ecología, genética y epigenética de las plantas...

Ecología, genética y epigenética

de las plantas raras

Carlos M. Herrera

Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC

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Atropa baetica

P. N. Cazorla-Segura-Las Villas

OUTLINE

Distribution of rarity

Correlates of ecological marginality

The cascade of ecological effects

Patterns of genetic diversity

A look into the future: epigenetics

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Pilar Bazaga

Mónica Medrano

Ricardo Pérez

Conchita Alonso

www.plant-animal.es

OUTLINE






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6Myers et al. 2000. Nature.

Rarity is unequally distributed

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Médail & Quézel. 1999. Conserv. Biol.

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Wid

esp

read

sp

ecie

s

Endemic species

Lavergne et al. 2004. Oikos.

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Totté et al. 2015. Folia Geobot.


Mean altitude of endemic species

Mean altitude of widespread species

Nu

mb

er o

f sp

ecie

sN

um

ber

of

spec

ies

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Rare plants often live in marginal, stressful habitats

Sierra del Pozo, Macizo Cazorla-Segura

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Rare plants often live in marginal, stressful habitats

Anthyllis ramburii

Viola cazorlensis

Fumana baetica

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OUTLINE






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Soil toxicity

Water stress

Low productivity

Slow population turnover

Population fragmentation

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Soil toxicity

Water stress

Low productivity

Slow population turnover

Population fragmentation

IMPAIRED POLLINATOR SERVICE

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Reproduction is pollen-limited in diversity hotspots

Alonso et al. 2010. Oikos.

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29 species 130 species

Pollinator visitation is lower in marginal habitats

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Rare species have lower pollinator visitation rates

cazorlanum cicutarium cazorlensis odorata

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Rare species have lower pollinator visitation rates

cazorlanum cicutarium cazorlensis odorata

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OUTLINE






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Habitat features

Pollinator diversityand abundance

Reproductive traits

Populationgenetics

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Narrow endemicAquilegia cazorlensis

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Widely distributedAquilegia vulgaris

Narrow endemicAquilegia cazorlensis

Aquilegia cazorlensis

Rock crevices and sandy soils at high elevations

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Aquilegia cazorlensis

Rock crevices and sandy soils at high elevations

Aquilegia vulgaris

Damp meadows on deep soils at mid elevations

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The endemic species has an impoverished pollinator assemblage

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Hill n

um

ber

The endemic species has lower pollinator service

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Despite lower pollinator service, the endemic species has a higher fruit set than the widespread congener

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Exclusion of pollinators reveals extensive autonomous self-pollination in the endemic species

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Withoutpollinators

Withoutpollinators

With

With

The endemic species is considerably more inbred than the widespread one

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Stressful habitats

Reduced pollinator service and diversity

Spontaneousautogamy

Increasedinbreeding

Habitat features

Pollinator diversityand abundance

Reproductive traits

Populationgenetics

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OUTLINE






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The conventional scenario: rare plants are genetically impoverished

Stachys maritimaLópez-Pujol et al. 2002. Plant Biol.

Antirrhinum subbaeticumJiménez et al. 2002. Heredity

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The emerging consensus: most rare Mediterranean plants are not genetically depauperate

Examples:

Androcymbium gramineum. Caujapé-Castells & Pedrola-Monfort. 2004. Conserv Genet.

Antirrhinum charidemi. Forrest et al. 2017. Bot J Linn Soc. 2017.

Convolvulus boissieri. Salmerón-Sánchez et al. 2014. Bot J Linn Soc.

Jurinea pinnata. Salmerón-Sánchez et al. 2014. Plant Soil.

Rosmarinus tomentosus. Martín & Hernández Bermejo. 2000. Heredity.

Viola cazorlensis. Cánovas et al. 2015. Syst Biodiv.

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Paired comparisons of congeneric species reveal that rare species are genetically more diverse than widespread ones

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Aquilegia cazorlensis vulgaris

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Viola cazorlensis odorata

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Convolvulus boissieri arvensis

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OUTLINE






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“Epigenetic”

Heritable changes in phenotype or gene expression that are independent of primary DNA sequence

Richards. 2006. Nature Rev Genet.

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DNA cytosine methylation

Histone modification

Chromatin remodeling

RNA interference (RNAi)

Main epigenetic molecular mechanisms in plants

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DNA cytosine methylation ←

Histone modification

Chromatin remodeling

RNA interference (RNAi)

Main epigenetic molecular mechanisms in plants

42Cubas et al. 1999. Nature.

Linaria vulgaris

Epigenetic variation is heritable and related to phenotypic variation

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Ecological divergence between species is related toepigenetic differences

Paun and Chase. 2011. Mol Phyl Evol.

Dactylorhiza

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Epigenetic diversity of populations tends to be greater than genetic diversity

Shannon's information index (I)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Pe

rce

nta

ge

of lo

ci

0

10

20

30

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Methylation-susceptible (N = 172 loci)

Non-methylated (N = 105 loci)

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Pairwise genetic distance

Pair

wis

e ep

igen

etic

dis

tan

ce

Epigenetic variation is largely unrelated to genetic variation

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Intraspecific epigenetic variation relates to variation in ecological factors

EPIGENETIC PC1 SCORE

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30

PER

CEN

T P

LAN

T EA

TEN

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

(MSAP markers fingerprints)

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Conspecific populations are epigenetically differentiated

(MSAP markers fingerprints)

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Isolation-by-environment epigenetic differentiation

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OUTLINE






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Past and present conservation biology

Ecology

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Past and present conservation biology

Genetics

Ecology

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A metaphor for FUTURE conservation biology

EpigeneticsGenetics

Ecology

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