ecological intensification of banana cropping systems...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecological intensification of banana cropping systems
- Accompanying plants and agro-ecological
services
RTB Workshop - Abidjan
Marc Dorel - Charles Meynard - Raphaël Achard CIRAD-UR 26
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Adapted from M. Griffon 2013
Natural Ecosystems
Intensive conventional
systems high inputs
Ecologically intensified
systems
Diversification
Simplification
Technical Management
Natural dynamics
Traditional systems
low inputs
Ecological intensification
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Banana
Accompanying plants (food crop, cover crop, weed)
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Accompanying plants
Services
Régulation - Support
- Pests control - Soil fertility improvement
Banana
Service Cash-crop production
Technical system - Cultural practices - arrangement of species in space and time
Agro-system representation
Environment (soil – climate)
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Expected agro-ecological services . Pest control (nematode, weevil borer,….) . Weed control . Soil fertility improvement Soil structure Nutrients bio-availability . Effect on production Low competitiveness with banana for resources uptake
Accompanying plants can provide agro-ecological services => “Service plants”
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1. Installation of cover-crop competing with
weeds during fallow period
H2O, N, K, Ca, Mg,..
Use of service plants for weed control
Competition for light
Competition for soil resources
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Highly competitive plants . Brachiaria Rapid covering High root density and biomass . Pueraria, Neonotonia, Mucuna Rapid covering climbing habit These plants also compete with banana => Use only during fallow period
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2. Installation of cover-crop under banana canopy
. Cover-crop competing with weeds but not with banana Low size or creeping plant Low root density
Use of service plants for weed control
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
60 à 70 cm
50 à 60 cm
40 à 50 cm
30 à 40 cm
20 à 30 cm
10 à 20 cm
0 à 10 cm
nombre d'impact/dm2
Banana / Paspalum
Banane
Paspalum
0 5 10
60 à 70 cm
50 à 60 cm
40 à 50 cm
30 à 40 cm
20 à 30 cm
10 à 20 cm
0 à 10 cm
nombre d'impacts/dm2
Banana / Arachis
Banane
Arachis
Root density
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Banana/cover-crop competition
Bunch fruits
number
Banana/ Arachis 189 A
Banana /Bare soil 172 AB
Banana/Paspalum 143 B
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
50,00
60,00
70,00
80,00
90,00
100,00
23/12/11 11/02/12 01/04/12 21/05/12 10/07/12 29/08/12 18/10/12 07/12/12
Pse
ud
o-s
tem
gir
th (
cm)
Banane growth (1st cycle)
Banana/Arachis
Banane/bare soil
Banana/Paspalum
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30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
16/01/12 14/02/12 14/03/12 17/04/12 16/05/12 12/06/12
Banana nitrogen nutrition indicator (SPAD chlorophyll-meter)
1st cycle
Banana/Arachis Banana /bare soil Banana/Paspalum
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. Shade tolerance => Plants with optimal growth at low light intensity
Banana on Impatiens cover
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 10 20 30 40 50
0% Ombrage
60%Ombarge
90% Ombrage
Biomasse fraiche (g/plte)
Jours après
reprise
a)
60 % shading = under banana canopy light intensity
Effect of shading on Impatiens growth
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Banana on Arachis Pintoï cover
Shade tolerance => Adaptability to low light intensity
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40
0% d'ombrage
60% d'ombrage
90% d'ombrage
Jours après
reprise
Biomasse fraiche/plante
(g)
a)
Effect of shading on Arachis Pintoï growth
60 % shading = under banana canopy light intensity
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Banana on Arachis Pintoï- Impatiens mixed cover
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1. Sanitation during fallow period
Use of service plants for plant-parasitic nematodes regulation
Installation of cover-crop non-host of banana nematodes
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-2,5
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Multiplication rate of nematodes (Radopholus Similis) by cover-crops
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Crotalaria cover during fallow period
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Nematode-free plants on nematode-free soil
2. Planting with nematode-free material
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3. Favoring nematodes predation
Comparison of free-living soil nematodes communities in : • Bare soil • Soil under cover-crops
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Djigal et al. 2011
Cover-crops increase predators populations
Nb. / 100g of soil
Carnivores & omnivores
BS SC PN NW PP SG
0
100
200
300
400
500
BS: Bare Soil SC: Spontaneous Cover PN: Paspalum N. NW: Neonotonia W. PP: Pueraria P. SG: Stylosanthes G.
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Effect of cover-crops on weevil-borer control
CIN
HP
/ G
. McC
orm
ack
Cosmopolites sordidus
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In soil litter general predators contribute to weevil borer control:
• Ants • Earwigs…
Camponotus E. caraibea Lycosidae
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Cover-crops increase predators abundance
Mollot et al. 2012
Site 1 Site 2
Bare soil
B. decumbens + C. dactylon cover
Captures of ants
Solenopsis geminata
5 times more ants in plots with cover-crops
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Predators increase the predation rate of weevil borer eggs
Site 1 Site 2
Predation rate by ants Predation rate of weevil borer eggs by ants
2 to 7 times more predation in plots with cover-crops
Bare Soil
B. decumbens + C. dactylon cover
Mollot et al. 2012
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Crotalaria: . Atmospheric N2 fixation => Symbiosis with Rhizobium . Increase of P bioavailability Mycorrhiza
Root nodules
Use of service plants to improve nutrients recycling and bioavailability
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Neonotonia Wigthii => cover-crop with deep root system
(tap root)
Banana Sub-horizontal root system
Use of service plant to improve nutrients recycling and bioavailability
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C/N et mineral nitrogen release
Species C/N
Stylosanthes G. 16
Pueraria P. 18
Banana 66
Crotalaria 29
Cajanus 23
Neonotonia W. 14
Brachiaria 90
Paspalum N. 33
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Brachiaria root system
Earthworms, ants, Termites
Biological prosity
1. Action of roots
2. Indirect action : favoring macro-fauna (earthworms, ants, termites,…) involved in soil structure building
Use of service plants for soil structure improvement
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. Biological soil structure => Tubular porosity (root path,… ) => Aggregates created by biological activity => Better stability than structure created by soil tillage
Dorel et al. 2010
2
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3
3,2
3,4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Vo
id In
dic
e
Months after plantation
Soil porosity
No-Till under cover soil
Tilled soil bare soil
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Installation of shade tolerant cover-crop
Banana plantation on the cover -crop
Crotalaria / Brachiaria
Arachis Pintoï
Banana / Arachis Pintoï
Fallow : 12 months Soil fertility improvement Sanitation (pest suppression)
Prototype of innovating cropping system
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Thank you for your attention