctuations were noted in dissolved oscyg^a
coneentxationa and these fluotuat ions are ^niiily due to photo-
aynthetio activity of green aquatic organiscss, and also due te
inflow of turbid drainage water during the different periods
of izxrevtigatione* Free oa3rt>ondioxide was never detected in
I*f«X« pond and Kagla pondi vhile in Ghau faX i t was fbuad ^
be present during August to I>eo«aibert 197$* I t s appeazmnse
appears to be due to the cultivation of f r a ^ SJBRV* inflew of
tttxbid watim and cloud covers.
Since trw catboiwdioxide was abswit in I»f*I« pcad and
Kil^a pcndf culieBttt* values were almiara Moorded in a^VMlaKU
fiMntiti««» %di«gea Icn conceniwi'lieiM mm% alimgrs ItraBi hi^m
than 8*9» ladioating the domination of photo aiyn13i«tie aotivit^r
and tha rae^iratovy activity of 14ia Mota*
Among the ions only one anion namaiy dilaslda vaa «tudia4»
hut no relatlon£hip oould be established betwecm liie chloride
and zooplankton production. Seasonal variations in the laportant
nutrients namely phosphorus and arxmonla nitrog^a were alao noted*
•Jwanty on© speciea belonging to three groupst nsmiAy
Botifers* Cladoceious and Ckjpepoda* wore identified. The indlvi*
dual zooplankton were found to be differ in size and stoape even
in a single cpecies» /aaon.j 1319 Cladocerous» the <^ief represen
tatives were ."Daphii fi, ,Bto ?r.l3i ^ mEm* 9MXPMVM<& SSUB^iSL*
Q,» xsdijLsBJLsdi&t , ap^ffl ,affffift ^ p * • P g r t P t e M i a . .pftMila ^^^ "the riost dominant species amon the CladocGorans and always recorded
in greater quantities. Copepods v ^ e represented by fovae
speciee namely 9^<^pva SiZsm&» £• T^rt^.gt %yfflif,^ftPl J H M
f^d Maptoojus GPP* £• yiridie was found to be nusat domiaffiat
apeeiee anions the oopipoda. Rotifoars with maadanxa aanbi»r of
species w«re alwaiys found in large quantities in a l l the ^irae
pends* 'Shi.B group vepreswted by six speciea of BraflhiojaBa*
thvaa apeoies of Karatalla. two epeoiea of p l i n l ^ and ena
wfiwfB Of Tifiiai<»IMfl»1i> 8«B and nauplii vava also aountad
toga^ar* They ware Ibund in greater quantitlaa daring anoaav
sooctha*
the pattaxB of aaaaonaX changaa in tatal amikwt of aoo«>
plaiflcton p0piiilatie& la the Qhaa 7al and X*9*l« paad la of
- 5 1 *
rmmomde typ% tdiiXo in the oaao of ISO^LB. pond looplaidcton
population fliiowttd dlaonio aydl9» 'Sh999 fluctlone in aoopXaiirton
populations ware aalnly dtao to aoaaonal fluetuatione in th«
ph^rtoplanktoa pxoaaotlon and t«npeimtiiro "varlationa* An tmmm
rftlatloneiiip vas determined between phytoplankton and aooplaalctoa
pxoduotiont uhUe a direct r^ationaship was noted between 80oplei)i&»
ton and teraiperatur© variations* Chau Tal was fioimd to be moot
productive in the sense of aeoondazy production with exoeption
in few -aonths and that may bo a»o to disturb condition of the
pond durin;i the period of low production.
Diurnal variat ions were also noted in zooplankton distrl«»
"botion* Crustacean j^owed a r&ry interest ing picture and were
found to be 'lore in the surface water during l a t e hours of IdUe
day» Cyclops showed a dist inct diurnal aoveraeait wl-ille ro t i f e r s
1^0wed peaks a t diff^rimt tiiaes*
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•. 32 -
Allkuifliit K.H.v ChftudhuTl* H, and Raaaachandnnt ?• • 1955 • On tho moTl^lty of tmxp tzar In isurftcqr poada and l^m xol* of plaiictott in ihtir woftirBl and gvoirii* Ind» 3* ytA^. £(2)« 257-513, T- r-no-
Allwt W«B« •* 1920 » A quantltatire and atattatioaX atudar of the plaxikton of tiie San Joaquin RlTeor and i t a trilmtarios in and near Sto^ton, California in 1913. ^'^Tt OaXf ?VI B> Zocl« m 2P 1-292*
American Public Health Association • I960 « Standard methods for the examination of vatar and %»st€Materl including hottom sedimwits and sludges. 11th ed. Amer. Pul>. Health. Aaaoc. MLlSilk^ 626 pp.
Amrent H. • 1964 - Ecological studies on ssooplai&ton populations m some ponds in ^itzhergen. ,gffff|,, H^f Ppp,, . Ji* 161-191
Andersont G.C. - I960 - Eecent changes in the tirophie nature of lake Washington - A review. Hep. Trans* Seminar on algae and metropolitan wastest n,s . Public Health Service* E.A.T, Sanit. Engg, Centrst Cincinnati» Ohio.
AndronoVf V.N, - 1973 - Composition and distribution of Zooplankton near 14ie ^ores cf south-western l f : l cn . Tratl, Hauehno^Iaaled, Inst. »ybn. Kimz OkqRno/o% ij .: 12-32.
ApplegatCf R.L, and Jamest W.M. - 1967 « Zooplankton standing crops in a new and an old ozaA reaervoir. liisSSX* QsakSBM/'* Ji2!C' )< 592-599.
Axmitage* K.B. and aaith» B*B, • 1966 * Population studies of pond Zooplanlcton. Hydrobiologla. 22!(5~4)t 384-»4l6.
Banset K* « 1962 •• Het Zooplankten and total Zo^lankton* Btgyt ffy^f Rf»% Oongy P«»* tn^i Saplor^ Ufv. J^ t 21V20«
Bevrsff J.&*f and Stewart» O.L. *- 1969 «> The vertical dietrlbatioa of lfi(iio*ZeoplaBlcton and some eoologioal observations*
Beratf A«R« moA He^Mnw>ii| H.R, « 1966 * Comparative finser Liuiaoloar of Inner long point Beyf Itike Ir&e and i t s aaJerMlM%ay. It H i l t Hiii JfilU ^^mM* Ja<g)« 27»^29t«
BharaiVftt l^ilvSt «iA 9^miammaei, B,A« and atabal* 8,X*S« * 1 9 ^ * ^drtHoaLOcr «f flKRflMs wKteflPs along ?am| i • Boabigr 6e«il»
" ' ~ ' J? 103-ia7.
• 3 3 -
Bivgfi S«A, and JTudayt C* • 1922 « f|i« inluid Xakma of Wivoomift. The pXwalrtoii Z • It* a (laantitgr and eiiffnioaX ooiBpoatttMiU V^a, gaol. »at^ Hiat^ 8tM . Ball. 64t Sal* Sar«» lfo«19»1»2SI
Bouehaart J« and Thind* A* - 1972 - Soaaar ZiaopXaidc'tea and t i l^^ni i^n tn laia flvat tue isosdvad svfeava of I9t« va8%«RB Maditavvanaan. May. BiopL, ( B ^ ^ ^ffi^t 47»5«.
BxandXt Z* - 1973 « Aalation Itatwaan tha aiaount of nat»aoopIaiAc«* ton and the depth of atation in the ehaXlow lipaao TMUtetmlT* HYftrP>aft;!rt ^ f l . 1> 7-31.
Bur/5ls» M.J. - 1969 - A prollmlnaxy atua^ of the ecology of asooplarikton ^^lake Oeorge Uganda. I^feiafflU_ISS«.jaE* IrlffiUffl' oX' 29f-50«£.
Carter» John. C.H. - 1971 - I>lstrllmtlon and abundanoe of pla2iktonio orustaeea in ponds near 6eozgian Bay (OntarlOf Canada) in relation to hydrography and ii^ter dieroiatsy. Arch, Hyfljohiol.. 6^(2)1 204-231.
Carlit Annamaria - 1973 - Italian planktologio atudies III observations on the aooplankton collected in Ligurian aea in 1957-58 (uirface). Boll, peaoa oiaoie Idjrobiol gSi 1/2) i 61-76.
ClaaSCf a.L. - 1940 - Comparative ridinass of Zooplankton in Ck)astal off ahore areas of the Atlantic. Biol. Ball. 78t 226»253.
and Bii^opi B,w, - 1949 - fhe nutritional volume of oariAe sooplaidcton vdth a oonaideration of i ta use aa an «ergenay food. SOSL^^L* ^» 54-71.
Colebrookf J.M« - i960 - Plankton and vatar laovement in windaKi-> m«ir«, #, mml fmUu S3} 217-240.
^^^^^^^^^^^ • i960 - Some obaarvations of oooplaidcton Swarms ia wtnaaKnave* ft MFHI Ttmaitirr- SSL* 24V242.
Oeaitat (l,w« and Aiid«aen« (»»C« - 1959 - fhe aaaaoaaX d«ralep-mmt of a population of Mftptoaup ji^^findl, ilaroh and related phytaplvdcton ^oiaa in I*ake Wadiingtoiu Mafifil*
Buiial» A. and grai immar, • . « . - 1965 - fhe dla^Plbtttlon of tha atandiag orep of aooplaidEton in liie eaat«ni a««ter of the Zadiwi oeoH& terlng Jia9«.Septeali»eart 1962. i* Miy* ^},m htm lliffidlt- 2^^* 440-4$2,
. 3 4 -
I3mm$ 3«]|* waA SarlfastKYmt T«K, • 1995 • QnaiKti'lfttivt studlts of {l>MhiMit«r plAoiEton* Part XI « OexviiUtioa b«tv««& iplatliclba ^etovait yyoo. ^ t ^ Aoad, ^ . S§^A^i 24%2$4«
^ ^ ^ _ _ __ ^ _ _ _ ^ _ ^ - 195€ • Qiiaiitl<tativ« 8tudi«« on tg^mmtme plasittoii, Faxt !• Plamioti of SiiHi t«tdi in Ludlciioir. Inaia, ?|| ^t %1 , ,|flfi4 Sgjt fa^^ M* 89.92»
•» 1959 • iJtiidlas on ffoahwaltey plankton III . Qaall^ative ootapoaltlon and eeaaonal A u ^ tuatione in plankton oonrponents. ypff Hft; , Affl (|, a X> 2a« 174-189*
"Davlst C,C, - 1954 • A prelialnairy stuay of inaustrlal pollution in the Clev^and Harlsor areat Ohio* IX, Tho dlstriliutioa and quantity of the phytoplankton. i3ool« l%iy>^« 24t 32V 347.
"Davist D»C, - 1969 - Soasonal distrlljutiont constitution and alnrn* dance of aooplanicton in lak© Srie* J. giah. aae. Bd>
26t 2459-2476.
Deeroyf Ooozjgiana 3» - 1971 - tOho anixual qyole in (juaatllar and composition of isooplankton of the Bargarao saa off Bexsmda. I The upper 500 ra. LfeW^ t, Qo.m^^** M<2)« 219-240.
Dunn, T.d. - 1970 - Heoovexy of a txoplcal pond Zooplamkton oomiu^ nity aftar dletrihution Ijy algal hloom, IMa* 15(3)» 372-
^dntondwn, W.T, - 1955 - Sectors affecting pfoductirity in fartl-l ieed ^ d t %fatar« ] gytpyt B>3r» 1* 45V5 lieed aalt vat«r. JM»* Marine B^ol. Peap-Saa Eaa. Poaanojgr.
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•• 55 •
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«• 5o ••
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M« ^^•:tlbl*%--t311r»toi«»«f^|Stifi?'^J!aS; ^irME!lffi^
*• 51 *'
Me Aia.««t0Vf 6»])« - 1969 «• Ag|>eets of •sttoatiiig eooplank^n pvodaotion fmm phytopXaxdcton preduotlon. J> f i # i . !••* Ht ^mttU' 3M^)^ i99->2da,
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SpvulWf Vj«ci« •* $975 «* Midsumiir Cvustaeeaa Zooplaxiktoa oomatmi**
12<5>« 389*395*
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