1 Aerospace and electronic systems2 ....Aerospace control3 ........Air traffic control4 ........Attitude control5 ........Ground support6 ....Aerospace engineering7 ........Aerospace biophysics8 ........Aerospace electronics9 ........Aerospace safety

10 ............Air safety11 ........Aerospace simulation12 ........Aerospace testing13 ........Satellites14 ............Artificial satellites15 ............Earth Observing System16 ............Low earth orbit satellites17 ............Moon18 ............Space stations19 ........Space technology20 ............Space exploration21 ....Aerospace materials22 ........Aerospace components23 ....Aircraft manufacture24 ....Aircraft navigation25 ....Aircraft propulsion26 ........Propellers27 ....Command and control systems28 ....Electronic warfare29 ........Electronic countermeasures30 ........Jamming31 ........Radar countermeasures32 ....Military equipment33 ........Military aircraft34 ............Payloads35 ........Military satellites36 ........Weapons37 ............Guns38 ............Missiles39 ............Nuclear weapons40 ............Projectiles41 ....Radar42 ........Airborne radar43 ........Bistatic radar44 ........Doppler radar45 ........Ground penetrating radar46 ........Laser radar47 ........Meteorological radar48 ........Millimeter wave radar

49 ........Multistatic radar50 ............MIMO radar51 ........Passive radar52 ........Radar applications53 ............Radar countermeasures54 ............Radar detection55 ............Radar imaging56 ............Radar measurements57 ............Radar polarimetry58 ............Radar remote sensing59 ............Radar tracking60 ........Radar clutter61 ........Radar cross-sections62 ........Radar equipment63 ........Radar theory64 ........Spaceborne radar65 ........Spread spectrum radar66 ........Synthetic aperture radar 67 ............Inverse synthetic aperture radar68 ............Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar69 ........Ultra wideband radar70 ....Sensor systems71 ........Gunshot detection systems72 ....Sonar73 ........Sonar applications74 ............Sonar detection75 ............Sonar measurements76 ........Sonar equipment77 ........Synthetic aperture sonar78 ....Telemetry79 ........Biomedical telemetry

80 Antennas and propagation81 ....Antennas82 ........Antenna accessories83 ........Antenna arrays84 ............Adaptive arrays85 ............Butler matrices86 ............Linear antenna arrays87 ............Log periodic antennas88 ............Microstrip antenna arrays89 ............Microwave antenna arrays90 ............Phased arrays91 ............Planar arrays92 ........Antenna radiation patterns93 ............Near-field radiation pattern94 ........Antenna theory95 ............Frequency selective surfaces96 ........Apertures

97 ............Aperture antennas98 ............Aperture coupled antennas99 ........Broadband antennas

100 ............Ultra wideband antennas101 ............Vivaldi antennas102 ........Dielectric resonator antennas103 ........Dipole antennas104 ........Directional antennas105 ........Directive antennas106 ........Feeds107 ............Antenna feeds108 ........Fractal antennas109 ........Helical antennas110 ........Horn antennas111 ........Leaky wave antennas112 ........Loaded antennas113 ........Log-periodic dipole antennas114 ........Microstrip antennas115 ........Microwave antennas116 ........Mobile antennas117 ........Multifrequency antennas118 ........Omnidirectional antennas119 ........Patch antennas120 ........Radar antennas121 ........Receiving antennas122 ........Rectennas123 ........Reflector antennas124 ........Satellite antennas125 ........Slot antennas126 ........Transmission line antennas127 ........Transmitting antennas128 ........UHF antennas129 ........Yagi-Uda antennas130 ....Electromagnetic propagation131 ........Electromagnetic diffraction132 ............Optical diffraction133 ............Physical theory of diffraction134 ............X-ray diffraction135 ........Electromagnetic propagation in absorbing media136 ........Electromagnetic reflection137 ............Optical reflection138 ........Microwave propagation139 ........Millimeter wave propagation140 ........Optical propagation141 ............Optical surface waves142 ............Optical waveguides143 ........Propagation constant144 ........Propagation losses

145 ........Radio propagation146 ........Radiowave propagation147 ........Submillimeter wave propagation148 ........UHF propagation149 ....Radio astronomy

150 Broadcast technology151 ....Broadcasting152 ........Digital audio broadcasting153 ............Digital audio players 154 ............Digital Radio Mondiale155 ........Digital multimedia broadcasting156 ........Digital video broadcasting157 ........Radio broadcasting158 ............Frequency modulation159 ............Radio networks160 ........Satellite broadcasting161 ........TV broadcasting

162 Circuits and systems163 ....Circuits164 ........Active circuits165 ............Active inductors166 ............Gyrators167 ............Operational amplifiers168 ........Adders169 ........Analog circuits170 ............Analog integrated circuits171 ............Analog processing circuits172 ........Application specific integrated circuits173 ............System-on-chip174 ........Asynchronous circuits175 ........Bipolar integrated circuits176 ............BiCMOS integrated circuits177 ........Bipolar transistor circuits178 ............Bipolar integrated circuits179 ........Bistable circuits180 ............Latches181 ........Bridge circuits182 ........Charge pumps183 ........Circuit analysis184 ............Circuit analysis computing185 ............Coupled mode analysis186 ............Nonlinear network analysis187 ........Circuit faults188 ............Electrical fault detection189 ........Circuit noise190 ............Thermal noise191 ........Circuit simulation192 ........Circuit synthesis

193 ............High level synthesis194 ............Integrated circuit synthesis195 ........Coprocessors196 ........Counting circuits197 ........Coupling circuits198 ........Digital circuits199 ............Circuit topology200 ............Digital integrated circuits201 ........Digital signal processors202 ........Distributed parameter circuits203 ........Driver circuits204 ........Electronic circuits205 ............Breadboard circuit206 ............Central Processing Unit207 ............Stripboard circuit208 ........Equivalent circuits209 ........Feedback210 ............Feedback circuits211 ............Negative feedback212 ............Neurofeedback213 ........Hybrid integrated circuits214 ........Integrated circuits215 ............Analog-digital integrated circuits216 ............Analog integrated circuits217 ............Application specific integrated circuits218 ............Bipolar integrated circuits219 ............CMOS integrated circuits220 ............Coprocessors221 ............Current-mode circuits222 ............Digital integrated circuits223 ............FET integrated circuits224 ............Field programmable gate arrays225 ............Hybrid integrated circuits226 ............Integrated circuit interconnections227 ............Integrated circuit modeling228 ............Integrated circuit noise229 ............Integrated circuit synthesis230 ............Large scale integration231 ............MESFET integrated circuits232 ............Microprocessors233 ............Microwave integrated circuits234 ............Millimeter wave integrated circuits235 ............Mixed analog digital integrated circuits236 ............Monolithic integrated circuits237 ............Photonic integrated circuits238 ............Power integrated circuits239 ............Radiofrequency integrated circuits240 ............Submillimeter wave integrated circuits

241 ............Superconducting integrated circuits242 ............Thick film circuits243 ............Thin film circuits244 ............Three-dimensional integrated circuits 245 ............Through-silicon vias246 ............UHF integrated circuits247 ............Ultra large scale integration248 ............Very high speed integrated circuits249 ............Very large scale integration250 ............Wafer scale integration251 ........Isolators252 ........Large scale integration253 ............Ultra large scale integration254 ............Very large scale integration255 ............Wafer scale integration256 ........Linear circuits257 ........Logic arrays258 ............Programmable logic arrays259 ........Logic circuits260 ............Combinational circuits261 ............Logic arrays262 ............Programmable logic arrays263 ............Superconducting logic circuits264 ........Magnetic circuits265 ........Microprocessors266 ............Automatic logic units267 ............Biomimetics268 ............Coprocessors269 ............Microcontrollers270 ............Microprocessor chips271 ............Vector processors272 ........Microwave circuits273 ........Millimeter wave circuits274 ............Millimeter wave integrated circuits275 ........Millimeter wave integrated circuits276 ............MIMICs277 ........Monolithic integrated circuits278 ............MIMICs279 ............MMICs280 ........MOSFET circuits281 ............CMOSFET circuits282 ............MOS integrated circuits283 ............Power MOSFET284 ........Multiplying circuits285 ........Nonlinear circuits286 ............Nonlinear network analysis287 ........Passive circuits288 ........Phase shifters

289 ............Phase transformers290 ........Power dissipation291 ........Power integrated circuits292 ........Printed circuits293 ............Flexible printed circuits294 ........Programmable circuits295 ............Field programmable analog arrays296 ............Programmable logic arrays297 ............Programmable logic devices298 ........Programmable logic arrays299 ........Programmable logic devices300 ........Pulse circuits301 ............Flip-flops302 ........Radiation detector circuits303 ........Rail to rail operation304 ............Rail to rail amplifiers305 ............Rail to rail inputs306 ............Rail to rail outputs307 ........Rectifiers308 ........RLC circuits309 ........Sampled data circuits310 ........Sequential circuits311 ........Silicon-on-insulator312 ............Silicon on sapphire313 ........Submillimeter wave circuits314 ............Submillimeter wave integrated circuits315 ........Summing circuits316 ........Switched circuits317 ............Switched capacitor circuits318 ........Switching circuits319 ............Choppers (circuits)320 ............Logic circuits321 ............Switching converters322 ............Zero current switching323 ............Zero voltage switching324 ........Thick film circuits325 ........Thin film circuits326 ........Thyristor circuits327 ........Time varying circuits328 ........Trigger circuits329 ........UHF circuits330 ............UHF integrated circuits331 ........UHF integrated circuits332 ........Ultra large scale integration333 ........Very large scale integration334 ............Neuromorphics335 ............Wafer scale integration336 ........VHF circuits

337 ........Wafer scale integration338 ....Contacts 339 ........Brushes340 ........Contact resistance341 ........Ohmic contacts342 ....Filtering343 ........Filters344 ............Active filters345 ............Anisotropic346 ............Bragg gratings347 ............Channel bank filters348 ............Digital filters349 ............Equalizers350 ............Filtering theory351 ............Gabor filters352 ............Harmonic filters353 ............IIR filters354 ............Kalman filters355 ............Low-pass filters356 ............Matched filters357 ............Microstrip filters358 ............Nonlinear filters359 ............Particle filters360 ............Power filters361 ............Resonator filters362 ............Spatial filters363 ............Superconducting filters364 ............Transversal filters365 ........Information filtering366 ............Information filters367 ............Recommender systems368 ....Integrated circuit technology369 ........CMOS technology370 ............CMOS process371 ............Silicon on sapphire372 ........Moore's Law373 ....Logic devices374 ........Logic gates375 ........Programmable logic devices376 ....Oscillators377 ........Digital-controlled oscillators378 ........Injection-locked oscillators379 ........Local oscillators380 ........Microwave oscillators381 ........Phase noise382 ........Ring oscillators383 ........Voltage-controlled oscillators384 ....Single electron devices

385 ........Single electron memory386 ............Hetero-nanocrystal memory387 ........Single electron transistors388 ....Tunable circuits and devices389 ........RLC circuits390 ........Tuned circuits

391 Communications technology392 ....Communication equipment393 ........Auditory displays394 ........Codecs395 ............Speech codecs396 ............Video codecs397 ........Modems398 ........Optical communication equipment399 ............Optical transmitters400 ........Radio communication equipment401 ............Base stations402 ............Ham radios403 ............Land mobile radio equipment404 ............Radio transceivers405 ............Transponders406 ........Receivers407 ............Optical receivers408 ............RAKE receivers409 ............Receiving antennas410 ........Repeaters411 ........Speech codecs412 ........Telephone equipment413 ............Cellular phones414 ............Telephone sets415 ............Vocoders416 ........Transceivers417 ............Radio transceivers418 ........Transmitters419 ............Auxiliary transmitters420 ............Diversity methods421 ............Neurotransmitters422 ............Optical transmitters423 ............Radio transmitters424 ............Transmitting antennas425 ........Transponders426 ........TV equipment427 ............Large screen displays428 ............TV receivers429 ........Video codecs 430 ........Video equipment431 ............Video codecs432 ........Vocoders

433 ....Communication switching434 ........Code division multiplexing435 ........Electronic switching systems436 ........Frame relay437 ........Handover438 ........Multiprotocol label switching439 ........Packet switching440 ............Burst switching441 ............Frame relay442 ............Multiprotocol label switching443 ............Packet loss444 ....Communication systems445 ........ARPANET446 ........Biomedical communication447 ............Biomedical telemetry448 ............Telemedicine449 ........Broadband communication450 ............B-ISDN451 ............Broadband amplifiers452 ........Communication networks453 ............Central office454 ............Cyberspace455 ........Communication system control456 ............Telecommunication control457 ........Communication system security458 ............Radio communication countermeasures459 ........Communication system signaling460 ........Communication system software461 ............Streaming media462 ........Communication system traffic463 ........Communication system traffic control464 ........Computer networks465 ............Ad hoc networks466 ............Computer network management467 ............Content distribution networks468 ............Cyberspace469 ............Diffserv networks470 ............Domain Name System471 ............Ethernet networks472 ............Google473 ............Internet474 ............Intserv networks475 ............IP networks476 ............Metropolitan area networks477 ............Multiprocessor interconnection networks478 ............Network servers479 ............Next generation networking480 ............Overlay networks

481 ............Peer-to-peer computing482 ............Storage area networks483 ............Token networks484 ............Unicast485 ............Virtual private networks486 ............Wide area networks487 ........Cross layer design488 ........Data buses489 ............Backplanes490 ........Data communication491 ............Asynchronous communication492 ............Asynchronous transfer mode493 ............Data buses494 ............Data transfer495 ............Telecommunication buffers496 ............Telemetry497 ............Teleprinting498 ........Digital communication499 ............Baseband500 ............DICOM501 ............Digital audio broadcasting502 ............Digital images503 ............Digital multimedia broadcasting504 ............Digital video broadcasting505 ............DSL506 ............ISDN507 ............Passband508 ............Portable media players509 ............SONET510 ............Spread spectrum communication511 ........Facsimile512 ........FDDI513 ........Indoor communication514 ............Indoor environments515 ........Internet516 ............Instant messaging517 ............Internet telephony518 ............Internet topology519 ............Middleboxes520 ............Semantic Web521 ............Web 2.0522 ............Web services 523 ........IP networks524 ............TCPIP525 ........ISDN526 ............B-ISDN527 ........Land mobile radio cellular systems528 ............Cellular networks

529 ............Paging strategies530 ........Local area networks531 ............Wireless LAN532 ........Metropolitan area networks533 ........Microwave communication534 ............Rectennas535 ........Military communication536 ............Reconnaissance537 ........Millimeter wave communication538 ........MIMO539 ............Rician channels540 ........Mobile communication541 ............3G mobile communication542 ............4G mobile communication543 ............Ambient networks544 ............Dual band545 ............Land mobile radio546 ............Land mobile radio cellular systems547 ............Mobile nodes548 ............Mobile radio mobility management549 ............Software radio550 ........Molecular communication551 ........Multiaccess communication552 ............Direct-sequence code-division multiple access553 ............Frequency division multiaccess554 ............Multicarrier code division multiple access555 ............Subscriber loops556 ............Time division multiple access557 ............Time division synchronous code division multiple access558 ........Multicast communication559 ............Multicast VPN560 ........Multimedia communication561 ........Narrowband562 ........Optical fiber communication563 ............FDDI564 ............Optical buffering565 ............Optical fiber networks566 ............Optical fiber subscriber loops567 ............Optical interconnections568 ............Optical packet switching569 ............Optical wavelength conversion570 ............Scheduling algorithms571 ............SONET572 ........Personal communication networks573 ........Protocols574 ............Access protocols575 ............Asynchronous transfer mode576 ............Cryptographic protocols

577 ............Master-slave578 ............Multicast protocols579 ............Multiprotocol label switching580 ............Routing protocols581 ............Transport protocols582 ............Wireless application protocol583 ........Quality of service584 ............Admission control585 ........Radio communication586 ............Baseband587 ............Bluetooth588 ............Indoor radio communication589 ............Land mobile radio590 ............Land mobile radio cellular systems591 ............Packet radio networks592 ............Passband593 ............Personal area networks594 ............Radio broadcasting595 ............Radio communication countermeasures596 ............Radio frequency597 ............Radio link598 ............Radio spectrum management599 ............Satellite communication600 ............Satellite ground stations601 ............Software radio602 ............Zigbee603 ........Routing604 ............Wavelength routing605 ........Satellite communication606 ............Downlink607 ............Satellite broadcasting608 ............Satellite ground stations609 ............Uplink610 ........Satellite ground stations611 ........Spatial diversity612 ........Submillimeter wave communication613 ........Subscriber loops 614 ........Switching systems615 ............Electronic switching systems616 ............Switching frequency617 ............Switching loss618 ............Telecommunication switching619 ........Synchronous digital hierarchy620 ........Telecommunications621 ............Ambient intelligence622 ............Feedback communications623 ............IP networks624 ............Radio access networks

625 ............Railway communication626 ............Telecommunication computing627 ............Telecommunication network topology628 ............Telecommunication services629 ............Telematics630 ........Teleconferencing631 ........Telegraphy632 ........Telephony633 ........Teleprinting634 ........Teletext635 ........Token networks636 ........UHF communication637 ........Underwater communication638 ........Videophone systems639 ........Videotex640 ........Visual communication641 ........Wide area networks642 ........Wideband643 ........Wireless communication644 ............Cognitive radio645 ............GSM646 ............Open wireless architecture647 ............Roaming648 ............Spatial diversity649 ............WiMAX650 ............Wireless application protocol651 ............Wireless networks652 ........Wireless mesh networks653 ........Wireless sensor networks654 ............Body sensor networks655 ............Event detection656 ....Couplers657 ........Directional couplers658 ....High-speed electronics659 ........High-speed integrated circuits660 ........High-speed networks661 ........Ultrafast electronics662 ....Image communication663 ........Facsimile664 ........Picture archiving and communication systems665 ....Message systems666 ........Electronic mail667 ............Unified messaging668 ............Unsolicited electronic mail669 ........Electronic messaging670 ............Instant messaging671 ............Unified messaging672 ........Postal services

673 ........Publish subscribe systems674 ........Voice mail675 ....Modulation676 ........Amplitude modulation677 ............Amplitude shift keying678 ............Quadrature amplitude modulation679 ........Chirp modulation680 ........Demodulation681 ........Digital modulation682 ............Constellation diagram683 ............Partial response signaling684 ........Frequency modulation685 ............Frequency shift keying686 ........Magnetic modulators687 ........Modulation coding688 ............Interleaved codes689 ........Optical modulation690 ............Electrooptic modulators691 ............Intensity modulation692 ........Phase modulation693 ............Continuous phase modulation694 ............Differential phase shift keying695 ............Phase shift keying696 ........Pulse modulation697 ........Pulse width modulation698 ............Pulse width modulation inverters699 ............Space vector pulse width modulation700 ....Multiplexing701 ........Code division multiplexing702 ........Demultiplexing703 ........Frequency division multiplexing704 ........Multiplexing equipment705 ............Add-drop multiplexers706 ........OFDM 707 ............Multiple access interference708 ............OFDM modulation709 ............Partial transmit sequences710 ............Peak to average power ratio711 ........Time division multiplexing712 ........Wavelength division multiplexing713 ............WDM networks714 ....Network topology715 ........Complex networks716 ........Computer network reliability717 ....Presence network agents718 ....TV719 ........Cable TV720 ........Digital TV

721 ............Analog TV722 ............HDTV723 ............IPTV724 ........Mobile TV725 ........Three-dimensional television726 ....UHF technology727 ........UHF antennas728 ........UHF circuits729 ............UHF integrated circuits730 ........UHF communication731 ........UHF devices732 ........UHF integrated circuits733 ....Ultra wideband technology734 ........Ultra wideband antennas735 ........Ultra wideband communication736 ........Ultra wideband radar737 ....VHF devices

738 Components, packaging, and manufacturing technology739 ....Component architectures740 ....Electronic components741 ........Capacitors742 ............Power capacitors743 ............Varactors744 ........Coils745 ............Superconducting coils746 ........Connectors747 ............Plugs748 ............Sockets749 ........Diodes750 ............Diode lasers751 ........Electrodes752 ............Anodes753 ............Cathodes754 ............Microelectrodes755 ........Fuses756 ........Inductors757 ............Active inductors758 ............Thick film inductors759 ............Thin film inductors760 ........Resistors761 ............Memristors762 ............Switched capacitor networks763 ............Varistors764 ........Structural plates765 ........Switches766 ............Contactors767 ............Microswitches768 ............Optical switches

769 ........Transducers770 ............Acoustic transducers771 ............Biomedical transducers772 ............Chemical transducers773 ............Piezoelectric transducers774 ............Ultrasonic transducer arrays775 ....Electronic equipment manufacture776 ........Damascene integration777 ........Micromachining778 ........Radiation hardening (electronics)779 ........Semiconductor device manufacture780 ............Diffusion processes781 ............Flip-chip devices782 ............High-K gate dielectrics783 ............Quasi-doping784 ............Semiconductor device doping785 ............Semiconductor epitaxial layers786 ............Semiconductor growth787 ............Silicidation788 ............Wafer bonding789 ....Electronics packaging790 ........Chip scale packaging791 ....Environmentally friendly manufacturing techniques792 ....Integrated circuit manufacture793 ........Surface-mount technology794 ....Integrated circuit packaging795 ........Multichip modules 796 ........Plastic integrated circuit packaging797 ....Semiconductor device packaging798 ....Thermal management of electronics799 ........Electronic packaging thermal management800 ........Electronics cooling

801 Computational and artificial intelligence802 ....Artificial intelligence803 ........Context awareness804 ........Cooperative systems805 ........Decision support systems806 ........Intelligent systems807 ............Intelligent robots808 ........Knowledge based systems809 ............Expert systems810 ............Mobile agents811 ........Knowledge engineering812 ............Inference mechanisms813 ............Knowledge acquisition814 ............Knowledge discovery815 ............Knowledge representation816 ........Learning (artificial intelligence)

817 ............Distance learning818 ............Electronic learning819 ........Learning systems820 ............Backpropagation821 ............Learning automata822 ............Semisupervised learning823 ............Supervised learning824 ............Unsupervised learning825 ........Machine learning826 ............Boosting827 ............Statistical learning828 ........Prediction methods829 ............Linear predictive coding830 ............Predictive coding831 ............Predictive encoding832 ............Predictive models833 ....Autonomous mental development834 ....Computational intelligence835 ........Computation theory836 ............Computational complexity837 ............Concurrent computing838 ............Greedy algorithms839 ............Support vector machines840 ........Evolutionary computation841 ............Particle swarm optimization842 ........Fuzzy systems843 ............Fuzzy control844 ............Fuzzy neural networks845 ............Hybrid intelligent systems846 ........Genetic algorithms847 ....Logic848 ........Fuzzy logic849 ............Fuzzy cognitive maps850 ............Takagi-Sugeno model851 ........Multivalued logic852 ........Probabilistic logic853 ........Sufficient conditions854 ....Machine intelligence855 ........Pattern analysis856 ....Neural networks857 ........Artificial neural networks858 ............Hebbian theory859 ............Self-organizing feature maps860 ........Biological neural networks861 ........Cellular neural networks862 ........Feedforward neural networks863 ............Multilayer perceptrons864 ........Multi-layer neural network

865 ........Neural network hardware866 ........Radial basis function networks867 ........Recurrent neural networks868 ............Hopfield neural networks

869 Computers and information processing870 ....Computer applications871 ........Affective computing872 ........Application virtualization873 ........Computer aided analysis874 ........Computer aided engineering875 ........Computer aided instruction876 ........Computer generated music877 ........Computer integrated manufacturing878 ........Control engineering computing879 ........High energy physics instrumentation computing880 ............Linear particle accelerator881 ........Knowledge management 882 ............Knowledge transfer883 ........Medical information systems884 ............Electronic medical records885 ........Military computing886 ........Physics computing887 ........Power engineering computing888 ........Power system analysis computing889 ........Publishing890 ............Bibliometrics891 ............Company reports892 ............Desktop publishing893 ............Electronic publishing894 ............Scientific publishing895 ........Scientific computing896 ........Telecommunication computing897 ............Internetworking898 ............Soft switching899 ........Virtual enterprises900 ........Virtual manufacturing901 ............Virtual machining902 ........Web sites903 ............Facebook904 ............MySpace905 ............Uniform resource locators906 ............Web design907 ............YouTube908 ........World Wide Web909 ............Mashups910 ....Computer architecture911 ........Accelerator architectures912 ........Data structures

913 ............Arrays914 ............Binary decision diagrams915 ............Null value916 ............Octrees917 ............Table lookup918 ............Tree data structures919 ........Dynamic voltage scaling920 ........Memory architecture921 ........Memory management922 ........Multiprocessor interconnection923 ............Hypercubes924 ........Parallel architectures925 ............Multicore processing926 ........Reconfigurable architectures927 ....Computer interfaces928 ........Application programming interfaces929 ........Browsers930 ........Field buses931 ........Firewire932 ........Haptic interfaces933 ............Data gloves934 ............Force feedback935 ............Grasping936 ........Hypertext systems937 ........Interface phenomena938 ............Network interfaces939 ........Interface states940 ........Musical instrument digital interfaces941 ........Ports (Computers)942 ........System buses943 ....Computer networks944 ........Ad hoc networks945 ............Mesh networks946 ............Mobile ad hoc networks947 ............Vehicular ad hoc networks948 ........Computer network management949 ............Computer network reliability950 ............Disruption tolerant networking951 ............Middleboxes952 ............Network address translation953 ............Network synthesis954 ........Content distribution networks955 ........Cyberspace956 ........Diffserv networks957 ........Domain Name System958 ........Ethernet networks959 ............EPON960 ........Google

961 ........Internet962 ............Instant messaging963 ............Internet telephony964 ............Internet topology965 ............Middleboxes966 ............Semantic Web967 ............Web 2.0968 ............Web services969 ........Intserv networks970 ........IP networks971 ............TCPIP972 ........Metropolitan area networks973 ........Multiprocessor interconnection networks974 ........Network servers975 ........Next generation networking 976 ........Overlay networks977 ........Peer-to-peer computing978 ........Storage area networks979 ........Token networks980 ........Unicast981 ........Virtual private networks982 ............Extranets983 ........Wide area networks984 ....Computer performance985 ........Computer errors986 ............Computer crashes987 ........Performance loss988 ....Computer peripherals989 ........Disk drives990 ........Keyboards991 ........Modems992 ........Printers993 ....Computers994 ........Analog computers995 ........Calculators996 ............Difference engines997 ........Microcomputers998 ............Portable computers999 ............Workstations

1000 ........Parallel machines1001 ........Supercomputers1002 ........Tablet computers1003 ........Wearable computers1004 ....Computer science1005 ........Formal languages1006 ............Computer languages1007 ............Runtime library1008 ........Network theory (graphs)

1009 ........Programming1010 ............Augmented reality1011 ............Automatic programming1012 ............Concatenated codes1013 ............Functional programming1014 ............Granular computing1015 ............Integer linear programming1016 ............Logic programming1017 ............Microprogramming1018 ............Object oriented methods1019 ............Object oriented programming1020 ............Opportunistic software systems development1021 ............Parallel programming1022 ............Performance analysis1023 ............Programming profession1024 ............Robot programming1025 ....Concurrency control1026 ........Processor scheduling1027 ............Scheduling algorithms1028 ....Database machines1029 ....Data systems1030 ........Data acquisition1031 ............Fastbus1032 ............User-generated content1033 ........Data compression1034 ............Adaptive coding1035 ............Audio compression1036 ............Huffman coding1037 ............Source coding1038 ............Test data compression1039 ............Transform coding1040 ........Data conversion1041 ............Analog-digital conversion1042 ............Digital-analog conversion1043 ........Data engineering1044 ........Data handling1045 ............Data assimilation1046 ............Data encapsulation1047 ............Document handling1048 ............Merging1049 ............Sorting1050 ........Data processing1051 ............Associative processing1052 ............Data analysis1053 ............Data collection1054 ............Data integration1055 ............Data preprocessing1056 ............Data transfer

1057 ............Information exchange1058 ............Spreadsheet programs1059 ............Text processing1060 ............Virtual enterprises1061 ........Data storage systems1062 ........Data warehouses1063 ....Digital systems1064 ........Internet1065 ............Instant messaging1066 ............Internet telephony1067 ............Internet topology1068 ............Middleboxes 1069 ............Semantic Web1070 ............Web 2.01071 ............Web services1072 ........ISDN1073 ............B-ISDN1074 ........Local area networks1075 ............Wireless LAN1076 ........Metropolitan area networks1077 ........Token networks1078 ....Distributed computing1079 ........Client-server systems1080 ............Middleware1081 ............Servers1082 ........Collaborative work1083 ........Diffserv networks1084 ........Distributed databases1085 ........Distributed information systems1086 ............Publish-subscribe1087 ........Internet1088 ............Instant messaging1089 ............Internet telephony1090 ............Internet topology1091 ............Middleboxes1092 ............Semantic Web1093 ............Web 2.01094 ............Web services1095 ........Metacomputing1096 ............Grid computing1097 ........Peer-to-peer computing1098 ....DNA computing1099 ....File servers1100 ....Hardware1101 ........Open source hardware1102 ....High performance computing1103 ....Image processing1104 ........Active shape model

1105 ........Feature extraction1106 ........Gray-scale1107 ........Image analysis1108 ............Image classification1109 ............Image motion analysis1110 ............Image quality1111 ............Image sequence analysis1112 ............Image texture analysis1113 ............Object detection1114 ............Subtraction techniques1115 ........Image coding1116 ........Image color analysis1117 ........Image decomposition1118 ........Image denoising1119 ........Image enhancement1120 ........Image fusion1121 ........Image generation1122 ............Plasma displays1123 ............Visual effects1124 ........Image recognition1125 ............Image edge detection1126 ........Image reconstruction1127 ........Image registration1128 ........Image representation1129 ........Image resolution1130 ............High-resolution imaging1131 ............Spatial resolution1132 ........Image restoration1133 ........Image sampling1134 ........Image segmentation1135 ........Image sequences1136 ........Image texture1137 ........Machine vision1138 ............Object recognition1139 ............Object segmentation1140 ........Morphological operations1141 ........Optical feedback1142 ........Smart pixels1143 ........Spatial coherence1144 ........Table lookup1145 ....Memory1146 ........Analog memory1147 ........Associative memory1148 ........Buffer storage1149 ............Computer buffers1150 ........Cache memory1151 ............Cache storage1152 ........Content addressable storage

1153 ........Flash memories1154 ............Flash memory cells1155 ........Magnetic memory1156 ............Floppy disks1157 ............Hard disks1158 ........Memory management1159 ........Nonvolatile memory1160 ............Nonvolatile single electron memory1161 ........Phase change memory1162 ............Phase change random access memory 1163 ........Random access memory1164 ............DRAM chips1165 ............Phase change random access memory1166 ............SDRAM1167 ............SRAM cells1168 ............SRAM chips1169 ........Read only memory1170 ............PROM1171 ........Read-write memory1172 ........Registers1173 ............Shift registers1174 ........Scanning probe data storage1175 ........Semiconductor memory1176 ....Mobile computing1177 ....Molecular computing1178 ....Multitasking1179 ........Parametric study1180 ....Open systems1181 ........Physical layer1182 ....Optical computing1183 ....Parallel processing1184 ........Multiprocessing systems1185 ............Data flow computing1186 ............Processor scheduling1187 ............Systolic arrays1188 ........Multithreading1189 ........Parallel algorithms1190 ........Pipeline processing1191 ....Pattern recognition1192 ........Active shape model1193 ........Character recognition1194 ........Clustering methods1195 ............Pattern clustering1196 ........Data mining1197 ............Association rules1198 ............Data privacy1199 ............Text analysis1200 ............Text mining

1201 ............Web mining1202 ........Face recognition1203 ........Fingerprint recognition1204 ........Gesture recognition1205 ........Handwriting recognition1206 ............Forgery1207 ........Pattern matching1208 ............Image matching1209 ........Speech recognition1210 ............Automatic speech recognition1211 ............Speech analysis1212 ........Text recognition1213 ....Pervasive computing1214 ........Ubiquitous computing1215 ............Context-aware services1216 ........Wearable computers1217 ....Petascale computing1218 ....Platform virtualization1219 ....Quantum computing1220 ........Quantum cellular automata1221 ....Real-time systems1222 ....Software1223 ........Application software1224 ........Embedded software1225 ........Middleware1226 ............Mediation1227 ............Message-oriented middleware1228 ............Web services1229 ........Open source software1230 ........Optical character recognition software1231 ........Software agents1232 ............Autonomous agents1233 ............Intelligent agents1234 ........Software as a service1235 ........Software debugging1236 ............Software design1237 ........Software maintenance1238 ........Software packages1239 ............EMTDC1240 ............MATLAB1241 ............PSCAD1242 ............SPICE1243 ........Software performance1244 ........Software quality1245 ........Software reusability1246 ........Software safety1247 ........Software systems1248 ........Software tools

1249 ............Authoring systems1250 ........System software1251 ............File systems1252 ............Operating systems1253 ............Program processors1254 ............Utility programs1255 ....Software engineering1256 ........Capability maturity model 1257 ........Computer aided software engineering1258 ........Formal verification1259 ........Programming environments1260 ........Reasoning about programs1261 ........Runtime1262 ............Dynamic compiler1263 ............Runtime environment1264 ........Software architecture1265 ............Client-server systems1266 ............Microarchitecture1267 ............Representational state transfer1268 ........Software libraries1269 ....System recovery1270 ........Checkpointing1271 ........Core dumps1272 ........Debugging1273 ....Time sharing computer systems1274 ....Virtual machine monitors1275 Consumer electronics1276 ....Ambient intelligence1277 ....Audio systems1278 ........Audio-visual systems1279 ........Auditory displays1280 ........Headphones1281 ........Loudspeakers1282 ........Microphones1283 ............Microphone arrays1284 ........Portable media players1285 ........Sonification1286 ....Home automation1287 ........Portable media players1288 ........Refrigerators1289 ........Smart homes1290 ........Washing machines1291 ....Home computing1292 ....Low-power electronics1293 ....Microwave ovens1294 ....Multimedia systems1295 ........Multimedia communication1296 ........Multimedia computing

1297 ........Multimedia databases

1298 Control systems1299 ....Automatic control1300 ....Automatic generation control1301 ....Bidirectional control1302 ....CAMAC1303 ....Centralized control1304 ....Closed loop systems1305 ....Control design1306 ....Control engineering1307 ....Control equipment1308 ........Actuators1309 ............Electrostatic actuators1310 ............Hydraulic actuators1311 ............Intelligent actuators1312 ............Microactuators1313 ............Piezoelectric actuators1314 ............Pneumatic actuators1315 ........Fasteners1316 ........Microcontrollers1317 ........Regulators1318 ........Servosystems1319 ............Servomotors1320 ........Switches1321 ............Contactors1322 ............Microswitches1323 ............Optical switches1324 ........Switchgear1325 ............Circuit breakers1326 ............Interrupters1327 ............Relays1328 ........Telecontrol equipment1329 ........Thermostats1330 ....Controllability1331 ....Control system synthesis1332 ....Decentralized control1333 ........Distributed parameter systems1334 ....Delay systems1335 ........Added delay1336 ........Delay lines1337 ....Digital control1338 ........Programmable control1339 ............Flow graphs1340 ....Feedback1341 ........Feedback circuits1342 ............Output feedback1343 ........Negative feedback1344 ........Neurofeedback

1345 ....Fluid flow control1346 ....Fluidics1347 ........Microfluidics1348 ........Nanofluidics1349 ....Linear feedback control systems1350 ........Frequency locked loops1351 ........Phase locked loops1352 ........State feedback1353 ........Tracking loops1354 ....Magnetic variables control1355 ....Mechanical variables control1356 ........Displacement control1357 ........Force control1358 ........Level control1359 ............Gyroscopes1360 ........Motion control1361 ............Collision avoidance1362 ............Collision mitigation1363 ............Kinetic theory1364 ............Motion planning1365 ............Path planning1366 ............Visual servoing1367 ........Position control1368 ............Nanopositioning1369 ........Shape control1370 ........Size control1371 ........Strain control1372 ........Stress control1373 ........Thickness control1374 ........Torque control1375 ........Velocity control1376 ............Angular velocity control1377 ........Vibration control1378 ........Weight control1379 ....Medical control systems1380 ....Moisture control1381 ........Humidity control1382 ....Motion compensation1383 ....Networked control systems1384 ....Nonlinear control systems1385 ....Open loop systems1386 ....Optical control1387 ........Lighting control1388 ........Optical variables control1389 ....Optimal control1390 ........Bang-bang control1391 ........Infinite horizon1392 ....PD control

1393 ....Pi control1394 ....Pneumatic systems1395 ....Pressure control1396 ....Proportional control1397 ....Radio control1398 ....Robot control1399 ........Robot motion1400 ....SCADA systems1401 ....Sensorless control1402 ....Sliding mode control1403 ....Supervisory control1404 ........SCADA systems1405 ....Thermal variables control1406 ........Temperature control1407 ............Cooling1408 ............Heating1409 ........Thermal analysis1410 ............Thermomechanical processes1411 ....Traffic control1412 ........Queueing analysis

1413 Dielectrics and electrical insulation1414 ....Dielectrics1415 ........Dielectric constant1416 ............High-K gate dielectrics1417 ........Dielectric devices1418 ............Capacitors1419 ............Ferroelectric devices1420 ............Piezoelectric devices1421 ............Pyroelectric devices1422 ........Dielectric losses1423 ........Dielectric substrates1424 ........Dielectrophoresis1425 ........Electrohydrodynamics1426 ........Electrokinetics1427 ........Electrostriction1428 ....Electric breakdown1429 ........Avalanche breakdown1430 ........Corona1431 ........Dielectric breakdown1432 ............Arc discharges1433 ............Discharges (electric)1434 ............Electrostatic discharges1435 ............Flashover 1436 ............Glow discharges1437 ............Partial discharges1438 ............Surface discharges1439 ............Vacuum breakdown1440 ........Sparks

1441 ....Insulation1442 ........Cable insulation1443 ............Power cable insulation1444 ........Ceramics1445 ............Porcelain1446 ........Gas insulation1447 ............Sulfur hexafluoride1448 ........Insulators1449 ............Metal-insulator structures1450 ............Plastic insulators1451 ............Rubber1452 ............Topological insulators1453 ............Trees - insulation1454 ........Isolation technology1455 ........Oil insulation1456 ............Oil filled cables1457 ........Plastic insulation

1458 Education1459 ....Computer science education1460 ....Continuing education1461 ........Education courses1462 ....Educational institutions1463 ....Educational technology1464 ........Computer aided instruction1465 ........Courseware1466 ........Electronic learning1467 ....Engineering education1468 ........Biomedical engineering education1469 ........Communication engineering education1470 ........Control engineering education1471 ........Electrical engineering education1472 ............Electronics engineering education1473 ........Engineering students1474 ........Power engineering education1475 ........Student experiments1476 ........Systems engineering education1477 ....Physics education1478 ....Power engineering education1479 ....Qualifications1480 ....Training1481 ........Industrial training1482 ........Management training1483 ........On the job training1484 ........Vocational training

1485 Electromagnetic compatibility and interference1486 ....Electromagnetic compatibility1487 ........Immunity testing1488 ........Reverberation chambers

1489 ....Electromagnetics1490 ........Electromagnetic analysis1491 ............Air gaps1492 ............Computational electromagnetics1493 ............Delay effects1494 ............Electromagnetic fields1495 ............Electromagnetic forces1496 ............Electromagnetic refraction1497 ............Permeability1498 ............Spark gaps1499 ............Time-domain analysis1500 ........Electromagnetic coupling1501 ............Mutual coupling1502 ............Optical coupling1503 ........Electromagnetic devices1504 ........Electromagnetic induction1505 ............Eddy currents1506 ............Inductive power transmission1507 ........Electromagnetic radiation1508 ............Correlators1509 ............Electromagnetic wave absorption1510 ............Frequency1511 ............Gamma-rays1512 ............Line-of-sight propagation1513 ........Electromagnetic shielding1514 ............Cable shielding1515 ............Magnetic shielding1516 ........Electromagnetic transients1517 ............EMP radiation effects1518 ............EMTDC1519 ............EMTP1520 ............Power system transients1521 ............Surges1522 ........Proximity effects 1523 ....Interference1524 ........Clutter1525 ........Crosstalk1526 ........Diffraction1527 ........Echo interference1528 ........Electromagnetic interference1529 ............Radiofrequency interference1530 ............Specific absorption rate1531 ........Electromagnetic radiative interference1532 ........Electrostatic interference1533 ............Immunity testing1534 ........Interchannel interference1535 ........Interference cancellation1536 ........Interference channels

1537 ........Interference constraints1538 ........Interference elimination1539 ........Interference suppression1540 ........Intersymbol interference1541 ........Rain fading1542 ........Terrain factors1543 ........TV interference

1544 Electron devices1545 ....Cathode ray tubes1546 ....Electron guns1547 ....Electron multipliers1548 ....Electron tubes1549 ........Field emitter arrays1550 ........Klystrons1551 ........Magnetrons1552 ........Thyratrons1553 ....Mechatronics1554 ........Biomechatronics1555 ....Microelectromechanical systems1556 ........Microelectromechanical devices1557 ............Microactuators1558 ............Micromotors1559 ............Micropumps1560 ............Microvalves1561 ........Radiofrequency microelectromechanical systems1562 ....Microfluidics1563 ....Micromechanical devices1564 ........Fluidic microsystems1565 ....Photoelectricity1566 ........Photovoltaic effects1567 ............Shunts (electrical)1568 ....Photovoltaic cells1569 ....Quantum computing1570 ........Quantum cellular automata1571 ....Quantum well devices1572 ........Quantum well lasers1573 ............Quantum cascade lasers1574 ........Quantum wells1575 ........Two dimensional hole gas1576 ....Semiconductivity1577 ....Semiconductor devices1578 ........Flip-chip devices1579 ........Gunn devices1580 ........Hall effect devices1581 ........Junctions1582 ............Heterojunctions1583 ............Hybrid junctions1584 ............P-n junctions

1585 ............Waveguide junctions1586 ........MIS devices1587 ............Charge coupled devices1588 ............MOS devices1589 ........MONOS devices1590 ........Piezoresistive devices1591 ........P-i-n diodes1592 ........Power semiconductor devices1593 ............Power transistors1594 ........Power semiconductor switches1595 ............Bipolar transistors1596 ............Thyristors1597 ........Quantum dots1598 ........Quantum well lasers1599 ............Quantum cascade lasers1600 ........Schottky diodes1601 ........Semiconductor counters1602 ........Semiconductor detectors1603 ........Semiconductor device modeling1604 ........Semiconductor device noise1605 ........Semiconductor diodes1606 ............P-i-n diodes1607 ............Schottky diodes1608 ............Semiconductor-metal interfaces1609 ............Superluminescent diodes1610 ............Varactors1611 ........Semiconductor-insulator interfaces1612 ........Semiconductor lasers 1613 ............Laser tuning1614 ............Quantum dot lasers1615 ............Quantum well lasers1616 ............Semiconductor laser arrays1617 ............Semiconductor optical amplifiers1618 ............Surface emitting lasers1619 ........Semiconductor waveguides1620 ........Silicon devices1621 ........SONOS devices1622 ........Superluminescent diodes1623 ........Surface emitting lasers1624 ............Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers1625 ........Thermistors1626 ........Transistors1627 ............Field effect transistors1628 ............Heterojunction bipolar transistors1629 ............Millimeter wave transistors1630 ............Phototransistors1631 ....Single electron devices1632 ........Single electron memory

1633 ............Hetero-nanocrystal memory1634 ........Single electron transistors1635 ....Thick film devices1636 ........Thick film inductors1637 ....Thin film devices1638 ........Film bulk acoustic resonators1639 ........Thin film inductors1640 ........Thin film transistors1641 ............Organic thin film transistors1642 ....Tunneling1643 ........Gate leakage1644 ........Josephson effect1645 ........Magnetic tunneling1646 ........Resonant tunneling devices1647 ........Tunneling magnetoresistance1648 ....Vacuum technology1649 ........Photomultipliers1650 ........Vacuum systems1651 ............Gettering

1652 Electronic design automation and methodology1653 ....Design automation1654 ........CADCAM1655 ........Logic design1656 ............Reconfigurable logic1657 ........PSCAD1658 ....Design methodology1659 ........Design for disassembly1660 ........Design for experiments1661 ........Design for manufacture1662 ........Design for quality1663 ........Design for testability1664 ........Graphics1665 ............Animation1666 ............Art1667 ............Character generation1668 ............Computer graphics1669 ............Engineering drawings1670 ............Layout1671 ............Shape1672 ............Symbols1673 ............Virtual reality1674 ............Visualization1675 ........Green design1676 ............Ecodesign1677 ........Process design1678 ............Pattern formation1679 ........Product design1680 ........Prototypes

1681 ........Technical drawing1682 ........Time to market1683 ........User centered design1684 ........Virtual prototyping

1685 Engineering - general1686 ....Acoustical engineering1687 ....Agricultural engineering1688 ....Chemical engineering1689 ....Civil engineering1690 ........Railway engineering1691 ............Railway safety1692 ........Structural engineering1693 ............Offshore installations1694 ....Concurrent engineering1695 ....Design engineering1696 ....Electrical engineering1697 ........Electrical engineering computing1698 ....Engineering profession1699 ....Maintenance engineering 1700 ........Predictive maintenance1701 ........Preventive maintenance1702 ............Condition monitoring1703 ....Mechanical engineering1704 ........Mechanical power transmission1705 ............Torque converters1706 ........Mechanical systems1707 ............Mechanical energy1708 ............Micromechanical devices1709 ....Precision engineering1710 ....Production engineering1711 ........Production planning1712 ............Capacity planning1713 ............Materials requirements planning1714 ............Process planning1715 ....Research and development1716 ....Reverse engineering1717 ....Sanitary engineering1718 ....Standardization1719 ........Formal specifications1720 ........Guidelines1721 ........Standards1722 ............ANSI standards1723 ............Code standards1724 ............Communication standards1725 ............IEC standards1726 ............IEEE standards1727 ............ISO standards1728 ............Measurement standards

1729 ............Military standards1730 ............Software standards1731 ............Standards activities board1732 ............Standards organizations1733 ............Telecommunication standards1734 ............Universal Serial Bus1735 ....Thermal engineering

1736 Engineering in medicine and biology1737 ....Bioinformatics1738 ....Biology1739 ........Biochemistry1740 ............Amino acids1741 ............Biochemical analysis1742 ............Peptides1743 ............Proteins1744 ........Biodiversity1745 ............Biogeography1746 ........Bioelectric phenomena1747 ............Electric shock1748 ........Biological cells1749 ............Cells (biology)1750 ............Chromosome mapping1751 ............Fibroblasts1752 ............RNA1753 ............Stem cells1754 ........Biological information theory1755 ........Biological processes1756 ............Biological interactions1757 ............Chronobiology1758 ............Circadian rhythm1759 ............Coagulation1760 ............Symbiosis1761 ........Biological system modeling1762 ........Biological systems1763 ............Anatomy1764 ............Molecular communication1765 ............Organisms1766 ........Biology computing1767 ........Biophotonics1768 ........Biophysics1769 ............Aerospace biophysics1770 ............Biomagnetics1771 ............Cellular biophysics1772 ............Molecular biophysics1773 ........Evolution (biology)1774 ............Memetics1775 ............Phylogeny1776 ........Genetics

1777 ............DNA1778 ............Gene therapy1779 ............Genetic communication1780 ............Genetic expression1781 ............Genetic programming1782 ............Genomics1783 ........Microinjection1784 ........Nanobioscience1785 ............DNA computing1786 ............Nanobiotechnology1787 ........Physiology1788 ........Predator prey systems1789 ........Synthetic biology1790 ........Systematics 1791 ........Systems biology1792 ........Vegetation1793 ............Crops1794 ............Marine vegetation1795 ........Zoology1796 ............Animals1797 ....Biomedical communication1798 ........Biomedical telemetry1799 ........Telemedicine1800 ....Biomedical computing1801 ........Biomedical informatics1802 ........Medical expert systems1803 ........Medical information systems1804 ............Electronic medical records1805 ....Biomedical engineering1806 ........Bioimpedance1807 ........Biological techniques1808 ........Biomedical applications of radiation1809 ........Biomedical electronics1810 ........Biomedical signal processing1811 ............Biomedical image processing1812 ........Biotechnology1813 ........Cloning1814 ........Drug delivery1815 ............Targeted drug delivery1816 ........Neural engineering1817 ............Neural microtechnology1818 ............Neural nanotechnology1819 ............Neural prosthesis1820 ........Protein engineering1821 ........Tissue engineering1822 ............Regeneration engineering1823 ....Biomedical equipment1824 ........Assistive technology

1825 ............Assistive devices1826 ............Wheelchairs1827 ........Biomedical electrodes1828 ........Biomedical telemetry1829 ........Biomedical transducers1830 ........Catheters1831 ........Cybercare1832 ........Endoscopes1833 ........Gerontechnology1834 ........Hypodermic needles1835 ........Implantable biomedical devices1836 ........Implants1837 ............Auditory implants1838 ............Brainstem implants1839 ............Cochlear implants1840 ............Microelectronic implants1841 ........Intracranial pressure sensors1842 ........Lithotriptors1843 ........Pacemakers1844 ........Stethoscope1845 ........Surgical instruments1846 ............Laparoscopes1847 ....Biomedical imaging1848 ........Angiocardiography1849 ........Angiography1850 ........Biomedical optical imaging1851 ........Cardiography1852 ............Echocardiography1853 ............Electrocardiography1854 ............Phonocardiography1855 ........DICOM1856 ........Encephalography1857 ........Mammography1858 ........Medical diagnostic imaging1859 ............Anatomical structure1860 ........Molecular imaging1861 ........Phantoms1862 ....Bionanotechnology1863 ....Bioterrorism1864 ....Computational biology1865 ........Computational biochemistry1866 ........Computational biophysics1867 ........Computational systems biology1868 ....Genetic engineering1869 ....Medical services1870 ........Catheterization1871 ........Clinical diagnosis1872 ........Cybercare

1873 ........Health information management1874 ........Hospitals1875 ........In vitro1876 ............In vitro fertilization1877 ........In vivo1878 ........Medical conditions1879 ............Aneurysm1880 ............Arteriosclerosis1881 ............Arthritis1882 ............Atrophy1883 ............Blindness1884 ............Cancer 1885 ............Deafness1886 ............Diabetes1887 ............Diseases1888 ............Epilepsy1889 ............Hemorrhaging1890 ............Hypertension1891 ............Hyperthermia1892 ............Influenza1893 ............Injuries1894 ............Pregnancy1895 ............Retinopathy1896 ............Sleep apnea1897 ............Thrombosis1898 ............Tumors1899 ........Medical diagnosis1900 ............Autopsy1901 ............Bronchoscopy1902 ............Colonography1903 ............Computer aided diagnosis1904 ............Medical signal detection1905 ............Nanomedicine1906 ............Plethysmography1907 ............Sensitivity and specificity1908 ........Medical tests1909 ............Amniocentesis1910 ............Biopsy1911 ............Cancer detection1912 ............Colonoscopy1913 ............Pregnancy test1914 ........Medical treatment1915 ............Anesthesia1916 ............Angioplasty1917 ............Brachytherapy1918 ............Brain stimulation1919 ............Cardiology1920 ............Chemotherapy

1921 ............Clinical trials1922 ............Defibrillation1923 ............Dentistry1924 ............Electrical stimulation1925 ............Electronic medical prescriptions1926 ............Embolization1927 ............Fibrillation1928 ............Gastroenterology1929 ............Gerontology1930 ............Gynecology1931 ............Hepatectomy1932 ............Hospitals1933 ............Hyperthermia1934 ............Lithotripsy1935 ............Magnetic stimulation1936 ............Neonatology1937 ............Neuromuscular stimulation1938 ............Neutron capture therapy1939 ............Noninvasive treatment1940 ............Oncology1941 ............Orthopedic procedures1942 ............Orthotics1943 ............Pathology1944 ............Patient rehabilitation1945 ............Pediatrics1946 ............Pharmaceuticals1947 ............Surgery1948 ........Occupational medicine1949 ........Prosthetics1950 ............Artificial biological organs1951 ............Artificial limbs1952 ............Prosthetic hand1953 ............Prosthetic limbs1954 ............Visual prosthesis1955 ........Public healthcare1956 ........Sensory aids1957 ............Hearing aids1958 ........Vaccines1959 ........X-rays1960 ............X-ray applications1961 ............X-ray detection1962 ............X-ray scattering1963 ............X-ray tomography1964 ....Nuclear medicine1965 ....Synthetic biology

1966 Engineering management1967 ....Business1968 ........Industrial relations

1969 ........Management1970 ............Asset management1971 ............Best practices1972 ............Business continuity1973 ............Business process re-engineering1974 ............Communication system operations and management 1975 ............Content management1976 ............Contingency management1977 ............Contracts1978 ............Customer relationship management1979 ............Decision making1980 ............Enterprise resource planning1981 ............Financial management1982 ............Governmental factors1983 ............Human resource management1984 ............Information management1985 ............International collaboration1986 ............Knowledge management1987 ............Marketing management1988 ............Organizational aspects1989 ............Outsourcing1990 ............Process planning1991 ............Production management1992 ............Project management1993 ............Public relations1994 ............Quality management1995 ............Research and development management1996 ............Resource management1997 ............Risk analysis1998 ............Supply chain management1999 ........Operations research2000 ............Inventory control2001 ............Virtual enterprises2002 ........Organizations2003 ............BNSC2004 ............Companies2005 ............Government2006 ............Sociotechnical systems2007 ....Commercialization2008 ....Economics2009 ........Costs2010 ............Cost benefit analysis2011 ........Econometrics2012 ............Economic forecasting2013 ........Economic indicators2014 ............Share prices2015 ........Electronic commerce2016 ........Environmental economics

2017 ............Carbon tax2018 ........Exchange rates2019 ........Fuel economy2020 ........International trade2021 ........Macroeconomics2022 ............Privatization2023 ........Microeconomics2024 ............Economies of scale2025 ............Industrial economics2026 ........Monopoly2027 ........Oligopoly2028 ........Power generation economics2029 ............Electricity supply industry deregulation2030 ........Profitability2031 ........Stock markets2032 ........Supply and demand2033 ........Trade agreements2034 ........Venture capital2035 ........Virtual enterprises2036 ....Innovation management2037 ....Legal factors2038 ........Copyright protection2039 ............Software protection2040 ........Law2041 ............Commercial law2042 ............Consumer protection2043 ............Contract law2044 ............Criminal law2045 ............Employment law2046 ............Forensics2047 ............Law enforcement2048 ............Patent law2049 ............Trademarks2050 ........Law enforcement2051 ........Patents2052 ........Product liability2053 ............Warranties2054 ........Software protection2055 ........Trademarks2056 ....Market research2057 ....Product development2058 ........Graphical user interfaces2059 ............Avatars2060 ........Product customization2061 ........Product life cycle management2062 ............Prognostics and health management2063 ........Time to market2064 ....Project engineering

2065 ........Scheduling2066 ............Adaptive scheduling2067 ............Dynamic scheduling 2068 ............Job shop scheduling2069 ............Single machine scheduling2070 ....Research and development management2071 ........Innovation management2072 ....Research initiatives2073 ....Software development management2074 ....Technology management

2075 Geoscience and remote sensing2076 ....Environmental factors2077 ........Biosphere2078 ........Ecosystems2079 ........Environmental economics2080 ............Carbon tax2081 ........Environmental monitoring2082 ........Global warming2083 ........Green products2084 ............Green buildings2085 ............Green cleaning2086 ........Pollution2087 ............Air pollution2088 ............Industrial pollution2089 ............Land pollution2090 ............Oil pollution2091 ............Radioactive pollution2092 ............Thermal pollution2093 ............Urban pollution2094 ............Water pollution2095 ....Geographic information systems2096 ........Geospatial analysis2097 ........Gunshot detection systems2098 ....Geophysical measurements2099 ........Geodesy2100 ............Level measurement2101 ........Sea measurements2102 ............Geoacoustic inversion2103 ........Seismic measurements2104 ....Geophysical measurement techniques2105 ....Geophysical signal processing2106 ....Geoscience2107 ........Antarctica2108 ............South Pole2109 ........Arctic2110 ............North Pole2111 ........Atmosphere2112 ............Atmospheric modeling

2113 ............Atmospheric waves2114 ........Biosphere2115 ........Continents2116 ............Africa2117 ............Asia2118 ............Australia2119 ............Europe2120 ............North America2121 ............South America2122 ........Cyclones2123 ............Hurricanes2124 ............Tropical cyclones2125 ............Typhoons2126 ........Earth2127 ........Earthquakes2128 ............Earthquake engineering2129 ........Forestry2130 ........Geography2131 ............Cities and towns2132 ............Rural areas2133 ............Urban areas2134 ........Geology2135 ............Minerals2136 ............Rocks2137 ........Geophysics2138 ............EMTDC2139 ............Extraterrestrial phenomena2140 ............Geodynamics2141 ............Geophysics computing2142 ............Meteorology2143 ............Moisture2144 ............Seismology2145 ............Surface waves2146 ............Well logging2147 ........Ice2148 ............Ice shelf2149 ............Ice surface2150 ............Ice thickness2151 ............Sea ice2152 ........Lakes2153 ........Land surface2154 ........Levee2155 ........Meteorological factors2156 ........Oceans2157 ............Ocean salinity2158 ............Ocean temperature 2159 ............Sea coast2160 ............Sea floor

2161 ............Sea level2162 ............Sea surface2163 ............Tides2164 ........Rivers2165 ........Sediments2166 ........Soil2167 ............Soil moisture2168 ............Soil properties2169 ............Soil texture2170 ........Tornadoes2171 ........Tsunami2172 ........Volcanoes2173 ............Planetary volcanoes2174 ............Volcanic activity2175 ............Volcanic ash2176 ....Land surface temperature2177 ....Photometry2178 ....Radar2179 ........Airborne radar2180 ........Bistatic radar2181 ........Doppler radar2182 ........Ground penetrating radar2183 ........Laser radar2184 ........Meteorological radar2185 ........Millimeter wave radar2186 ........Multistatic radar2187 ............MIMO radar2188 ........Passive radar2189 ........Radar applications2190 ............Radar countermeasures2191 ............Radar detection2192 ............Radar imaging2193 ............Radar measurements2194 ............Radar polarimetry2195 ............Radar remote sensing2196 ............Radar tracking2197 ........Radar clutter2198 ........Radar cross-sections2199 ........Radar equipment2200 ........Radar theory2201 ........Spaceborne radar2202 ........Spread spectrum radar2203 ........Synthetic aperture radar2204 ............Inverse synthetic aperture radar2205 ............Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar2206 ........Ultra wideband radar2207 ....Radiometry2208 ........Microwave radiometry

2209 ........Radiometers2210 ............Spectroradiometers2211 ....Remote sensing2212 ........Hyperspectral sensors2213 ............Hyperspectral imaging2214 ........Passive microwave remote sensing2215 ........Remote monitoring2216 ....Terrain mapping2217 ........Digital elevation models2218 ....Terrestrial atmosphere2219 ........Clouds2220 ........Global warming2221 ........Ionosphere2222 ........Magnetosphere2223 ....Vegetation mapping

2224 Imaging2225 ....Biomedical imaging2226 ........Angiocardiography2227 ........Angiography2228 ........Biomedical optical imaging2229 ........Cardiography2230 ............Echocardiography2231 ............Electrocardiography2232 ............Phonocardiography2233 ........DICOM2234 ........Encephalography2235 ........Mammography2236 ........Medical diagnostic imaging2237 ............Anatomical structure2238 ........Molecular imaging2239 ........Phantoms2240 ....Cameras2241 ........Digital cameras2242 ........Webcams2243 ....Focusing2244 ....Ground penetrating radar2245 ....Holography2246 ....Image converters2247 ........Image intensifiers2248 ....Image sensors2249 ........Active pixel sensors2250 ........CCD image sensors2251 ........Charge-coupled image sensors2252 ........CMOS image sensors2253 ........Infrared image sensors2254 ....Image storage2255 ....Infrared imaging2256 ........Night vision

2257 ....Magnetic resonance imaging2258 ........Diffusion tensor imaging2259 ....Magneto electrical resistivity imaging technique2260 ....Microscopy2261 ........Atomic force microscopy2262 ........Electron microscopy2263 ............Photoelectron microscopy2264 ............Scanning electron microscopy2265 ............Transmission electron microscopy2266 ........Scanning probe microscopy2267 ....Microwave imaging2268 ....Motion pictures2269 ....Multispectral imaging2270 ....Nuclear imaging2271 ........Energy resolution2272 ....Optical imaging2273 ........Talbot effect2274 ........Thermoreflectance imaging2275 ....Photography2276 ........Cinematography2277 ........Digital photography2278 ........Photomicrography2279 ....Radiation imaging2280 ....Radiography2281 ........Diagnostic radiography2282 ....Stereo vision2283 ........Stereo image processing2284 ....Tomography2285 ........Computed tomography2286 ........Electrical capacitance tomography2287 ........Positron emission tomography2288 ............Whole-body PET2289 ........Reconstruction algorithms2290 ........Single photon emission computed tomography

2291 Industrial electronics2292 ....Assembly systems2293 ........Flexible electronics2294 ........Robotic assembly2295 ....Computer aided manufacturing2296 ........CADCAM2297 ........Silicon compiler2298 ....Cryogenic electronics2299 ....Industrial control2300 ........Process control2301 ............Predictive control2302 ............Three-term control2303 ............Two-term control2304 ........Production control

2305 ............Continuous production2306 ............Lot sizing2307 ............Optimized production technology2308 ............Scheduling2309 ....Integrated manufacturing systems2310 ....Machine control2311 ........Machine vector control2312 ....Manufacturing automation2313 ........Computer aided manufacturing2314 ............CADCAM2315 ............Silicon compiler2316 ........Computer integrated manufacturing2317 ........Computer numerical control2318 ........Flexible manufacturing systems2319 ....Testing2320 ........Aerospace testing2321 ........Automatic testing2322 ............Automatic test pattern generation2323 ............Ring generators2324 ........Benchmark testing2325 ........Built-in self-test2326 ........Circuit testing2327 ............Integrated circuit measurements2328 ........Electronic equipment testing2329 ............Immunity testing2330 ........Error analysis2331 ............Bit error rate2332 ............Finite wordlength effects2333 ........Error-free operations2334 ........Failure analysis2335 ............Equipment failure2336 ............Semiconductor device breakdown2337 ........Frequency response2338 ........Impulse testing2339 ........Insulator testing2340 ............Insulation testing2341 ........Integrated circuit testing2342 ............Integrated circuit yield2343 ............Logic testing2344 ........Life testing2345 ........Materials testing2346 ............Accelerated aging2347 ............Acoustic testing2348 ............Adhesive strength2349 ............Bonding forces2350 ............Delamination2351 ............Elastic recovery2352 ............Nondestructive testing

2353 ........Optical fiber testing2354 ........Remaining life assessment2355 ........Ring generators2356 ........Semiconductor device testing2357 ........Software testing2358 ........System testing2359 ............Model checking2360 ........Test equipment2361 ............Automatic test equipment2362 ........Test facilities2363 ............Anechoic chambers2364 ............Laboratories2365 ............Large Hadron Collider2366 ............Open area test sites2367 ............TEM cells

2368 Industry applications2369 ....Accident prevention2370 ........Accidents2371 ............Aerospace accidents2372 ............Electrical accidents2373 ............Industrial accidents2374 ............Marine accidents2375 ............Railway accidents2376 ............Road accidents2377 ....Chemical technology2378 ........Chemical reactors2379 ............Bioreactors2380 ............Continuous-stirred tank reactor2381 ............Ignition 2382 ........Chemical sensors2383 ........Crystallizers2384 ........Distillation equipment2385 ........Fluidization2386 ........Pharmaceutical technology2387 ........Vitrification2388 ....Cryogenics2389 ....Electrochemical devices2390 ........Amperometric sensors2391 ........Batteries2392 ........Battery management systems2393 ........Fuel cells2394 ........Supercapacitors2395 ....Electrochemical processes2396 ....Electromechanical systems2397 ........Electromechanical devices2398 ............Armature2399 ............SAW filters2400 ....Electrostatic devices

2401 ....Electrostatic precipitators2402 ....Electrostatic processes2403 ........Aerosols2404 ........Electrophotography2405 ........Electrostatic analysis2406 ........Electrostatic induction2407 ........Electrostatics2408 ............Electrostatic levitation2409 ........Particle charging2410 ........Particle production2411 ........Space charge2412 ........Surface charging2413 ............Triboelectricity2414 ........Triboelectricity2415 ....Engines2416 ........Heat engines2417 ............Steam engines2418 ............Stirling engines2419 ........Internal combustion engines2420 ............Diesel engines2421 ............Ignition2422 ........Jet engines2423 ....Environmental management2424 ........Biodegradation2425 ............Biodegradable materials2426 ........Land use planning2427 ........Pest control2428 ........Pollution control2429 ........Recycling2430 ........Renewable energy sources2431 ............Biomass2432 ........Sustainable development2433 ........Waste management2434 ............Waste disposal2435 ............Waste handling2436 ............Waste recovery2437 ............Waste reduction2438 ........Water conservation2439 ............Desalination2440 ........Water resources2441 ............Desalination2442 ............Reservoirs2443 ....Food technology2444 ........Food preservation2445 ....High-temperature techniques2446 ........Rapid thermal processing2447 ....Industrial engineering2448 ....Industries

2449 ........Agriculture2450 ............Agricultural products2451 ............Aquaculture2452 ............Fertilizers2453 ............Greenhouses2454 ............Irrigation2455 ........Architecture2456 ........Banking2457 ........Beverage industry2458 ........Chemical industry2459 ........Coal industry2460 ........Communication industry2461 ........Computer industry2462 ........Construction2463 ............Buildings2464 ............Green buildings2465 ............Modular construction2466 ............Prefabricated construction2467 ........Construction industry2468 ............Prefabricated construction2469 ........Defense industry2470 ........Entertainment industry2471 ........Gas industry2472 ........Manufacturing industries2473 ............Aerospace industry2474 ............Cement industry2475 ............Ceramics industry 2476 ............Clothing industry2477 ............Electrical products industry2478 ............Electronics industry2479 ............Food industry2480 ............Footwear industry2481 ............Fuel processing industries2482 ............Glass industry2483 ............Machinery production industries2484 ............Metal product industries2485 ............Plastics industry2486 ............Pulp and paper industry2487 ............Rubber industry2488 ............Shipbuilding industry2489 ............Textile industry2490 ............Toy manufacturing industry2491 ........Metals industry2492 ........Mining industry2493 ............Coal mining2494 ........Natural gas industry2495 ........Petroleum industry2496 ............Oil drilling

2497 ............Oil refineries2498 ............Well logging2499 ........Power industry2500 ............Electrical equipment industry2501 ............Electricity supply industry2502 ............Nuclear facility regulation2503 ............Power system interconnection2504 ........Sugar industry2505 ............Sugar refining2506 ........Textile technology2507 ............Spinning2508 ............Weaving2509 ........Toy industry2510 ........Wood industry2511 ....Inspection2512 ........Automatic optical inspection2513 ....Machinery2514 ........Agricultural machinery2515 ........Ball bearings2516 ........Belts2517 ........Drives2518 ............Hydraulic drives2519 ............Motor drives2520 ............Variable speed drives2521 ........Electric machines2522 ............AC machines2523 ............Alternators2524 ............Brushless machines2525 ............Compressors2526 ............Conductors2527 ............DC machines2528 ............Electric fences2529 ............Generators2530 ............Permanent magnet machines2531 ............Rotating machines2532 ............Rotors2533 ............Stators2534 ............Washing machines2535 ........Fans2536 ........Furnaces2537 ............Blast furnaces2538 ............Kilns2539 ........Gears2540 ........Hydraulic systems2541 ............Electrohydraulics2542 ............Hydraulic equipment2543 ............Hydraulic fluids2544 ........Machine components

2545 ............Air cleaners2546 ............Belts2547 ............Cams2548 ............Engine cylinders2549 ............Exhaust systems2550 ............Impellers2551 ............Intake systems2552 ............Manifolds2553 ............Mechanical splines2554 ............Pistons2555 ............Rotors2556 ............Shafts2557 ............Valves2558 ........Motors2559 ............AC motors2560 ............Brushless motors2561 ............Commutation2562 ............DC motors2563 ............Electric motors2564 ............Hysteresis motors2565 ............Induction motors2566 ............Micromotors2567 ............Permanent magnet motors2568 ............Servomotors2569 ............Traction motors 2570 ............Universal motors2571 ........Printing machinery2572 ........Pumps2573 ............Fuel pumps2574 ............Heat pumps2575 ............Micropumps2576 ........Textile machinery2577 ............Spinning machines2578 ....Manufacturing2579 ........Assembly2580 ............Fitting2581 ............Microassembly2582 ............Preforms2583 ............Soldering2584 ........Assembly systems2585 ............Flexible electronics2586 ............Robotic assembly2587 ........Embossing2588 ........Fabrication2589 ............Bonding processes2590 ............Optical device fabrication2591 ............Soldering2592 ............Welding

2593 ........Lithography2594 ............Colloidal lithography2595 ............Interferometric lithography2596 ............Nanolithography2597 ............Soft lithography2598 ............Stereolithography2599 ............X-ray lithography2600 ........Manufactured products2601 ............Ceramic products2602 ............Chemical products2603 ............Consumer products2604 ............Electrical products2605 ............Food products2606 ............Fuels2607 ............Glass products2608 ............Mechanical products2609 ............Metal products2610 ............Paper products2611 ............Paper pulp2612 ............Plastic products2613 ............Rubber products2614 ............Sports equipment2615 ............Textile products2616 ............Windows2617 ........Manufacturing systems2618 ............Agile manufacturing2619 ............Automobile manufacture2620 ............Batch production systems2621 ............Blanking2622 ............Cellular manufacturing2623 ............Flow production systems2624 ............Food manufacturing2625 ............Forging2626 ............Glass manufacturing2627 ............Integrated manufacturing systems2628 ............Intelligent manufacturing systems2629 ............Job production systems2630 ............Joining processes2631 ............Layered manufacturing2632 ............Lean production2633 ............Manufacturing processes2634 ............Mass production2635 ............Melt processing2636 ............Pulp manufacturing2637 ............Sheet metal processing2638 ............Thermoforming2639 ........Mass customization2640 ........Tolerance analysis

2641 ....Packaging2642 ........Bagging2643 ........Bottling2644 ........Canning2645 ........Encapsulation2646 ........Labeling2647 ........Multichip modules2648 ........Plastic packaging2649 ........Wrapping2650 ....Paper technology2651 ....Production2652 ........Ball milling2653 ........Compression molding2654 ........Embossing2655 ........Food products2656 ............Dairy products2657 ............Fats2658 ............Sugar2659 ........Group technology2660 ........Injection molding2661 ........Materials processing2662 ............Annealing2663 ............Bleaching 2664 ............Casting2665 ............Coatings2666 ............Curing2667 ............Etching2668 ............Heat treatment2669 ............Joining processes2670 ............Lamination2671 ............Machining2672 ............Melt processing2673 ............Plasma materials processing2674 ............Pressing2675 ............Punching2676 ............Refining2677 ............Shearing2678 ............Smelting2679 ............Softening2680 ............Swaging2681 ........Mechanical products2682 ............Automotive components2683 ............Axles2684 ............Bellows2685 ............Blades2686 ............Couplings2687 ............Fasteners2688 ............Flanges

2689 ............Gears2690 ............Hoses2691 ............Machine components2692 ............Mechanical guides2693 ............Needles2694 ............Orifices2695 ............Pistons2696 ............Seals2697 ............Springs2698 ............Steering systems2699 ............Structural shapes2700 ............Suspensions2701 ............Tires2702 ............Vents2703 ............Wheels2704 ........Process planning2705 ............Cause effect analysis2706 ........Production control2707 ............Continuous production2708 ............Lot sizing2709 ............Optimized production technology2710 ............Scheduling2711 ........Production engineering2712 ............Production planning2713 ........Production equipment2714 ............Applicators2715 ............Clamps2716 ............Cutting tools2717 ............Fixtures2718 ............Machine tools2719 ............Mining equipment2720 ............Molding equipment2721 ............Packaging machines2722 ............Paper making machines2723 ............Polishing machines2724 ............Soldering equipment2725 ........Production facilities2726 ............Foundries2727 ............Greenhouses2728 ............Industrial plants2729 ............Machine shops2730 ............Paper mills2731 ........Production management2732 ............Control charts2733 ............Inventory management2734 ............Lead time reduction2735 ............Logistics2736 ............Process planning

2737 ............Production planning2738 ........Production materials2739 ............Abrasives2740 ............Aerospace materials2741 ............Automotive materials2742 ............Inhibitors2743 ............Ink2744 ............Joining materials2745 ............Lubricants2746 ............Retardants2747 ........Production systems2748 ............Assembly systems2749 ............Exhaust systems2750 ............Intelligent manufacturing systems2751 ............Lean production2752 ............Manufacturing systems2753 ............Steering systems2754 ........Productivity2755 ........Shafts2756 ............Camshafts2757 ........Springs 2758 ........Suspensions2759 ............Shock absorbers2760 ........Transfer molding2761 ....Safety2762 ........Aerospace safety2763 ............Air safety2764 ........Domestic safety2765 ........Emergency services2766 ........Explosion protection2767 ........Hazards2768 ............Biohazards2769 ............Chemical hazards2770 ............Explosions2771 ............Fires2772 ............Flammability2773 ............Floods2774 ............Hazardous areas2775 ............Hazardous materials2776 ............Toxicology2777 ........Health and safety2778 ............Occupational health2779 ............Occupational safety2780 ........Marine safety2781 ........Product safety2782 ........Protection2783 ............Explosion protection2784 ............Lightning protection

2785 ........Radiation safety2786 ........Safety devices2787 ............Eye protection2788 ............Protective clothing2789 ........Vehicle safety2790 ....Security2791 ........Access control2792 ............Authorization2793 ........Alarm systems2794 ............Smoke detectors2795 ........Computer security2796 ............Authentication2797 ............Computer crime2798 ............Computer hacking2799 ............Identity management systems2800 ............Invasive software2801 ............Permission2802 ........Cryptography2803 ............Ciphers2804 ............Encryption2805 ............Public key2806 ............Random number generation2807 ........Data security2808 ............Cryptography2809 ............Message authentication2810 ........Digital signatures2811 ........Information security2812 ............Intrusion detection2813 ........Power system security2814 ........Reconnaissance2815 ........Terrorism2816 ............Bioterrorism2817 ............National security2818 ........Watermarking2819 ....Wine industry2820 ........Wineries

2821 Information theory2822 ....Audio coding2823 ....Biological information theory2824 ....Channel coding2825 ........Block codes2826 ............Linear code2827 ........Combined source-channel coding2828 ........Turbo codes2829 ....Codes2830 ........Binary codes2831 ............Reflective binary codes2832 ........Convolutional codes

2833 ........Cyclic redundancy check codes2834 ........Error correction codes2835 ............Reed-Solomon codes2836 ........Parity check codes2837 ............Iterative decoding2838 ........Product codes2839 ............Bar codes2840 ........Space-time codes2841 ....Communication channels2842 ........Channel allocation2843 ........Channel capacity2844 ........Channel estimation2845 ........Channel models2846 ........Channel spacing2847 ........Channel state information2848 ........Gaussian channels 2849 ............AWGN channels2850 ........Multipath channels2851 ........Multiuser channels2852 ........Partial response channels2853 ........Throughput2854 ........Time-varying channels2855 ....Decoding2856 ........Maximum likelihood decoding2857 ....Encoding2858 ........Audio coding2859 ........Channel coding2860 ............Block codes2861 ............Combined source-channel coding2862 ............Turbo codes2863 ........Entropy coding2864 ............Huffman coding2865 ........Source coding2866 ........Speech coding2867 ........Transcoding2868 ....Error compensation2869 ....Genetic communication2870 ....Hamming distance2871 ....Hamming weight2872 ....Information entropy2873 ....Mutual information2874 ....Network coding2875 ....Rate-distortion2876 ....Rate distortion theory2877 ........Channel rate control2878 ....Source coding2879 ....Speech coding

2880 Instrumentation and measurement

2881 ....Computerized instrumentation2882 ....Electric variables2883 ........Admittance2884 ........Capacitance2885 ............Parasitic capacitance2886 ............Quantum capacitance2887 ........Capacitance-voltage characteristics2888 ........Conductivity2889 ............Photoconductivity2890 ............Semiconductivity2891 ............Transconductance2892 ........Current2893 ............Bioimpedance2894 ............Current slump2895 ............Dark current2896 ............Fault currents2897 ............Leakage currents2898 ............Persistent currents2899 ............Short-circuit currents2900 ............Threshold current2901 ........Current-voltage characteristics2902 ........Electric potential2903 ........Gain2904 ........Impedance2905 ........Impedance matching2906 ........Inductance2907 ........Permittivity2908 ........Piezoresistance2909 ........Q-factor2910 ........Resistance2911 ............Electric resistance2912 ............Piezoresistance2913 ............Surface resistance2914 ............Thermal resistance2915 ............Viscosity2916 ........Voltage2917 ............Breakdown voltage2918 ............Dynamic voltage scaling2919 ............Threshold voltage2920 ............Voltage fluctuations2921 ........Wiring2922 ....High energy physics instrumentation computing2923 ........Linear particle accelerator2924 ....Instruments2925 ........Compass2926 ........Goniometers2927 ........Microscopy2928 ............Atomic force microscopy

2929 ............Electron microscopy2930 ............Scanning probe microscopy2931 ........Oscilloscopes2932 ........Potentiometers2933 ........Pressure gauges2934 ........Probes2935 ........Radiometers2936 ............Spectroradiometers2937 ........Telescopes2938 ........Theodolites 2939 ........Tuners2940 ........Vibrometers2941 ........Voltmeters2942 ........Watthour meters2943 ........Wattmeters2944 ....Measurement2945 ........Accelerometers2946 ........Acoustic measurements2947 ........Antenna measurements2948 ........Anthropometry2949 ........Area measurement2950 ........Atmospheric measurements2951 ........Atomic measurements2952 ........Biomedical measurement2953 ............Biomarkers2954 ............Biomedical monitoring2955 ............Electroencephalography2956 ............Electromyography2957 ............Electrooculography2958 ............Electrophysiology2959 ............Photoplethysmography2960 ............Reproducibility of results2961 ............Sensitivity and specificity2962 ........Calorimetry2963 ........Coordinate measuring machines2964 ........Density measurement2965 ............Hydrometers2966 ........Distance measurement2967 ............Euclidean distance2968 ........Distortion measurement2969 ............Total harmonic distortion2970 ........Doppler measurement2971 ........Dosimetry2972 ........Dynamic range2973 ........Electric variables measurement2974 ............Admittance measurement2975 ............Ammeters2976 ............Attenuation measurement

2977 ............Capacitance measurement2978 ............Conductivity measurement2979 ............Current measurement2980 ............Dielectric measurement2981 ............Electrical resistance measurement2982 ............Electrostatic measurements2983 ............Energy measurement2984 ............Impedance measurement2985 ............Inductance measurement2986 ............Partial discharge measurement2987 ............Phasor measurement units2988 ............Power measurement2989 ............Q measurement2990 ............Transmission line measurements2991 ............Voltage measurement2992 ........Electromagnetic measurements2993 ............Electromagnetic modeling2994 ............Linearity2995 ............Microwave measurement2996 ............Millimeter wave measurements2997 ............Parameter extraction2998 ............Polarimetry2999 ............Radiometry3000 ............Submillimeter wave measurements3001 ........Extraterrestrial measurements3002 ........Fluid flow measurement3003 ........Frequency measurement3004 ............Frequency-domain analysis3005 ............Frequency estimation3006 ........Gain measurement3007 ........Gas chromatography3008 ........Geologic measurements3009 ........Geophysical measurements3010 ............Geodesy3011 ............Sea measurements3012 ............Seismic measurements3013 ........Interferometry3014 ............Fabry-Perot3015 ............Interferometers3016 ............Optical interferometry3017 ............Phase shifting interferometry3018 ............Radar interferometry3019 ............Radio interferometry3020 ............Sagnac interferometers3021 ........Length measurement3022 ........Lifetime estimation3023 ........Loss measurement3024 ............Packet loss

3025 ........Magnetic variables measurement3026 ............Magnetic field measurement3027 ............Magnetometers3028 ............Permeability measurement3029 ........Measurement by laser beam3030 ............Laser velocimetry3031 ........Measurement techniques3032 ............Calibration 3033 ............Dynamic equilibrium3034 ........Measurement uncertainty3035 ........Measurement units3036 ............Nanometers3037 ........Mechanical variables measurement3038 ............Angular velocity3039 ............Displacement measurement3040 ............Force measurement3041 ............Motion measurement3042 ............Position measurement3043 ............Rotation measurement3044 ............Strain measurement3045 ............Stress measurement3046 ............Thickness measurement3047 ............Torque measurement3048 ............Velocity measurement3049 ............Vibration measurement3050 ............Volume measurement3051 ............Weight measurement3052 ........Moisture measurement3053 ............Humidity measurement3054 ........Noise measurement3055 ............Multiple signal classification3056 ............Noise figure3057 ............Noise shaping3058 ........Nuclear measurements3059 ............Particle tracking3060 ........Optical variables measurement3061 ............Ellipsometry3062 ............Photometry3063 ............Reflection coefficient3064 ............Refractive index3065 ........Particle beam measurements3066 ........Particle measurements3067 ........Performance evaluation3068 ........Phase measurement3069 ........pH measurement3070 ........Plasma measurements3071 ........Plethysmography3072 ........Pollution measurement

3073 ........Pressure measurement3074 ............Altimetry3075 ........Pulse measurements3076 ........Reflectometry3077 ........Reproducibility of results3078 ........Scintillation counters3079 ............Solid scintillation detectors3080 ........Sea state3081 ........Semiconductor device measurement3082 ........Sensitivity3083 ............Sensitivity analysis3084 ........Shape measurement3085 ........Size measurement3086 ........Software measurement3087 ............Software metrics3088 ........Soil measurements3089 ........Spectroscopy3090 ............Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy3091 ............Kirchhoff's Law3092 ............Mass spectroscopy3093 ............MERIS3094 ............Neutron spin echo3095 ............Photoacoustic effects3096 ............Resonance light scattering3097 ........Thermal variables measurement3098 ............Temperature measurement3099 ........Time measurement3100 ............Clocks3101 ............Time dissemination3102 ............Timing3103 ........UHF measurements3104 ........Ultrasonic variables measurement3105 ........Viscosity3106 ........Wavelength measurement3107 ........Wide area measurements3108 ....Monitoring3109 ........Computerized monitoring3110 ........Environmental monitoring3111 ........Patient monitoring3112 ........Radiation monitoring3113 ............Radiation dosage3114 ........Remote monitoring3115 ........Surveillance3116 ............Infrared surveillance3117 ............Video surveillance3118 ....Testing3119 ........Aerospace testing3120 ........Automatic testing

3121 ............Automatic test pattern generation3122 ............Ring generators3123 ........Benchmark testing3124 ........Built-in self-test3125 ........Circuit testing 3126 ............Integrated circuit measurements3127 ........Electronic equipment testing3128 ............Immunity testing3129 ........Error analysis3130 ............Bit error rate3131 ............Finite wordlength effects3132 ........Error-free operations3133 ........Failure analysis3134 ............Equipment failure3135 ............Semiconductor device breakdown3136 ........Frequency response3137 ........Impulse testing3138 ........Insulator testing3139 ............Insulation testing3140 ........Integrated circuit testing3141 ............Integrated circuit yield3142 ............Logic testing3143 ........Life testing3144 ........Materials testing3145 ............Accelerated aging3146 ............Acoustic testing3147 ............Adhesive strength3148 ............Bonding forces3149 ............Delamination3150 ............Elastic recovery3151 ............Nondestructive testing3152 ........Optical fiber testing3153 ........Remaining life assessment3154 ........Ring generators3155 ........Semiconductor device testing3156 ........Software testing3157 ........System testing3158 ............Model checking3159 ........Test equipment3160 ............Automatic test equipment3161 ........Test facilities3162 ............Anechoic chambers3163 ............Laboratories3164 ............Large Hadron Collider3165 ............Open area test sites3166 ............TEM cells

3167 Intelligent transportation systems3168 ....Automated highways

3169 ....Geographic information systems3170 ........Geospatial analysis3171 ........Gunshot detection systems3172 ....Intelligent vehicles3173 ....Navigation3174 ........Aircraft navigation3175 ........Course correction3176 ........Dead reckoning3177 ........Inertial navigation3178 ........Marine navigation3179 ........Radio navigation3180 ........Satellite navigation systems3181 ............Global Positioning System3182 ............Satellite constellations3183 ........Sonar navigation3184 ....Transportation3185 ........Air transportation3186 ............Aircraft3187 ............Airports3188 ........Land transportation3189 ............Rail transportation3190 ............Road transportation3191 ........Vehicles3192 ............Land vehicles3193 ............Remotely operated vehicles3194 ............Space vehicles

3195 Lasers and electrooptics3196 ....Electrooptic devices3197 ........Electrochromic devices3198 ........Electrooptic deflectors3199 ........Electrooptic modulators3200 ....Electrooptic effects3201 ........Electrochromism3202 ........Kerr effect3203 ........Optical bistability3204 ........Stark effect3205 ....Lasers3206 ........Atom lasers3207 ........Chemical lasers3208 ........Diode lasers3209 ........Free electron lasers3210 ........Gas lasers3211 ........Laser applications3212 ............Dark states3213 ............Distributed feedback devices 3214 ............Laser ablation3215 ............Laser beam cutting3216 ............Laser fusion

3217 ............Laser theory3218 ............Magnetooptic recording3219 ........Laser excitation3220 ............Optical pumping3221 ........Laser modes3222 ............Laser mode locking3223 ........Laser stability3224 ........Laser transitions3225 ........Power lasers3226 ........Pump lasers3227 ........Quantum well lasers3228 ............Quantum cascade lasers3229 ........Ring lasers3230 ............Fiber lasers3231 ........Semiconductor lasers3232 ............Laser tuning3233 ............Quantum dot lasers3234 ............Quantum well lasers3235 ............Semiconductor laser arrays3236 ............Semiconductor optical amplifiers3237 ............Surface emitting lasers3238 ........Solid lasers3239 ............Microchip lasers3240 ............Quantum well lasers3241 ............Semiconductor lasers3242 ............Surface emitting lasers3243 ........Surface emitting lasers3244 ............Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers3245 ........X-ray lasers3246 ....Optics3247 ........Adaptive optics3248 ........Birefringence3249 ........Brightness3250 ............Brightness temperature3251 ........Color3252 ............Pigmentation3253 ........Electron optics3254 ........Extinction coefficients3255 ............Extinction ratio3256 ........Fiber optics3257 ............Fiber nonlinear optics3258 ............Optical fibers3259 ........Fluorescence3260 ........Four-wave mixing3261 ........Geometrical optics3262 ............Ray tracing3263 ........Integrated optics3264 ........Light sources

3265 ............Electroluminescent devices3266 ............Fast light3267 ............Luminescent devices3268 ............Phosphors3269 ............Slow light3270 ............Stray light3271 ............Superluminescent diodes3272 ............Ultraviolet sources3273 ........Luminescence3274 ............Bioluminescence3275 ............Electroluminescence3276 ............Fluorescence3277 ............Phosphorescence3278 ............Photoluminescence3279 ............Thermoluminescence3280 ........Microoptics3281 ............Micromirrors3282 ........Nonlinear optics3283 ............Fiber nonlinear optics3284 ............Nonlinear optical devices3285 ............Optical mixing3286 ............Optical saturation3287 ............Photorefractive effect3288 ............Raman scattering3289 ............Supercontinuum generation3290 ........Optical amplifiers3291 ............Doped fiber amplifiers3292 ............Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers3293 ............Semiconductor optical amplifiers3294 ........Optical crosstalk3295 ........Optical design3296 ............Optical design techniques3297 ........Optical devices3298 ............Bragg gratings3299 ............Collimators3300 ............Displays3301 ............Holographic optical components3302 ............Lenses3303 ............Light deflectors3304 ............Lighting3305 ............Luminescent devices3306 ............Mirrors3307 ............Optical arrays 3308 ............Optical attenuators3309 ............Optical collimators3310 ............Optical device fabrication3311 ............Optical filters3312 ............Optical resonators

3313 ............Optical sensors3314 ............Thermooptical devices3315 ........Optical distortion3316 ........Optical fiber applications3317 ............Optical fiber devices3318 ........Optical harmonic generation3319 ........Optical losses3320 ........Optical microscopy3321 ........Optical mixing3322 ............Multiwave mixing3323 ........Optical polarization3324 ............Polarization shift keying3325 ............Stokes parameters3326 ........Optical pulses3327 ........Optical retarders3328 ........Optical saturation3329 ........Optical solitons3330 ........Optical tuning3331 ........Particle beam optics3332 ............Atom optics3333 ............Electron optics3334 ............Stimulated emission3335 ........Photoluminescence3336 ........Physical optics3337 ............Optical refraction3338 ............Optical vortices3339 ........Ray tracing3340 ........Stray light3341 ........Ultrafast optics3342 ........Whispering gallery modes3343 ....Optoelectronic devices3344 ........Charge-coupled image sensors3345 ........Integrated optoelectronics3346 ........Light emitting diodes3347 ............Inorganic light emitting diodes3348 ............LED lamps3349 ............Organic light emitting diodes3350 ............Superluminescent diodes3351 ........Photoconducting devices3352 ............Electrophotography3353 ........Photodetectors3354 ............Photodiodes3355 ............Phototransistors3356 ............Superconducting photodetectors3357 ........Superluminescent diodes3358 ....Photonics3359 ........Biophotonics3360 ........Microwave photonics

3361 ........Nanophotonics3362 ........Photochromism3363 ........Photothermal effects3364 ........Spontaneous emission3365 ............Radiative recombination

3366 Magnetics3367 ....Biomagnetics3368 ........Magnetoencephalography3369 ....Demagnetization3370 ....Gyromagnetism3371 ....Magnetic analysis3372 ........Magnetization3373 ....Magnetic anisotropy3374 ........Magnetic domains3375 ........Magnetic domain walls3376 ........Magnetic moments3377 ........Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy3378 ....Magnetic devices3379 ........Accelerator magnets3380 ........Ferrite devices3381 ............Circulators3382 ........Magnetic cores3383 ............Transformer cores3384 ........Magnetic heads3385 ........Magnetic memory3386 ............Floppy disks3387 ............Hard disks3388 ........Magnetic modulators3389 ........Magnetooptic devices3390 ........Magnetoresistive devices3391 ........Magnetostrictive devices3392 ........Solenoids3393 ........Transformer cores3394 ........Undulators3395 ....Magnetic fields3396 ........Geomagnetism3397 ........Magnetic reconnection3398 ........Magnetic separation 3399 ........Magnetostatics3400 ........Toroidal magnetic fields3401 ....Magnetic flux3402 ........Flux pinning3403 ........Magnetic flux density3404 ........Magnetic flux leakage3405 ....Magnetic force microscopy3406 ....Magnetic forces3407 ........Coercive force3408 ....Magnetic hysteresis

3409 ....Magnetic levitation3410 ....Magnetic losses3411 ....Magnetic materials3412 ........Amorphous magnetic materials3413 ........Antiferromagnetic materials3414 ........Diamagnetic materials3415 ........Ferrimagnetic films3416 ............Ferrite films3417 ............Garnet films3418 ........Ferrimagnetic materials3419 ............Ferrimagnetic films3420 ............Ferrite films3421 ............Ferrites3422 ............Garnet films3423 ............Garnets3424 ........Ferrite films3425 ........Ferrites3426 ............Ferrite films3427 ........Garnet films3428 ........Garnets3429 ............Garnet films3430 ........Magnetic films3431 ............Ferrimagnetic films3432 ............Ferrite films3433 ............Garnet films3434 ........Magnetic liquids3435 ........Magnetic semiconductors3436 ........Magnetic superlattices3437 ........Paramagnetic materials3438 ........Soft magnetic materials3439 ....Magnetic multilayers3440 ....Magnetic particles3441 ....Magnetic properties3442 ....Magnetic sensors3443 ........Spin valves3444 ....Magnetic susceptibility3445 ....Magnetic switching3446 ....Magnetization processes3447 ........Magnetization reversal3448 ........Saturation magnetization3449 ....Magnetoacoustic effects3450 ....Magnetoelectric effects3451 ........Hall effect3452 ........Magnetic tunneling3453 ........Magnetoelectronics3454 ............Spin polarized transport3455 ........Magnetoresistance3456 ............Anisotropic magnetoresistance

3457 ............Ballistic magnetoresistance3458 ............Colossal magnetoresistance3459 ............Enhanced magnetoresistance3460 ............Extraordinary magnetoresistance3461 ............Giant magnetoresistance3462 ............Ordinary magnetoresistance3463 ............Tunneling magnetoresistance3464 ....Magnetomechanical effects3465 ........Magnetic field induced strain3466 ........Magnetoelasticity3467 ............Magnetostriction3468 ........Magnetostriction3469 ....Magnetooptic effects3470 ........Faraday effect3471 ........Gyrotropism3472 ....Magnets3473 ........Electromagnets3474 ............Superconducting magnets3475 ........Micromagnetics3476 ........Permanent magnets3477 ....Microwave magnetics3478 ....Nonlinear magnetics3479 ....Remanence

3480 Materials, elements, and compounds3481 ....Chemical elements3482 ........Carbon3483 ........Cerium3484 ........Darmstadtium3485 ........Hydrogen3486 ............Deuterium3487 ........Isotopes3488 ........Lutetium3489 ........Nitrogen 3490 ........Oxygen3491 ........Roentgenium3492 ........Tellurium3493 ........Titanium3494 ............Titanium alloys3495 ............Titanium compounds3496 ........Ytterbium3497 ........Zirconium3498 ....Compounds3499 ........Bismuth compounds3500 ........Gallium compounds3501 ............Aluminum gallium nitride3502 ............Gallium arsenide3503 ............Gallium nitride3504 ............Indium gallium arsenide

3505 ............Indium gallium nitride3506 ........Indium compounds3507 ............Indium gallium arsenide3508 ............Indium tin oxide3509 ........Inorganic compounds3510 ........Lead compounds3511 ........Organic compounds3512 ............Carbon compounds3513 ............Organic semiconductors3514 ............Volatile organic compounds3515 ........Silicon compounds3516 ............Silicides3517 ............Silicon carbide3518 ....Materials3519 ........Acoustic materials3520 ........Additives3521 ........Aggregates3522 ........Amorphous materials3523 ............Diamond-like carbon3524 ............Glass3525 ........Auxetic materials3526 ........Biological materials3527 ........Biomedical materials3528 ............Bioceramics3529 ............Biomembranes3530 ........Building materials3531 ............Asphalt3532 ............Concrete3533 ............Floors3534 ............Mortar3535 ............Tiles3536 ............Windows3537 ........Ceramics3538 ............Porcelain3539 ........Composite materials3540 ........Conducting materials3541 ........Corrosion inhibitors3542 ........Crystalline materials3543 ............Nanocrystals3544 ............Superlattices3545 ........Crystals3546 ............Colloidal crystals3547 ............Crystallography3548 ............Crystal microstructure3549 ............Grain boundaries3550 ............Grain size3551 ............Liquid crystals3552 ........Dielectric materials

3553 ............Dielectric films3554 ............Dielectric liquids3555 ............Electrets3556 ............Epoxy resins3557 ............High K dielectric materials3558 ............Piezoelectric materials3559 ........Films3560 ............Conductive films3561 ............Dielectric films3562 ............Epitaxial layers3563 ............Ferrimagnetic films3564 ............Ferrite films3565 ............Garnet films3566 ............Magnetic films3567 ............Optical films3568 ............Piezoelectric films3569 ............Plastic films3570 ............Polymer films3571 ............Semiconductor films3572 ............Thick films3573 ............Thin films3574 ........Fluids3575 ............Fluid dynamics3576 ............Gases3577 ............Hydraulic fluids3578 ............Liquids3579 ............Viscosity3580 ........Hazardous materials3581 ........Inorganic materials3582 ........Lacquers3583 ........Laminates 3584 ........Magnetic materials3585 ............Amorphous magnetic materials3586 ............Antiferromagnetic materials3587 ............Diamagnetic materials3588 ............Ferrimagnetic films3589 ............Ferrimagnetic materials3590 ............Ferrite films3591 ............Ferrites3592 ............Garnet films3593 ............Garnets3594 ............Magnetic films3595 ............Magnetic liquids3596 ............Magnetic semiconductors3597 ............Magnetic superlattices3598 ............Paramagnetic materials3599 ............Soft magnetic materials3600 ........Material properties

3601 ............Creep3602 ............Elasticity3603 ............Resilience3604 ........Media3605 ............Nonhomogeneous media3606 ............Random media3607 ........Mesoporous materials3608 ........Metal foam3609 ........Metamaterials3610 ........Nanostructured materials3611 ............Nanocomposites3612 ............Nanoporous materials3613 ........Oils3614 ............Lubricating oils3615 ............Vegetable oils3616 ........Optical materials3617 ............Optical polymers3618 ............Optical retarders3619 ............Optical superlattices3620 ............Photorefractive materials3621 ........Organic inorganic hybrid materials3622 ........Organic materials3623 ........Paints3624 ........Paper pulp3625 ........Petrochemicals3626 ........Phase change materials3627 ........Photoconducting materials3628 ........Plastics3629 ............Epoxy resins3630 ............Fiber reinforced plastics3631 ............Plastic films3632 ............Plastic optical fiber3633 ........Polymer foams3634 ........Polymer gels3635 ........Polymers3636 ............Liquid crystal polymers3637 ............Optical polymers3638 ............Polyethylene3639 ............Polyimides3640 ........Production materials3641 ............Abrasives3642 ............Aerospace materials3643 ............Automotive materials3644 ............Inhibitors3645 ............Ink3646 ............Joining materials3647 ............Lubricants3648 ............Retardants

3649 ........Radioactive materials3650 ............Nuclear fuels3651 ............Radioactive decay3652 ............Radioactive waste3653 ........Raw materials3654 ........Resins3655 ............Epoxy resins3656 ........Resists3657 ........Semiconductor materials3658 ............Amorphous semiconductors3659 ............Elemental semiconductors3660 ............Gallium3661 ............Gallium arsenide3662 ............Germanium3663 ............III-V semiconductor materials3664 ............II-VI semiconductor materials3665 ............Indium gallium arsenide3666 ............Indium phosphide3667 ............Magnetic semiconductors3668 ............Organic semiconductors3669 ............Semiconductor superlattices3670 ............Silicon3671 ............Silicon germanium3672 ............Substrates3673 ............Wide band gap semiconductors3674 ........Sheet materials3675 ........Solids3676 ............Young's modulus3677 ........Superconducting materials 3678 ............Granular superconductors3679 ............High-temperature superconductors3680 ............Multifilamentary superconductors3681 ............Niobium-tin3682 ............Type II superconductors3683 ........Textiles3684 ............Cotton3685 ............Fabrics3686 ............Textile fibers3687 ............Wool3688 ........Waste materials3689 ............Effluents3690 ............Electronic waste3691 ............Industrial waste3692 ............Radioactive waste3693 ............Slurries3694 ............Wastewater3695 ........Wire3696 ....Materials science and technology

3697 ........Absorption3698 ........Aging3699 ............Accelerated aging3700 ........Chemical analysis3701 ............Activation analysis3702 ............Chemical processes3703 ............Chemicals3704 ............Electronic noses3705 ............pH measurement3706 ........Contamination3707 ............Surface contamination3708 ........Degradation3709 ........Filtration3710 ............Microfiltration3711 ........Hysteresis3712 ........Impurities3713 ............Semiconductor impurities3714 ........Materials handling3715 ............Cleaning3716 ............Decontamination3717 ............Freight handling3718 ............Materials handling equipment3719 ............Remote handling3720 ........Materials preparation3721 ............Doping3722 ............Firing3723 ............Ion implantation3724 ............Laser sintering3725 ............Sputtering3726 ........Materials reliability3727 ........Materials testing3728 ............Accelerated aging3729 ............Acoustic testing3730 ............Adhesive strength3731 ............Bonding forces3732 ............Delamination3733 ............Elastic recovery3734 ............Nondestructive testing3735 ........Microstructure3736 ........Periodic structures3737 ............Gratings3738 ............Photonic crystals3739 ........Pigmentation3740 ............Pigments3741 ........Separation processes3742 ............Fractionation3743 ............Particle separators3744 ........Surface engineering

3745 ........Surfaces3746 ............Corrosion3747 ............Corrugated surfaces3748 ............Rough surfaces3749 ............Surface impedance3750 ............Surface morphology3751 ............Surface resistance3752 ............Surface roughness3753 ............Surface soil3754 ............Surface structures3755 ............Surface tension3756 ............Surface texture3757 ............Surface topography3758 ............Surface treatment3759 ....Material storage3760 ........Bulk storage3761 ........Containers3762 ............Freight containers3763 ........Fuel storage3764 ........Secure storage3765 ........Stacking3766 ........Storage automation3767 ........Warehousing3768 ........Water storage3769 ............Reservoirs3770 ....Metals3771 ........Alloying 3772 ............Intermetallic3773 ............Shape memory alloys3774 ........Aluminum3775 ............Aluminum alloys3776 ............Aluminum compounds3777 ........Barium3778 ............Barium compounds3779 ........Bismuth3780 ........Boron3781 ............Boron alloys3782 ........Cadmium3783 ............Cadmium compounds3784 ........Calcium3785 ............Calcium compounds3786 ........Chromium3787 ............Chromium alloys3788 ........Cobalt3789 ............Cobalt alloys3790 ........Copper3791 ............Copper alloys3792 ............Copper compounds

3793 ........Digital alloys3794 ........Erbium3795 ........Gallium3796 ............Gallium alloys3797 ........Germanium3798 ............Germanium alloys3799 ........Gold3800 ............Gold alloys3801 ........Hafnium3802 ............Hafnium compounds3803 ........Indium3804 ........Iron3805 ............Cast iron3806 ............Iron alloys3807 ........Lanthanum3808 ............Lanthanum compounds3809 ........Lead3810 ............Lead isotopes3811 ........Lithium3812 ............Lithium compounds3813 ........Magnesium3814 ............Magnesium compounds3815 ........Manganese3816 ............Manganese alloys3817 ........Mercury (metals)3818 ........Metallization3819 ............Integrated circuit metallization3820 ........Neodymium3821 ............Neodymium alloys3822 ............Neodymium compounds3823 ........Nickel3824 ............Nickel alloys3825 ........Niobium3826 ............Niobium alloys3827 ............Niobium compounds3828 ........Palladium3829 ........Platinum3830 ............Platinum alloys3831 ........Rare earth metals3832 ........Samarium3833 ............Samarium alloys3834 ........Silver3835 ........Steel3836 ........Strontium3837 ............Strontium compounds3838 ........Tin3839 ............Tin alloys3840 ............Tin compounds

3841 ........Titanium3842 ............Titanium alloys3843 ............Titanium compounds3844 ........Tungsten3845 ........Yttrium3846 ............Yttrium compounds3847 ........Zinc3848 ............Zinc compounds

3849 Mathematics3850 ....Accuracy3851 ....Algebra3852 ........Abstract algebra3853 ............Galois fields3854 ............Modules (abstract algebra)3855 ........Boolean algebra3856 ............Boolean functions3857 ........Linear algebra3858 ............Linear programming3859 ............Matrices3860 ............Vectors3861 ........Set theory3862 ............Fuzzy sets 3863 ............Fuzzy set theory3864 ............Rough sets3865 ....Algorithms3866 ........Adaptive algorithms3867 ............Adaptation models3868 ........Algorithm design and analysis3869 ........Approximation algorithms3870 ........Backpropagation algorithms3871 ........Basis algorithms3872 ........Change detection algorithms3873 ........Classification algorithms3874 ........Clustering algorithms3875 ........Compression algorithms3876 ........Density estimation robust algorithm3877 ........Detection algorithms3878 ........Distributed algorithms3879 ........Dynamic programming3880 ........Filtering algorithms3881 ........Genetic algorithms3882 ........Heuristic algorithms3883 ........Inference algorithms3884 ........Least mean square algorithms3885 ........Machine learning algorithms3886 ........Matching pursuit algorithms3887 ........Maximum likelihood detection3888 ........MLFMA

3889 ........Multicast algorithms3890 ........Parallel algorithms3891 ........Partitioning algorithms3892 ........Prediction algorithms3893 ........Projection algorithms3894 ........Pursuit algorithms3895 ........Signal processing algorithms3896 ........Software algorithms3897 ........Viterbi algorithm3898 ....Arithmetic3899 ........Digital arithmetic3900 ........Fixed-point arithmetic3901 ........Floating-point arithmetic3902 ....Azimuth3903 ........Azimuthal angle3904 ........Azimuthal component3905 ........Azimuthal current3906 ........Azimuthal harmonics3907 ........Azimuthal plane3908 ....Boundary value problems3909 ........Boundary conditions3910 ............Upper bound3911 ....Calculus3912 ........Differential equations3913 ............Differential algebraic equations3914 ............Navier-Stokes equations3915 ............Partial differential equations3916 ............Transfer functions3917 ........Integral equations3918 ............Probability density function3919 ........Level set3920 ....Closed-form solutions3921 ....Combinatorial mathematics3922 ........Graph theory3923 ............Bipartite graph3924 ............Optimal matching3925 ............Reachability analysis3926 ............Shortest path problem3927 ............Tree graphs3928 ........Steiner trees3929 ....Computational efficiency3930 ....Conformal mapping3931 ....Convergence3932 ....Convex functions3933 ....Cyclic redundancy check3934 ........Cyclic redundancy check codes3935 ....Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions3936 ....Equations

3937 ........Boltzmann equation3938 ........Difference equations3939 ........Integrodifferential equations3940 ........Maxwell equations3941 ........Nonlinear equations3942 ............Bifurcation3943 ........Polynomials3944 ........Riccati equations3945 ....Estimation3946 ........Estimation error3947 ........Estimation theory3948 ............Cramer-Rao bounds3949 ............Maximum a posteriori estimation3950 ........Life estimation3951 ........Maximum likelihood estimation3952 ........State estimation3953 ............Observers3954 ........Yield estimation3955 ....Euclidean distance3956 ........Hilbert space 3957 ....Finite difference methods3958 ....Finite element analysis3959 ....Fourier series3960 ....Functional analysis3961 ....Geometry3962 ........Computational geometry3963 ............Fractals3964 ........Elliptic curves3965 ........Elliptic design3966 ............Ellipsoids3967 ........Information geometry3968 ........Surface topography3969 ............Nanotopography3970 ....Gradient methods3971 ....Graph theory3972 ........Bipartite graph3973 ........Optimal matching3974 ........Reachability analysis3975 ........Shortest path problem3976 ........Tree graphs3977 ....Harmonic analysis3978 ....Iterative methods3979 ........Expectation-maximization algorithms3980 ........Iterative algorithms3981 ............Belief propagation3982 ............Iterative closest point algorithm3983 ............Sum product algorithm3984 ....Kernel

3985 ........Null space3986 ....Laplace equations3987 ....Lattices3988 ........Lattice Boltzmann methods3989 ....Limit-cycles3990 ....Linearization techniques3991 ....Linear matrix inequalities3992 ....Linear systems3993 ....Mathematical model3994 ........Mathematical analysis3995 ............Formal concept analysis3996 ............Fractional calculus3997 ............Modal analysis3998 ....Mathematical programming3999 ....Method of moments4000 ....Minimization4001 ........Minimization methods4002 ....Mode matching methods4003 ....Network theory (graphs)4004 ....Nonlinear equations4005 ........Bifurcation4006 ....Nonlinear systems4007 ........Chaos4008 ............Chaotic communication4009 ............Complexity theory4010 ............Spatiotemporal phenomena4011 ........Nonlinear dynamical systems4012 ....Numerical analysis4013 ........Adaptive mesh refinement4014 ........Approximation methods4015 ............Approximation error4016 ............Chebyshev approximation4017 ............Curve fitting4018 ............Extrapolation4019 ............Function approximation4020 ............Interpolation4021 ............Least squares approximations4022 ............Linear approximation4023 ............Perturbation methods4024 ........Convergence of numerical methods4025 ........Finite difference methods4026 ........Finite element analysis4027 ........Finite volume methods4028 ........Gradient methods4029 ........Independent component analysis4030 ........Iterative methods4031 ............Expectation-maximization algorithms4032 ............Iterative algorithms

4033 ........Method of moments4034 ........Mode matching methods4035 ........Multigrid methods4036 ........Newton method4037 ........Numerical simulation4038 ........Numerical stability4039 ........Relaxation methods4040 ........Sparse matrices4041 ........Splines (mathematics)4042 ........Surface fitting4043 ............Response surface methodology4044 ........Symmetric matrices4045 ........Transmission line matrix methods4046 ....Optimization4047 ........Cost function4048 ........Optimal scheduling4049 ........Optimization methods4050 ............Circuit optimization 4051 ............Design optimization4052 ............Gradient methods4053 ............H infinity control4054 ............Mathematical programming4055 ............Optimized production technology4056 ............Pareto optimization4057 ............Quadratic programming4058 ............Simulated annealing4059 ....Piecewise linear techniques4060 ........Piecewise linear approximation4061 ....Predator prey systems4062 ....Probability4063 ........Ant colony optimization4064 ........Bayes methods4065 ............Recursive estimation4066 ........Error probability4067 ........Forecasting4068 ............Demand forecasting4069 ............Economic forecasting4070 ............Technology forecasting4071 ........Memoryless systems4072 ........Pairwise error probability4073 ........Possibility theory4074 ........Probability distribution4075 ............Exponential distribution4076 ............Log-normal distribution4077 ............Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution4078 ............Nakagami distribution4079 ........Random variables4080 ........Statistical distributions

4081 ............Distribution functions4082 ............Gaussian distribution4083 ............Weibull distribution4084 ........Uncertainty4085 ....Quaternions4086 ....Random processes4087 ........Brownian motion4088 ....Root mean square4089 ....Sequences4090 ........Binary sequences4091 ........Random sequences4092 ....Set theory4093 ........Fuzzy sets4094 ........Fuzzy set theory4095 ........Rough sets4096 ....Simulated annealing4097 ....Smoothing methods4098 ....Spirals4099 ....Statistics4100 ........Adaptive estimation4101 ........Autoregressive processes4102 ........Boltzmann distribution4103 ............Lattice Boltzmann methods4104 ........Correlation4105 ............Autocorrelation4106 ........Correlation coefficient4107 ........Covariance matrices4108 ........Gaussian mixture model4109 ........Higher order statistics4110 ........Histograms4111 ........Least squares methods4112 ............Least mean squares methods4113 ............Least squares approximations4114 ........Linear discriminant analysis4115 ........Maximum likelihood estimation4116 ........Mean square error methods4117 ........Minimax techniques4118 ........Parametric statistics4119 ........Prediction theory4120 ........Root mean square4121 ........Sampling methods4122 ............Compressed sensing4123 ............Nonuniform sampling4124 ........Statistical analysis4125 ............Analysis of variance4126 ............Mode matching methods4127 ............Monte Carlo methods4128 ............Parameter estimation

4129 ............Pareto analysis4130 ............Principal component analysis4131 ............Regression analysis4132 ........Time series analysis4133 ....Stochastic processes4134 ........Gaussian processes4135 ............Gaussian mixture model4136 ........Markov processes4137 ............Markov random fields4138 ....Taylor series4139 ....Topology4140 ....Transforms4141 ........Discrete transforms4142 ............Discrete cosine transforms4143 ........Empirical mode decomposition4144 ........Fourier transforms 4145 ............Discrete Fourier transforms4146 ............Fast Fourier transforms4147 ........Karhunen-Loeve transforms4148 ........Poincare invariance4149 ........Wavelet transforms4150 ............Biorthogonal modulation4151 ............Continuous wavelet transforms4152 ............Discrete wavelet transforms4153 ............Wavelet coefficients4154 ............Wavelet packets4155 ....Transmission line matrix methods4156 ....Uncertain systems4157 ....Utility theory

4158 Microwave theory and techniques4159 ....Microwave technology4160 ........Beam steering4161 ........Circulators4162 ........Masers4163 ............Gyrotrons4164 ........Microwave bands4165 ............C-band4166 ............K-band4167 ............L-band4168 ........Microwave circuits4169 ........Microwave communication4170 ............Rectennas4171 ........Microwave devices4172 ............Masers4173 ............Microwave amplifiers4174 ............Microwave filters4175 ............Microwave transistors4176 ........Microwave generation

4177 ............High power microwave generation4178 ........Microwave photonics4179 ........Microwave sensors4180 ....Millimeter wave technology4181 ........Millimeter wave circuits4182 ............Millimeter wave integrated circuits4183 ........Millimeter wave communication4184 ........Millimeter wave devices4185 ............Millimeter wave transistors4186 ........Millimeter wave integrated circuits4187 ............MIMICs4188 ........Millimeter wave radar4189 ....Submillimeter wave technology4190 ........Submillimeter wave circuits4191 ............Submillimeter wave integrated circuits4192 ........Submillimeter wave communication4193 ........Submillimeter wave devices4194 ............Submillimeter wave filters4195 ........Submillimeter wave integrated circuits

4196 Nanotechnology4197 ....Bionanotechnology4198 ....Casimir effect4199 ....Molecular computing4200 ....Molecular electronics4201 ....Nanobioscience4202 ........DNA computing4203 ........Nanobiotechnology4204 ....Nanoelectromechanical systems4205 ....Nanoelectronics4206 ....Nanofabrication4207 ....Nanofluidics4208 ....Nanolithography4209 ....Nanomaterials4210 ....Nanopatterning4211 ........Colloidal lithography4212 ....Nanophotonics4213 ....Nanopositioning4214 ....Nanoscale devices4215 ........Nanocontacts4216 ........Nanotube devices4217 ....Nanostructured materials4218 ........Nanocomposites4219 ........Nanoporous materials4220 ....Nanostructures4221 ........Nanoparticles4222 ............Nanocrystals4223 ........Nanotubes4224 ............Carbon nanotubes

4225 ............Semiconductor nanotubes4226 ........Nanowires4227 ........Semiconductor nanostructures4228 ....Self-assembly4229 ........Electrostatic self-assembly4230 ....Self-replicating machines

4231 Nuclear and plasma sciences4232 ....Biomedical applications of radiation4233 ....Colliding beam devices4234 ........Colliding beam accelerators4235 ........Muon colliders4236 ....Electron emission4237 ........Ballistic transport4238 ............Electronic ballasts4239 ....Elementary particles4240 ........Charge carriers4241 ............Charge carrier density4242 ............Charge carrier lifetime4243 ............Charge carrier mobility4244 ............Charge carrier processes4245 ............Hot carriers4246 ........Electrons4247 ............Electron sources4248 ............Quantum wells4249 ............Trions4250 ........Elementary particle exchange interactions4251 ........Elementary particle vacuum4252 ........Ions4253 ............Ionization4254 ............Ion sources4255 ........Mesons4256 ........Neutrino sources4257 ........Neutrons4258 ........Particle beams4259 ............Atomic beams4260 ............Electron beams4261 ............Ion beams4262 ........Particle collisions4263 ........Phonons4264 ........Positrons4265 ........Protons4266 ....Fusion power generation4267 ....Fusion reactors4268 ........Fusion reactor design4269 ........Tokamaks4270 ............Tokamak devices4271 ....Gamma-rays4272 ........Gamma-ray bursts

4273 ........Gamma-ray detection4274 ........Gamma-ray effects4275 ....Gas discharge devices4276 ........Glow discharge devices4277 ....High energy physics instrumentation computing4278 ........Linear particle accelerator4279 ....Ion beam applications4280 ........Ion implantation4281 ............Plasma immersion ion implantation4282 ....Ion emission4283 ....Nuclear electronics4284 ....Nuclear imaging4285 ........Energy resolution4286 ....Nuclear medicine4287 ....Nuclear physics4288 ........Alpha particles4289 ........Beta rays4290 ........Ignition4291 ........Ion sources4292 ........Isotopes4293 ........Nuclear phase transformations4294 ........Nuclear thermodynamics4295 ........Relativistic effects4296 ....Particle accelerators4297 ........Accelerator magnets4298 ........Colliding beam accelerators4299 ........Cyclotrons4300 ........Electron accelerators4301 ........Ion accelerators4302 ........Linear accelerators4303 ........Photon collider4304 ........Plasma accelerators4305 ........Proton accelerators4306 ........Storage rings4307 ........Synchrocyclotrons4308 ........Synchrotrons4309 ............Synchrotron radiation4310 ............Undulators4311 ....Particle beam handling4312 ....Particle beam injection4313 ....Plasmas4314 ........Atmospheric-pressure plasmas4315 ........Plasma applications4316 ............Plasma devices4317 ............Plasma immersion ion implantation4318 ............Plasma welding4319 ............Tokamaks4320 ........Plasma confinement

4321 ............Inertial confinement4322 ............Magnetic confinement 4323 ........Plasma diagnostics4324 ........Plasma properties4325 ............Dusty plasmas4326 ............Plasma chemistry4327 ............Plasma density4328 ............Plasma sheaths4329 ............Plasma stability4330 ............Plasma temperature4331 ............Plasmons4332 ........Plasma simulation4333 ........Plasma sources4334 ........Plasma transport processes4335 ....Radiation effects4336 ........Biological effects of radiation4337 ........Gamma-ray effects4338 ........Ion radiation effects4339 ........Neutron radiation effects4340 ....Radiation hardening (electronics)4341 ....Radiation monitoring4342 ........Radiation dosage4343 ....Radiation safety4344 ....Reactor instrumentation4345 ....Scintillation counters4346 ........Solid scintillation detectors4347 ....Thermionic emission

4348 Oceanic engineering and marine technology4349 ....Marine navigation4350 ....Marine technology4351 ........Marine equipment4352 ........Marine transportation4353 ............Marine vehicles4354 ........Underwater cables4355 ........Underwater communication4356 ........Underwater equipment4357 ............Rebreathing equipment4358 ........Underwater structures4359 ........Underwater technology4360 ............Underwater communication4361 ............Underwater equipment4362 ............Underwater structures4363 ....Oceanographic techniques4364 ....Ocean temperature4365 ....Water pollution4366 ........Marine pollution

4367 Power electronics4368 ....Converters

4369 ........Digital-to-frequency converters4370 ........Frequency conversion4371 ............Mixers4372 ............Optical frequency conversion4373 ........Power conversion4374 ............AC-DC power converters4375 ............DC-DC power converters4376 ............Matrix converters4377 ............Power conversion harmonics4378 ........Pulse width modulation converters4379 ........Static power converters4380 ........Wavelength converters4381 ....Current limiters4382 ........Fault current limiters4383 ....Inverters4384 ........Pulse inverters4385 ........Resonant inverters4386 ....Phase control4387 ....Power conditioning4388 ........Power smoothing4389 ....Power semiconductor devices4390 ........Power transistors4391 ....Power semiconductor switches4392 ........Bipolar transistors4393 ............Insulated gate bipolar transistors4394 ............Kirk field collapse effect4395 ........Thyristors4396 ............Photothyristors4397 ....Snubbers4398 ....Three-phase electric power

4399 Power engineering and energy4400 ....Electric variables control4401 ........Current control4402 ............Electrical ballasts4403 ............Electric current control4404 ........Gain control4405 ........Power control4406 ........Power system control4407 ............Bidirectional power flow4408 ............Load flow control4409 ............SCADA systems4410 ........Reactive power control 4411 ........Voltage control4412 ............Automatic voltage control4413 ....Energy4414 ........Energy barrier4415 ........Energy capture4416 ........Energy consumption

4417 ........Energy conversion4418 ............Batteries4419 ............Fuel cells4420 ............Motors4421 ............Photovoltaic cells4422 ............Potential well4423 ............Solar heating4424 ............Thermoelectricity4425 ............Waste heat4426 ........Energy dissipation4427 ........Energy exchange4428 ........Energy harvesting4429 ........Energy management4430 ............Energy conservation4431 ............Energy efficiency4432 ............Load management4433 ........Energy resources4434 ............Fuels4435 ............Geothermal energy4436 ............Natural gas4437 ............Nuclear fuels4438 ............Solar energy4439 ............Wind energy4440 ............Wind farms4441 ........Energy states4442 ............Effective mass4443 ............Orbital calculations4444 ........Energy storage4445 ............Batteries4446 ............Flywheels4447 ............Fuel cells4448 ............Hydrogen storage4449 ............Supercapacitors4450 ............Superconducting magnetic energy storage4451 ....Power engineering4452 ........Ferroresonance4453 ........High-voltage techniques4454 ........Power engineering computing4455 ........Power system simulation4456 ....Power generation4457 ........Automatic generation control4458 ........Cogeneration4459 ........Distributed power generation4460 ........Geothermal power generation4461 ........Hydroelectric power generation4462 ............Hydroelectric-thermal power generation4463 ............Microhydro power4464 ............Picohydro power

4465 ........Magnetohydrodynamic power generation4466 ........Nuclear power generation4467 ............Fission reactors4468 ............Fusion power generation4469 ........Power generation dispatch4470 ........Power generation planning4471 ........Solar power generation4472 ............Maximum power point trackers4473 ............Photovoltaic systems4474 ........Trigeneration4475 ........Turbomachinery4476 ............Turbines4477 ............Turbogenerators4478 ........Wind energy generation4479 ........Wind power generation4480 ....Power systems4481 ........Hybrid power systems4482 ........Industrial power systems4483 ........Power distribution4484 ............Power distribution faults4485 ............Power distribution lines4486 ........Power grids4487 ............Microgrids4488 ............Smart grids4489 ........Power supplies4490 ............Current supplies4491 ............Emergency power supplies4492 ............Power demand4493 ............Power quality4494 ............Power system restoration4495 ............Switched-mode power supply4496 ............Traction power supplies4497 ............Umbilical cable4498 ........Power system analysis computing4499 ........Power system dynamics4500 ........Power system economics4501 ........Power system faults4502 ........Power system harmonics 4503 ............Power harmonic filters4504 ........Power system management4505 ............Load flow4506 ........Power system measurements4507 ............Meter reading4508 ........Power system planning4509 ............Power demand4510 ........Power system protection4511 ............Electrical safety4512 ............Substation protection

4513 ............Surge protection4514 ........Power system reliability4515 ........Power system stability4516 ........Power transmission4517 ............Flexible AC transmission systems4518 ............HVDC transmission4519 ............Inductive power transmission4520 ............Static VAr compensators4521 ............Transmission lines4522 ........PSCAD4523 ........Pulse power systems4524 ............Pulsed power supplies4525 ........Reactive power4526 ........Substations4527 ............Substation automation4528 ............Substation protection4529 ........Transformers4530 ............Current transformers4531 ............Flyback transformers4532 ............Instrument transformers4533 ............Phase transformers4534 ............Power transformers4535 ............Pulse transformers4536 ........Uninterruptible power systems

4537 Product safety engineering4538 ....Consumer protection4539 ....Power system protection4540 ........Electrical safety4541 ............Grounding4542 ........Substation protection4543 ........Surge protection4544 ............Arresters4545 ....Safety4546 ........Aerospace safety4547 ............Air safety4548 ........Domestic safety4549 ........Emergency services4550 ........Explosion protection4551 ........Hazards4552 ............Biohazards4553 ............Chemical hazards4554 ............Explosions4555 ............Fires4556 ............Flammability4557 ............Floods4558 ............Hazardous areas4559 ............Hazardous materials4560 ............Toxicology

4561 ........Health and safety4562 ............Occupational health4563 ............Occupational safety4564 ........Marine safety4565 ........Product safety4566 ........Protection4567 ............Explosion protection4568 ............Lightning protection4569 ........Radiation safety4570 ........Safety devices4571 ............Eye protection4572 ............Protective clothing4573 ........Vehicle safety4574 ....Vehicle crash testing

4575 Professional communication4576 ....Collaboration4577 ........Collaborative tools4578 ............Call conference4579 ............Collaborative software4580 ............Videoconferences4581 ........Discussion forums4582 ........Teamwork4583 ........Virtual groups4584 ....Communication aids4585 ....Communication effectiveness4586 ....Communication symbols4587 ........Semiotics4588 ............Pragmatics4589 ............Semantics4590 ............Syntactics 4591 ....Context4592 ....Databases4593 ........Database systems4594 ............Audio databases4595 ............Deductive databases4596 ............Image databases4597 ............Indexes4598 ............Multimedia databases4599 ............Object oriented databases4600 ............Query processing4601 ........Deductive databases4602 ........Distributed databases4603 ........Image databases4604 ............Image retrieval4605 ........Multimedia databases4606 ........Object oriented databases4607 ........Relational databases4608 ........Spatial databases

4609 ........Transaction databases4610 ............Itemsets4611 ........Visual databases4612 ....Global communication4613 ........Cross-cultural communication4614 ........Geographic information systems4615 ............Geospatial analysis4616 ............Gunshot detection systems4617 ....Grammar4618 ....Information analysis4619 ........Indexing4620 ....Information resources4621 ....Information retrieval4622 ........Blogs4623 ........Content-based retrieval4624 ........Hypertext systems4625 ........Information filtering4626 ............Information filters4627 ............Recommender systems4628 ........Information rates4629 ........Music information retrieval4630 ........Online services4631 ........Search engines4632 ........Search methods4633 ............Keyword search4634 ............Metasearch4635 ............Nearest neighbor searches4636 ............Search problems4637 ............Web search4638 ........Social network services4639 ............Computer mediated communication4640 ............Facebook4641 ............LinkedIn4642 ............MySpace4643 ............Second Life4644 ............Twitter4645 ............YouTube4646 ........Tagging4647 ............Tag clouds4648 ........Taxonomy4649 ........Terminology4650 ............Dictionaries4651 ........Video sharing4652 ............Facebook4653 ............MySpace4654 ............YouTube4655 ........Vocabulary4656 ........Web sites

4657 ............Facebook4658 ............MySpace4659 ............Uniform resource locators4660 ............Web design4661 ............YouTube4662 ....Information science4663 ....Information services4664 ........Ask IEEE4665 ........Dictionaries4666 ........Document delivery4667 ............Ask IEEE4668 ........Encyclopedias4669 ........Libraries4670 ............Software libraries4671 ........Teletext4672 ........Videotex4673 ........Wikipedia4674 ....Information systems4675 ........Database systems4676 ............Audio databases4677 ............Deductive databases4678 ............Image databases4679 ............Indexes4680 ............Multimedia databases4681 ............Object oriented databases4682 ............Query processing4683 ........Data systems4684 ............Data acquisition 4685 ............Data compression4686 ............Data conversion4687 ............Data engineering4688 ............Data handling4689 ............Data processing4690 ............Data storage systems4691 ............Data warehouses4692 ........Distributed information systems4693 ............Publish-subscribe4694 ........Identity management systems4695 ........Informatics4696 ............Biomedical informatics4697 ............Cognitive informatics4698 ........Information architecture4699 ........Information management4700 ............Competitive intelligence4701 ............Document handling4702 ............Information security4703 ............Information sharing4704 ............Knowledge transfer

4705 ........Information processing4706 ............Informatics4707 ............Information exchange4708 ............Sonification4709 ........Management information systems4710 ............Portals4711 ........Medical information systems4712 ............Electronic medical records4713 ....Information technology4714 ........Information representation4715 ........Printing4716 ............Digital printing4717 ............Teleprinting4718 ........Telematics4719 ........Universal Serial Bus4720 ....Manuals4721 ....Oral communication4722 ........Public speaking4723 ........Speech4724 ....Plagiarism4725 ....Portfolios4726 ....Professional societies4727 ....Public speaking4728 ....Rhetoric4729 ....Writing4730 ........Abstracts4731 ........Bibliographies4732 ........Biographies4733 ............Autobiographies4734 ........Dictionaries4735 ........Documentation4736 ........Grammar4737 ........Readability metrics4738 ........Resumes4739 ........Reviews4740 ........Thesauri

4741 Reliability4742 ....Availability4743 ....Fault diagnosis4744 ........Dissolved gas analysis4745 ........Fault location4746 ....Fault tolerance4747 ........Redundancy4748 ....Fluctuations4749 ....Integrated circuit reliability4750 ....Maintenance4751 ....Maldistribution4752 ....Materials reliability

4753 ....Reliability engineering4754 ....Reliability theory4755 ....Robustness4756 ....Semiconductor device reliability4757 ....Software reliability4758 ....Stability4759 ........Circuit stability4760 ........Robust stability4761 ........Stability analysis4762 ............Stability criteria4763 ........Thermal stability4764 ....Telecommunication network reliability

4765 Resonance4766 ....Ferroresonance4767 ....Magnetic resonance4768 ........Nuclear magnetic resonance4769 ........Paramagnetic resonance4770 ....Resonance light scattering4771 ....Stochastic resonance

4772 Robotics and automation4773 ....Animatronics4774 ....Automation4775 ........Automated highways4776 ........Automatic generation control4777 ........Automatic testing4778 ............Automatic test pattern generation4779 ............Ring generators4780 ........Manufacturing automation4781 ............Computer aided manufacturing4782 ............Computer integrated manufacturing4783 ............Computer numerical control4784 ............Flexible manufacturing systems4785 ........Office automation4786 ............Workflow management software4787 ........Storage automation4788 ....Multi-robot systems4789 ....Robots4790 ........Androids4791 ........Aquatic robots4792 ........Automata4793 ............Turing machines4794 ........Cognitive robotics4795 ........Computer vision4796 ............Active appearance model4797 ............Face detection4798 ............Smart cameras4799 ........Educational robots4800 ........Humanoid robots

4801 ........Intelligent robots4802 ........Manipulators4803 ............End effectors4804 ............Manipulator dynamics4805 ............Micromanipulators4806 ........Medical robotics4807 ............Rehabilitation robotics4808 ........Mobile robots4809 ............Climbing robots4810 ............Legged locomotion4811 ........Orbital robotics4812 ........Parallel robots4813 ........Robot control4814 ............Robot motion4815 ........Robot kinematics4816 ............Motion analysis4817 ........Robot programming4818 ........Robot sensing systems4819 ............Robot vision systems4820 ............Simultaneous localization and mapping4821 ............Tactile sensors4822 ........Service robots4823 ........Telerobotics4824 ............Teleoperators

4825 Sensors4826 ....Acoustic sensors4827 ....Chemical and biological sensors4828 ........Biosensors4829 ........Gas detectors4830 ............Amperometric sensors4831 ....Electromechanical sensors4832 ........Microsensors4833 ....Force sensors4834 ....Infrared sensors 4835 ....Intelligent sensors4836 ....Intracranial pressure sensors4837 ....Ionizing radiation sensors4838 ........Position sensitive particle detectors4839 ........Radiation detectors4840 ............Bolometers4841 ............Gamma-ray detectors4842 ............Infrared detectors4843 ............Photodetectors4844 ............Semiconductor radiation detectors4845 ............Silicon radiation detectors4846 ........X-ray detectors4847 ....Magnetic sensors4848 ........Spin valves

4849 ....Mechanical sensors4850 ........Capacitive sensors4851 ....Multimodal sensors4852 ....Optical sensors4853 ........Optical detectors4854 ............Bar codes4855 ........Optical fiber sensors4856 ....Optoelectronic and photonic sensors4857 ....Sensor phenomena and characterization4858 ....Sensor systems and applications4859 ........Detectors4860 ............Envelope detectors4861 ............Semiconductor detectors4862 ........Electric sensing devices4863 ........Leak detection4864 ........Radiofrequency identification4865 ............RFID tags4866 ........Robot sensing systems4867 ............Robot vision systems4868 ............Simultaneous localization and mapping4869 ............Tactile sensors4870 ........Sensor arrays4871 ............Sensor fusion4872 ........Sensor systems4873 ............Gunshot detection systems4874 ....Thermal sensors4875 ........Temperature sensors4876 ....Thick film sensors4877 ....Thin film sensors4878 ....Wearable sensors

4879 Signal processing4880 ....Acoustic signal processing4881 ........Active noise reduction4882 ............Echo cancellers4883 ........Speech processing4884 ............Human voice4885 ............Speech enhancement4886 ............Speech synthesis4887 ....Adaptive signal processing4888 ........Adaptive filters4889 ........Adaptive signal detection4890 ....Amplifiers4891 ........Broadband amplifiers4892 ........Cavity resonators4893 ............Laser cavity resonators4894 ........Differential amplifiers4895 ........Distributed amplifiers4896 ........Low-noise amplifiers

4897 ........Operational amplifiers4898 ............Feedback amplifier4899 ........Power amplifiers4900 ............High power amplifiers4901 ............Predistortion4902 ........Preamplifiers4903 ........Pulse amplifiers4904 ........Radiofrequency amplifiers4905 ....Array signal processing4906 ....Attenuators4907 ........Optical attenuators4908 ....Chirp4909 ....Convolution4910 ........Convolvers4911 ....Decorrelation4912 ....Digital signal processing4913 ........Delta modulation4914 ............Delta-sigma modulation4915 ............Sigma-delta modulation4916 ........Digital signal processing chips4917 ....Dispersion4918 ........Chromatic dispersion4919 ........Optical fiber dispersion4920 ....Distortion4921 ........Acoustic distortion4922 ........Four-wave mixing4923 ........Jitter4924 ............Timing jitter4925 ........Nonlinear distortion 4926 ............Harmonic distortion4927 ............Intermodulation distortion4928 ........Phase distortion4929 ....Error correction4930 ........Forward error correction4931 ....Fading4932 ........Frequency-selective fading channels4933 ........Rayleigh channels4934 ........Weibull fading channels4935 ....Filters4936 ........Active filters4937 ............Band-pass filters4938 ........Anisotropic4939 ........Bragg gratings4940 ............Fiber gratings4941 ........Channel bank filters4942 ........Digital filters4943 ............Finite impulse response filters4944 ........Equalizers

4945 ............Adaptive equalizers4946 ............Blind equalizers4947 ............Decision feedback equalizers4948 ........Filtering theory4949 ........Gabor filters4950 ........Harmonic filters4951 ........IIR filters4952 ........Kalman filters4953 ........Low-pass filters4954 ........Matched filters4955 ........Microstrip filters4956 ........Nonlinear filters4957 ........Particle filters4958 ........Power filters4959 ............Spurline4960 ........Resonator filters4961 ........Spatial filters4962 ........Superconducting filters4963 ........Transversal filters4964 ....Frequency locked loops4965 ....Geophysical signal processing4966 ....Limiting4967 ....Modulation4968 ........Amplitude modulation4969 ............Amplitude shift keying4970 ............Quadrature amplitude modulation4971 ........Chirp modulation4972 ........Demodulation4973 ........Digital modulation4974 ............Constellation diagram4975 ............Partial response signaling4976 ........Frequency modulation4977 ............Frequency shift keying4978 ........Magnetic modulators4979 ........Modulation coding4980 ............Interleaved codes4981 ........Optical modulation4982 ............Electrooptic modulators4983 ............Intensity modulation4984 ........Phase modulation4985 ............Continuous phase modulation4986 ............Differential phase shift keying4987 ............Phase shift keying4988 ........Pulse modulation4989 ........Pulse width modulation4990 ............Pulse width modulation inverters4991 ............Space vector pulse width modulation4992 ....Multidimensional signal processing

4993 ........Video signal processing4994 ............Video coding4995 ............Video compression4996 ....Noise4997 ........1f noise4998 ........Additive noise4999 ............Additive white noise5000 ............AWGN5001 ........Colored noise5002 ........Gaussian noise5003 ............AWGN5004 ........Laser noise5005 ............Laser feedback5006 ........Low-frequency noise5007 ........Noise cancellation5008 ........Phase noise5009 ........Signal to noise ratio5010 ............PSNR5011 ........Superconducting device noise5012 ........White noise5013 ............AWGN5014 ....Optical signal processing5015 ........Laser noise5016 ............Laser feedback5017 ....Optical wavelength conversion5018 ....Phase locked loops5019 ....Pulse compression methods 5020 ........Optical pulse compression5021 ....Pulse shaping methods5022 ........Optical pulse shaping5023 ....Quantization (signal)5024 ........Vector quantization5025 ....Radar signal processing5026 ....Recording5027 ........Audio recording5028 ........Digital recording5029 ........Disk recording5030 ........Magnetic recording5031 ............Digital magnetic recording5032 ............Heat-assisted magnetic recording5033 ............Magnetic noise5034 ............Magnetooptic recording5035 ............Microwave-assisted magnetic recording5036 ............Perpendicular magnetic recording5037 ........Optical recording5038 ............CD recording5039 ........Video recording5040 ............High definition video

5041 ............Webcams5042 ....RF signals5043 ....Signal analysis5044 ........Discrete-event systems5045 ........Harmonic analysis5046 ........Parameter estimation5047 ............Amplitude estimation5048 ............Direction-of-arrival estimation5049 ............Frequency estimation5050 ............Motion estimation5051 ............Phase estimation5052 ............Time of arrival estimation5053 ........Signal mapping5054 ........Spectral analysis5055 ............Infrared spectra5056 ............Judd-Ofelt theory5057 ............Spectroradiometers5058 ....Signal design5059 ....Signal detection5060 ........Acoustic signal detection5061 ............Sonar detection5062 ........Motion detection5063 ........Multiuser detection5064 ........Optical signal detection5065 ........Phase detection5066 ............Phase frequency detector5067 ........Radar detection5068 ....Signal generators5069 ........Noise generators5070 ........Pulse generation5071 ............Optical pulse generation5072 ....Signal reconstruction5073 ........Signal denoising5074 ....Signal resolution5075 ........Diversity reception5076 ....Signal restoration5077 ....Signal sampling5078 ....Signal synthesis5079 ....Source separation5080 ........Blind source separation5081 ....Spectrogram5082 ....Tracking loops

5083 Social implications of technology5084 ....Cultural differences5085 ....Environmental factors5086 ........Biosphere5087 ........Ecosystems5088 ........Environmental economics

5089 ............Carbon tax5090 ........Environmental monitoring5091 ........Global warming5092 ........Green products5093 ............Green buildings5094 ............Green cleaning5095 ........Pollution5096 ............Air pollution5097 ............Industrial pollution5098 ............Land pollution5099 ............Oil pollution5100 ............Radioactive pollution5101 ............Thermal pollution5102 ............Urban pollution5103 ............Water pollution5104 ....Ethical aspects5105 ....Globalization5106 ....International relations5107 ....Peace technology5108 ....Philosophical considerations5109 ....Social factors5110 ........Demography 5111 ........Technology social factors5112 ............Privacy5113 ....Sustainable development5114 ....Technology5115 ........Appropriate technology5116 ........Technological innovation5117 ........Technology social factors5118 ............Privacy5119 ........Technology transfer5120 ............Small business technology transfer

5121 Solid state circuits5122 ....Circuit subsystems5123 ....Circuit theory5124 ....FET circuits5125 ........FET integrated circuits5126 ............Field effect MMIC5127 ............MESFET integrated circuits5128 ........JFET circuits5129 ............JFET integrated circuits5130 ........MESFET circuits5131 ............MESFET integrated circuits5132 ........MODFET circuits5133 ............MODFET integrated circuits5134 ........MOSFET circuits5135 ............CMOSFET circuits5136 ............MOS integrated circuits

5137 ............Power MOSFET5138 ....Gate leakage5139 ....Solid state circuit design5140 ....Transistors5141 ........Field effect transistors5142 ............CNTFETs5143 ............Double-gate FETs5144 ............HEMTs5145 ............JFETs5146 ............MESFETs5147 ............MISFETs5148 ............MODFETs5149 ............MOSFET5150 ............MOSHFETs5151 ............OFETs5152 ............Schottky gate field effect transistors5153 ............Thin film transistors5154 ........Heterojunction bipolar transistors5155 ............Double heterojunction bipolar transistors5156 ........Millimeter wave transistors5157 ........Phototransistors

5158 Superconductivity5159 ....Bean model5160 ....Critical current density (superconductivity)5161 ........Critical current density5162 ....Flux pinning5163 ....Superconducting devices5164 ........Josephson junctions5165 ........SQUIDs5166 ........Superconducting coils5167 ........Superconducting magnets5168 ........Superconducting microwave devices5169 ........Superconducting photodetectors5170 ....Superconducting filaments and wires5171 ....Superconducting films5172 ........Superconducting thin films5173 ....Superconducting integrated circuits5174 ....Superconducting magnetic energy storage5175 ....Superconducting materials5176 ........Granular superconductors5177 ........High-temperature superconductors5178 ............Yttrium barium copper oxide5179 ........Multifilamentary superconductors5180 ........Niobium-tin5181 ........Type II superconductors5182 ....Superconducting transition temperature

5183 Systems engineering and theory5184 ....Adaptive systems

5185 ........Adaptive control5186 ........Line enhancers5187 ........Multi-agent systems5188 ........Variable structure systems5189 ....Hierarchical systems5190 ........Multilevel systems5191 ....Modeling5192 ........Analytical models5193 ........Atmospheric modeling5194 ........Brain modeling 5195 ........Computational modeling5196 ............Computational cultural modeling5197 ........Context modeling5198 ........Data models5199 ........Deformable models5200 ........Digital elevation models5201 ........Emulation5202 ........Graphical models5203 ........Green's function methods5204 ........Hidden Markov models5205 ........Input variables5206 ........Integrated circuit modeling5207 ............Cutoff frequency5208 ........Inverse problems5209 ............Deconvolution5210 ........Load modeling5211 ........Metamodeling5212 ........Numerical models5213 ........Object oriented modeling5214 ........Power system modeling5215 ............Load modeling5216 ........Semiconductor device modeling5217 ........Semiconductor process modeling5218 ........Signal representation5219 ........Simulation5220 ............Computer simulation5221 ............Digital simulation5222 ............Medical simulation5223 ........Solid modeling5224 ........System identification5225 ....Multidimensional systems5226 ....Reduced order systems5227 ....Stochastic systems5228 ....System analysis and design5229 ........Asymptotic stability5230 ........Control system analysis5231 ............State-space methods5232 ........Diakoptics

5233 ........Distributed processing5234 ............Message passing5235 ........Distributed vision networks5236 ........Fault detection5237 ........Fault tolerant systems5238 ........Interconnected systems5239 ........Large-scale systems5240 ........Lyapunov methods5241 ........Open systems5242 ............Physical layer5243 ........Petri nets5244 ........Robust control5245 ........Scalability5246 ........Scattering parameters5247 ........Sequential analysis5248 ........Sequential diagnosis5249 ........Software prototyping5250 ........System-level design5251 ........System performance5252 ............Cooperative caching5253 ........Time factors5254 ............Continuous time systems5255 ............Discrete-time systems5256 ............Time invariant systems5257 ............Time-varying systems5258 ....Systems engineering education

5259 Systems, man, and cybernetics5260 ....Behavioral science5261 ........Animal behavior5262 ........Cognition5263 ........Consumer behavior5264 ........Psychiatry5265 ............Mental disorders5266 ........Psychology5267 ............Industrial psychology5268 ............Mood5269 ............Psychometric testing5270 ....Biological control systems5271 ........Biomarkers5272 ............Molecular biomarkers5273 ....Computational linguistics5274 ....Cybernetics5275 ........Adaptive systems5276 ............Adaptive control5277 ............Line enhancers5278 ............Multi-agent systems5279 ............Variable structure systems5280 ........Cognitive informatics

5281 ........Cognitive science5282 ............Problem-solving5283 ........Control theory5284 ............Control nonlinearities5285 ............Observability 5286 ........Decision theory5287 ............Decision trees5288 ........Econophysics5289 ........Emergent phenomena5290 ........Intelligent control5291 ............Feedforward systems5292 ............Neurocontrollers5293 ........Linear feedback control systems5294 ............Frequency locked loops5295 ............Phase locked loops5296 ............State feedback5297 ............Tracking loops5298 ....Ergonomics5299 ........Job design5300 ....Human factors5301 ........Affective computing5302 ........Anthropomorphism5303 ....Identification of persons5304 ........Biometrics (access control)5305 ............Gait recognition5306 ............Iris recognition5307 ........Face recognition5308 ........Fingerprint recognition5309 ........Handwriting recognition5310 ............Forgery5311 ........Speaker recognition5312 ........Speech recognition5313 ............Automatic speech recognition5314 ............Speech analysis5315 ....Man machine systems5316 ........Interactive systems5317 ....Natural languages5318 ........Natural language processing5319 ............Morphology5320 ....Pervasive computing5321 ........Ubiquitous computing5322 ............Context-aware services5323 ........Wearable computers5324 ....Posthuman5325 ....Teleworking5326 ....Transhuman5327 ....User interfaces5328 ........Audio user interfaces

5329 ........Brain-computer interfaces5330 ........Data visualization5331 ............Isosurfaces5332 ........Emotion recognition5333 ........Exoskeletons5334 ........Graphical user interfaces5335 ............Avatars5336 ........Human computer interaction5337 ........Human-robot interaction5338 ........Smart cards

5339 Ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control5340 ....Ferroelectric materials5341 ........Ferroelectric films5342 ........Relaxor ferroelectrics5343 ....Frequency control5344 ........Automatic frequency control5345 ........Tunable circuits and devices5346 ............RLC circuits5347 ............Tuned circuits5348 ........Tuning5349 ............Laser tuning5350 ............Optical tuning5351 ............Tuners5352 ....Piezoelectricity5353 ........Piezoelectric effect5354 ........Piezoelectric polarization5355 ....Pyroelectricity5356 ....Ultrasonic imaging5357 ........Ultrasonography5358 ............Sonogram5359 ....Ultrasonic transducers

5360 Vehicular and wireless technologies5361 ....Automotive engineering5362 ........Automotive applications5363 ........Automotive electronics5364 ........Power steering5365 ........Vehicle crash testing5366 ........Vehicle detection5367 ........Vehicle driving5368 ........Vehicle dynamics5369 ........Vehicle safety5370 ....Land mobile radio equipment5371 ........Mobile antennas5372 ....Navigation 5373 ........Aircraft navigation5374 ........Course correction5375 ........Dead reckoning5376 ........Inertial navigation

5377 ........Marine navigation5378 ........Radio navigation5379 ........Satellite navigation systems5380 ............Global Positioning System5381 ............Satellite constellations5382 ........Sonar navigation5383 ....Propulsion5384 ........Aircraft propulsion5385 ............Propellers5386 ........Electromagnetic launching5387 ............Coilguns5388 ............Railguns5389 ........Electrothermal launching5390 ........Rockets5391 ....Vehicles5392 ........Land vehicles5393 ............Bicycles5394 ............Electric vehicles5395 ............Road vehicles5396 ........Remotely operated vehicles5397 ............Unmanned aerial vehicles5398 ........Space vehicles5399 ............Space shuttles5400 ....Wireless sensor networks5401 ........Body sensor networks5402 ........Event detection540354045405540654075408540954105411541254135414541554165417541854195420