eco - price elasticty

8/9/2019 ECO - Price Elasticty

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Ig òlgljco ~vcgoc~e` xbix h`sovcf`s iolgspj`vs h`scv` igh {ceecgkg`ss xl ~i i ~vcoàlv i s~òcaco kllh lv s`vqco`'

Xb` x`vj h`jigh sckgcac`s xb` ifcecx lv xb`

{ceecgkg`ss xl fp i ~ivxcopeiv oljjlhcx ix ikcq`g ~lcgx la xcj`'

FQCJ_V >3*99


3/37

Ioolvhcgk xl F`gbij% Xb` h`jigh alv igxbcgk%ix i kcq`g ~vco`% cs xb` ijlpgx la cx% {bcob {cee f`flpkbx ~`v pgcx la xcj`% ix xbix ~vco`'

Ioolvhcgk xl Flff`v% F h`jigh {` j`ig xb`qivclps ypigxcxc`s la i kcq`g oljjlhcx lv s`vqco`{bcob olgspj`vs {lpeh fp cg lg` jivm`x cg ikcq`g ~`vclh la xcj` ix qivclps ~vco`s'

FQCJ_V >3*99


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H@_CV@ XL FPS I

OLJJLHCXS

G@@H XL

^L__@__ I

OLJJLHCXS

[CEECGKG@__ XL

^PVOBI_@ XB@

OLJJLHCXS

IFCECXS XL^PVOBI_@ XB@

OLJJLHCXS

OLG_XCXP@

_H@JIGH

FQCJ_V >3*99


5/37

H@JIGH ALV IOLJJLHCXS

_BLPEH CGHCOIX@

Ypigxcxs h`jigh`h la

i oljjlhcxs

^vco` ix {bcob cx c

h`jigh`h

Xcj` ~`vclh lq`v {bcob

cx c h`jigh`h

Xb` jivm`x iv`i cg

{bcob cx c h`jigh`h

FQCJ_V >3*99


6/37

^vco` la xb` oljjlhcx "^r#

Cgolj` la xb` Olgspj`v "S#

Olgspj`vs xisx` igh ~và`v`go` "X#

^vco` la vèix`h oljjlhcxc`s "^v#

Olgspj`v @r~òxixclg "`r~òx`h obigk` cg ~vco`#

Hcsxvcfpxclg la cgolj`

_ct` igh olj~lscxclg la ~l~peixclg

Lxb`v Aioxlvs `'k'% gixpvie oieijcxc`s

Yhr : a "^r% ^v %S % X% H#

FQCJ_V >3*99


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H`jigh _ob`hpe` cs i xifpeiv ~v`s`gxixclg sbl{cgkhcaa`v`gx ypigxcxc`s la i oljjlhcx xbix {lpeh f`

h`jigh`h ix hcaa`v`gx ~vco`s'

Xb` h`jigh sob`hpe` sbl{s xb` ypigxcx la kllhs xbixi olgspj`v {lpeh f` {ceecgk igh ife` xl fp ix s~`ocaco

~vco`s pgh`v xb` `rcsxcgk ocvopjsxigo`s'

FQCJ_V >3*99


8/37

X~`s laH`jigh _ob`hpe`s

Cghcqchpie H`jigh _ob`hpe` Jivm`x H`jigh _ob`hpe`

_bl{s qivclps ypigxcxc`s la ioljjlhcx xbix {lpeh f`~pvobis`h ix hcaa`v`gx ~vco`s fi blps`bleh'

_bl{s xb` qivclps oljjlhcxc`s xbix{lpeh f` ~pvobis`h ix hcaa`v`gx~vco`s f iee xb` fp`vs la xbixoljjlhcx' Cx cs olj~ls`h la xb`

h`jigh sob`hpe`s la iee xb`cghcqchpies ~pvobiscgk xbixoljjlhcx'

FQCJ_V >3*99


9/37

Xb` h`jigh opvq` cs xb` kvi~b h`~coxcgk xb` v`eixclgsbc~f`x{``g xb` ~vco` la i o`vxicg oljjlhcx% igh xb` ijlpgxla cx xbix olgspj`vs iv` {ceecgk igh ife` xl ~pvobis` ixxbix kcq`g ~vco`'

Cx cs i kvi~bco v`~v`s`gxixclg la i h`jigh sob`hpe`' Xb`h`jigh opvq` alv iee olgspj`vs xlk`xb`v aleel{s avlj xb`h`jigh opvq` la `q`v cghcqchpie olgspj`v c'`' xb`

cghcqchpie h`jighs ix `iob ~vco` iv` ihh`h xlk`xb`v'

FQCJ_V >3*99


10/37

H`jigh _ob`hpe`

FQCJ_V >3*99


11/37

YPIGXCXC@_ H@JIGH@H FSCGHCQCHPIE OLG_PJ@V_ IXHCAA@V@GX ^VCO@_

CGHP_XVSH@JIGH :

FQCJ_V >3*99


12/37

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Jlq`j`gx ielgk H`jigh Opvq` Qs' _bcax cg H`jigh Opvq`4

Obigk` cg ypigxcxs h`jigh`h [b`g ypigxcx h`jigh`h obigk`s"vcs` lv aiee# is i v`spex la obigk` cg ~vco` ielg`% lxb`v aioxlvs v`jicgcgkxb` sij`'

Olgxvioxclg,aiee cg ypigxcx h`jigh`h @rx`gsclg,Vcs` cg ypigxcx h`jigh`h

Xb`Xb` obigkòbigk` cc h`~cox`h,v`~v``gx`hh`~cox`h,v`~v``gx`h fsfs xb`xb` jlq`j`gxjlq`j`gx p~p~ lvlv hl{ghl{g lglg

ii kcq`gkcq`g h`jighh`jigh opvqòpvq`'' XbcXbc hl`hl` glxglx v`ypcv`v`ypcv` hvi{cgkhvi{cgk ii g`{g`{ h`jighh`jighopvqòpvq`''

FQCJ_V >3*99


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Obigk` cg h`jigh [b`g xb` ijlpgx ~pvobis`h la i oljjlhcxvcs`s lv aiees fòips` la xb` obigk` cg aioxlvs lxb`v xbig xb` ~vco` laxb` oljjlhcx'

Cgovìs` cg h`jighs

Hòvìs` cg h`jighs

XbcXbc v`ypcv`v`ypcv` hvi{cgkhvi{cgk iexlk`xb`viexlk`xb`v ii g`{g`{ h`jighh`jigh opvqòpvq`'' X{lX{l `rxv`j``rxv`j`

lala h`jighh`jigh ivìv` q`vxcoieq`vxcoie !! blvctlgxieblvctlgxie h`jighh`jigh opvq`%opvq`% alvj`valvj`v

v`~v``gxv`~v``gx ~`vaòxes~`vaòxes cg eixcocg eixco h`jighh`jigh ighigh eixx`veixx`v h`jighh`jigh opvqòpvq` {bcob{bcob

bl{bl{ ~`vaòxes~`vaòxes èixcoèixco h`jighh`jigh''

FQCJ_V >3*99


15/37

Cgolj`

V`eix`h kllhs Xisx`s

Gpjf`v la olgspj`vs

@r~`oxixclgs la apxpv` ~vco`s

FQCJ_V >3*99


16/37

@eixcocxs cs i jìspv` la xb` v`s~lgscq`g`ssla lg` qivcife` xl iglxb`v'

Xb` kvìx`v xb` èisxcocx% xb` kvìx`v xb`v`s~lgscq`g`ss'

FQCJ_V >3*99


17/37

^vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh cs i jìspv` la bl{ jpob xb` ypigxcxh`jigh`h la i kllh v`s~lghs xl i obigk` cg xb` ~vco` la xbix

kllh' Cx jìspv`s xb` s`gscxcqcx la xb` ypigxcx h`jigh`h xl obigk`s

cg xb` ~vco`'

Xb` ~`vo`gxik` obigk` cg xb` ypigxcx h`jigh`h oips`h f ilg` ~`vo`gx obigk` cg xb` ~vco`'

FQCJ_V >3*99


18/37

Ioolvhcgk xl xb` ei{ la h`jigh% {b`g`q`v xb` ~vco` vcs`s% xb`ypigxcx h`jigh`h aiees' Xbp xb` ~vco` èixcocxs la h`jighc ie{is g`kixcq`'

Fòips` cx cs ie{is g`kixcq`% òlgljcsxs pspiee sxix` xb`qiep` {cxblpx xb` sckg% c'`' xl kcq` cx jìgcgk'

[b`g ~vco` èisxcocx cs f`x{``g t`vl igh *9 {` sih`jigh cs cgèisxco'

[b`g ~vco` èisxcocx cs f`x{``g *9 igh * cgacgcx% {` si

h`jigh cs èisxco' [b`g ~vco` èisxcocx cs *9% {` si h`jigh cs pgcx èisxco'

FQCJ_V >3*99


19/37

H`jigh alv i ~vlhpox oig f` sich xl f` q`vcg`eisxco ca olgspj`vs {cee ~i iejlsx ig ~vco` alv

xb` ~vlhpox% igh q`v `eisxco ca olgspj`vs {cee lge~i i o`vxicg ~vco`% lv i givvl{ vigk` la ~vco`s% alvxb` ~vlhpox'

FQCJ_V >3*99


20/37

Xb` ~vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh cs olj~px`h is xb` ~`vo`gxikòbigk` cg xb` ypigxcx h`jigh`h hcqch`h f xb` ~`vo`gxik` obigk`cg ~vco`'

Xb` ~vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh% `h% cs 4*

^@H`h : ^`vo`gxik` Obigk` cg Yx H`jigh`h^`vo`gxik` Obigk` cg ^vco`

@k4 Ca xb` ypigxcx la xls sleh aiees f ? {b`g xb` ~vco` cs vics`h f 9% xb`g xb`

~vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh cs ?,9 : ?'FQCJ_V >3*99


21/37

Qiep` Jìgcgk

@h : > ^`vaòxes cgèixco

*9 7 @h 7 > Vèixcqès cgèixco

@h : *9 Pgcx èixco

7 @h 7 *9 Vèixcqès èixco

@h : ^`vaòxes èixco

FQCJ_V >3*99


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^`vaòxes @eixco H`jigh Opvq` Xb` h`jigh opvq` cs blvctlgxie% ig obigk` cg ~vco` oig igh

{cee oips` olgspj`vs xl obigk` xb`cv olgspj~xclg'

^`vaòxes Cgèixco H`jigh Opvq`

Xb` h`jigh opvq` cs q`vxcoie% xb` ypigxcx h`jigh`h cs xlxieepgv`s~lgscq` xl xb` ~vco`' Obigk`s cg ~vco` biq` gl àaòx lgolgspj`v h`jigh'

Fòip` xb` ~vco` èixcocxs la h`jigh jìpv` bl{

jpob ypigxcxs h`jigh`h v`~lgh xl xb` ~vco`% cx coelès vèix`h xl xb` el~` la xb` h`jigh opvq`

FQCJ_V >3*99


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@rij~e`4 Ca xb` ~vco` la ig co` ovìj olg` cgovìs`s avlj(6'>> xl (6'6> igh xb` ijlpgx lp fp aiees avlj 9> xl 2olg`s% xb`g lpv èisxcocx la h`jigh {lpeh f` oieopeix`h is4

FQCJ_V >3*99


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Xb` jch~lcgx alvjpei cs ~và`vife` {b`g oieopeixcgk xb`~vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh fòips` cx kcq`s xb` sijìgs{`v v`kivhe`ss la xb` hcvòxclg la xb` obigk`'

FQCJ_V >3*99


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@rij~e`4 Ca xb` ~vco` la ig co` ovìj olg` cgovìs`s avlj(6'>> xl (6'6> igh xb` ijlpgx lp fp aiees avlj 9> xl 2olg`s% xb`g lpv èisxcocx la h`jigh pscgk xb` jch~lcgxalvjpei% {lpeh f` oieopeix`h is 4

FQCJ_V >3*99


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Iqiceifcecx la spfsxcxpx`s

^lsx~lg`j`gx la olgspj~xclg

^vl~lvxclg la `r~`ghcxpv` "g``he`s4 cgèisxco= XQ4 èisxco#

Gixpv` la xb` oljjlhcx "gò`sscx qs' eprpv#

Hcaa`v`gx ps`s la xb` oljjlhcx "~i~`v qs' cgm#

Xcj` ~`vclh "èisxco cg xb` elgk x`vj#

Dlcgx h`jigh

FQCJ_V >3*99


32/37

Xlxie v`q`gp` cs xb` ijlpgx ~ich f fp`vs ighv`o`cq`h f s`ee`vs la i kllh'

Olj~px`h is xb` ~vco` la xb` kllh xcj`s xb`ypigxcx sleh

XV : ^ r Y

FQCJ_V >3*99


33/37

XV cgovìs`s is ~vco` cs cgovìs`h ca h`jigh cscgèisxco4 ca`H 59 igh ^ xb`g XV

XV hòvìs`s is ~vco` cs cgovìs`h ca h`jigh csèisxco4 ca`H 79 igh ^ xb`g XV

XV hl`s glx obigk` is ~vco` cs cgovìs`h cah`jigh cs pgcx*èisxco4 ca`H :9 igh ^ xb`g XV

hl`s glx obigk`

FQCJ_V >3*99


34/37

^vco` Ypigxcxs V`q`gp`

(9>>> 6>> (6>>%>>>

(3>> 8>> (?1>%>>>

(2>> 1>> (82>%>>>

(;>> 2>> (01>%>>>

(1>> 9>>> (1>>%>>>

(0>> 96>> (1>>%>>>

(8>> 98>> (01>%>>>

(?>> 91>> (82>%>>>(6>> 92>> (?1>%>>>

(9>> 6>>> (6>>%>>>

FQCJ_V >3*99


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^vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh jìspv`s bl{ jpob xb`ypigxcx h`jigh`h v`s~lghs xl obigk`s cg xb` ~vco`'

^vco` èisxcocx la h`jigh cs oieopeix`h is xb` ~`vo`gxikòbigk` cg ypigxcx h`jigh`h hcqch`h f xb` ~`vo`gxikòbigk` cg ~vco`'

Ca i h`jigh opvq` cs èisxco% xlxie v`q`gp` aiees {b`g xb`~vco` vcs`s'

Ca cx cs cgèisxco% xlxie v`q`gp` vcs`s is xb` ~vco` vcs`s'

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Ifbcd``x Q'

Ijcx K'Ijcx M'

Igce M'

Fifcxi _'

Obcvik '

Eirjig J' ^vcigmi M'

Qcgcxbi G'

T``x HK'

Kvlp~ / ?FQCJ_V >3*99

eco - price elasticty

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