ec6703 embedded and realtime systems l tpc 3 0 03pit.ac.in/pitnotes/uploads/ec6703_qb.pdf · learn...

PIT DEPARTMENT OF ECE IV YEAR QB

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EC6703 EMBEDDED AND REALTIME SYSTEMS L TPC 3 0 03 OBJECTIVES:

The student should be made to:

Learn the architecture and programming of ARM processor. Be familiar with the embedded computing platform design and analysis. Be exposed to the basic concepts of real time Operating system. Learn the system design techniques and networks for embedded systems

UNITI INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED COMPUTING AND ARM

PROCESSORS 9 Complex systems and micro processors– Embedded system design process –Design example:

Model train controller- Instruction sets preliminaries - ARM Processor – CPU: programming input

and output- supervisor mode, exceptions and traps – Co-processors- Memory system mechanisms –

CPU performance- CPU power consumption.

UNITII EMBEDDED COMPUTINGPLATFORM DESIGN 9

The CPU Bus-Memory devices and systems–Designing with computing platforms – consumer

electronics architecture – platform-level performance analysis - Components for embedded

programs- Models of programs- Assembly, linking and loading – compilation techniques- Program

level performance analysis – Software performance optimization – Program level energy and

power analysisandoptimization–Analysisandoptimizationofprogramsize-

Programvalidationandtesting.

UNITIII PROCESSES ANDOPERATINGSYSTEMS 9

Introduction – Multiple tasks and multiple processes – Multirate systems- Preemptive real-time

operating systems- Priority based scheduling- Interprocess communication mechanisms –

Evaluating operating system performance- power optimization strategies for processes – Example

Real time operating systems-POSIX-Windows CE.

UNITV SYSTEM DESIGN TECHNIQUES AND NETWORKS 9

Design methodologies- Design flows - Requirement Analysis – Specifications-System analysis and

architecture design – Quality Assurance techniques- Distributed embedded systems – MPSoCs and

shared memory multiprocessors.

UNITV CASE STUDY 9

Data compressor - Alarm Clock - Audio player - Software modem-Digital still camera - Telephone

answering machine-Engine control unit – Video accelerator.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Marilyn Wolf, “Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computing System Design”, Third

Edition “Morgan Kaufmann Publisher (An imprint from Elsevier), 2012.

REFERENCES:

1. Jonathan W.Valvano, “Embedded Microcomputer Systems Real Time Interfacing”, Third Edition

Cengage Learning,2012.

2. David. E. Simon, “An Embedded Software Primer”, 1st Edition, Fifth Impression, Addison-Wesley


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Professional,2007.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

On Completion of the course students will be able to

S. No. Course outcome Statement

1 CO1

Describe the architecture and programming of ARM processor.

2 CO2

Outline the concepts of embedded systems

3 CO3 Explain the basic concepts of real time Operating system design.

4 CO4

Use the system design techniques to develop software for embedded

systems

5 CO5

Differentiate between the general purpose operating system and the

real time operating system

Model real-tim


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UNIT – I INTRODUCTIONTOEMBEDDEDCOMPUTING AND ARM PROCESSORS

PART-A

1. Enumerate some embedded computers that are exists from the origin of the embedded

systems. (Nov/Dec 2016)

Cell phones, calculators, printers, thermostats, video game consoles, CD players are some of

the embedded computers that exist from the origin of embedded systems.

2. In what way interrupts differ from exceptions? (Nov/Dec 2016)

Interrupts are used to handle external events(serial ports, keyboard).The processor handles

interrupts after finishing the current instruction.

Exceptions are used to handle instruction faults, (division by zero, undefined

opcode).Exceptions are used as a variation of interrupt, which requires both prioritization and

vectoring.

3. What is an embedded computer system? (Apr/May '11)

Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not it self intended to be a general

purpose computer is called an embedded computer system.

4. Why microprocessor is used in embedded system? (Apr/May '11)(Nov 2017)

Microprocessors provide a very efficient way to implement an embedded system they also

make it easier to design families of products that can be built to provide various feature sets at

different price points.

5. Mention the challenges in embedded computing system design.

How much hardware do we need, How do we meet deadlines, How do we minimize power

consumption, How do we design for up gradability.

6. Mention there as ones that makes embedded computing machines design difficult.

Complex testing, Limited observability and controllability, restricted development

environments.

7. State the importance of design methodology.

It allows us to keep a scoreboard on a design, It allows us to develop computer aided design

tools, It makes it much easier for members of a design team to communicate.

8. Mention the major steps in embedded system design process.

Requirements, Specification, Architecture, Components, System Integration.

9. Mention the major goals of embedded system design.

Manufacturing cost, Performance, Power Consumption.

10. Mention the nonfunctional requirements.

Performance, Cost, Physical Size and weight, Power Consumption.

11. List the characteristics of embedded computing (May/Jun '14)

Complex algorithm, User interface, Real-time, Multirate, Power and energy, manufacturing

cost


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12. WhatisthedifferencebetweentheHarvardandVon-Neumannarchitecture?

(May/Jun ’13’14)

HARDWARD VON-NEUMANN

Separate Program and Data

memory

Common memory for Program and

data Program counter points program

memory

Program counter holds address in

memory of an instruction

13. What is bus protocol? (April/May 2017)

Bus protocol is nothing but to transfer the information from one system in to the another

system there are two different set of bus protocol.

14. List the functions of ARM processor in supervisor mode. (Apr/May’14)

Exception, Prioritization, Vectoring, Traps.

15. How is ARM processor different from other processors? (Nov/Dec ‘12)

ARM is RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture while other processor being

a CISC(Computer Instruction Set Computing)one.

In the ARM processor, arithmetic and logical operations cannot be performing directly on

memory locations, while other processors allow such operations to directly reference main

memory.

16. Enumerate various issues in real time computing. (Nov/Dec ‘13)

The various issues in RT computing is: Real–time Response, Recovering from failures,

Working with distributed architecture, Asynchronous communication, Race condition and

timing.

17. Whatisthepurposeofcurrentprogramstatusregister(CPSR)andZ-bit? (May/Jun’14)

CPSR: It is set automatically during every arithmetic, logical or shifting operations. The top 4

bits of CPSR hold useful information about the result.

Z-Bit: The zero (Z) bit is set when every bit of the result is zero.

18. MentiontheaddressingmodesofC55xDSP.

Absolute addressing, direct addressing, Indirect addressing.

19. Define procedure linkage.

The conventions used to pass values into and out of procedures are called procedure linkage.

20. Define CISC

CISC refers to complex instruction set computers. As the name imply these computers are

having a wide variety of instructions that can perform very complex operations.

21. Define RISC.

RISC refers to reduced instruction set computers. These computers are having very simple

instructions which are also very fewer in number.

22. Differentiate big and little endian byte ordering modes.

In big endian mode the lowest order byte is stored in the highest bit of the word where as in

little endian mode the lowest order byte is stored in the lowest bit of the word.


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23. What is top down design? (Apr/May’13)

In a top - down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying but not detailing

any first level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in

many additional sub system levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements.

24. Write short notes on ARM Processor. (Nov/Dec’13)

ARM – Advanced RISC Machine (Itisan32-bitMicroprocessor).

1) ARM is actually a family of RISC architectures that have been developed over many years.

The ARM is a 32-bit Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) instruction set architecture

developed by Arm holdings.

2) ARM processor is mad suitable for Low power application.

25. What are the parameters used to evaluate the CPU performance? (May/Jun’15)

Pipelining and Caching.

26. WhataretheInstructionsetfeaturesusefulforembeddedprogramming? (May/Jun’13)

InstructionSetscanhaveavarietyofcharacteristics/featuresincluding:

Fixedversusvariablelength, Addressing modes,

Numberofoperands,Typesofoperationssupported.

27. State the functions of Co-Processor (Nov/De’14)

Co-Processor is an additional computing device, which is coupled to the main processor for

execution of certain complex instructions. The Co-Processor does not execute any portion of

the program by itself. It comes into operation only when the processor executes a coprocessor

instruction.

28. Mention the various methods for reading from or writing to an I/O port

(April/May 2017)

Read I/O, Write I/O, memory read i/o and interrupt read i/o.

29. How traps are Handled in ARM Processor (Nov 17)

Trap is also known as software interrupt. It is an instruction that explicitly generates an

exception condition. The processor immediately switches on to the supervisor mode to handle

the trap when encountered. The ARM processor provides SWI interrupt for software

interrupts.

PART – B

1. (i) Name three mechanisms by which a cmos microprocessor consumes power and also

specify several power saving strategies are used in cmos cpu’s. (April/May 2017)

(ii) Analyze the requirements for designing a GPS moving map in embedded system design

process. (Nov/Dec 2016)

2. (i)How are the conceptual specifications and detailed specifications written in UML language

to design the model train controller?) (Nov 17)

(ii) How memory management is done for an embedded system processor in order to manage

multiple programs in a single physical memory? (Nov/Dec 2016)


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3. (i)What are the several requirements of an embedded computing system design? .

(April/May 2017) (ii) Explain the operation of ARM processor. (May/June 2016)

4. Explain in detail the memory system mechanism and CPU performance in a coprocessor

system. (May/June 2016)

5. Explainindetailaboutthechallengesinembeddedcomputingsystemdesign. (Apr/May’11)

6. Explainindetailabouttheembeddedsystemdesignprocess. (Apr/May‘11’15)

7. ExplainmajorlevelsofabstractionindesignprocessforGPSmovingmap (Apr/May’14)

8. Explainwithnecessarycoding&examples,howflowofcontrolischangedusingbranchinstructionin

ARM (Apr/May‘14)

9. (i).Explain the function of ARM processor instructions. (Nov 17)

(ii).Discussion the operation of Coprocessor used with the ARM processor

10. (i).How does branching and procedural has been performed in ARM processor.

(April/May 2017)

(ii).What are ways of programming the input and output devices in an embedded system

design? (April/May 2017)

11. (i).Explain the model train controller with neat sketch. (Apr/May’15)

(ii).Discuss about formalism for system design

12. Discuss about the CPU performance and CPU power consumption. (Nov/Dec’13)

13. Demonstrate the challenges and performance of embedded processes for real time system

design. (April’19)

14. Analyze the preference of ARM processor Instruction set over CISC processes.(April’19)


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UNIT – II EMBEDDED COMPUTINGPLATFORMANDDESIGN

PART – A

1. Compare static and dynamic RAM. (Nov/Dec 2016)

SRAM DRAM

SRAM is typically used for CPU cache. DRAM is used for

computer’s main memory.

It is faster and more expensive than DRAM. It is slower and less expensive than

SRAM.

SRAM does not need periodic refreshment to

maintain data.

DRAM needs periodic refreshment to

maintain the charge in the capacitors for

data.

Structure is complex. Structure is simple.

2. What is data flow graph and control/data flow graph (CDFG)?

(Nov/Dec 2016), (Apr/May’14)

A data flow graph is a model of a program with no conditionals. In a high level programming

language, a code segment with no conditions and one entry point and exit point. A CDFG is

the fundamental model for programs which has constructs that model both data operations

(arithmetic and other computations) and control operations (conditionals).

3. Show the structure of a typical CPU bus which supports Read/Write. (May/June’16)

4. How the program validation can be done? (May/June’16)

Complex systems need testing to ensure that they work as they are intended. The subprograms

can be analysed and testing methods can be identified that provide reasonable amount of

testing while keeping the testing time within reasonable bounds.

5. What are CPU buses? (Nov/Dec’13), (May/Jun’13)

Data bus, Address bus, Control bus, System bus.

6. Whatisthebusprotocolespecially,thefour-cyclehandshake? (Apr/May’14)

Protocols are the set of rules and conditions for the data communication . The basic building

block of most bus protocols is the four cycle handshake. Handshake sure that when two

devices want to communicate.

Oneisreadytotransmitandotherisreadytoreceive.Thehandshakeusesapairofwiresdedicatedtotheh

andshake;suchasenq(meaningenquiry)andack(meaningacknowledge).Extrawiresareusedforthe

datatransmittedduringhandshake.

7. List out the various compilation techniques. (Nov/Dec’13)

There are three types of compilation techniques: Analysis and optimization of execution time,

Power energy and program size Program validation and testing.


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8. State the basic principles of basic compilation techniques. (May/Jun’13)

1. Compilation combines translation and optimization 2.The high level language program is

translated into lower level form of instructions; optimizations try to generate better

instruction sequences. Compilation=Translation + optimization.

9. Name any two techniques used to optimize execution time of program.(Nov/Dec’12)

Instruction level optimization and Machine in dependent optimization.

10. What does a linker do? (Nov/Dec’12)

A linker allows a program to be stitched to gather out of several smaller pieces. The linker

operates on the object files created by the assembler and modifies the assemble code to make

the necessary links between files.

11. What are the four types of data transfer in USB? (May/Jun’12)

Control transfer, Interrupt transfer, Bulk transfer, Isochronous transfer (sequence of data).

12. Give the limitation of polling techniques. (May/Jun’12)

It is wasteful of the processors time; as it needlessly checks the status of all devices all the

time. It is in recently slow, as it checks the status of all input/output devices before it comes

back to check any given one again. Priority of the device cannot be determined frequently.

13. What do you mean by Control Busin CPU? (Nov/Dec’14)

Control busis one of the buses of the CPU. It is used to pass on the control signals to the all

the functional blocks of the CPU as well as the peripheral devices interfaced with the CPU.

14. Can latches be used to construct input ports? Justify (Nov/Dec’14)

Latches can be used as input ports for devices operating at low speed. One of the inputs to the

latch will be the externally given by the interfaced device. The other input can be the enable,

which can be from the CPU.

15. Mention the two ways used for performing input and output operations.

Using input and output, instructions, Memory mapped I/O

16. List the memory devices used in embedded system design. (Nov 17)

The various memory devices used in developing an embedded system can be given as RAM,

ROM, Flash Memory, EEPROMs etc.

17. Define DMA.

DMA stands for direct memory access. It is Abusoperation allows reads and writes not

controlled by the CPU. ADMA transfer is controlled by a DMA controller, which requests

control of the bus from the CPU. After gaining controller, the DMA controller performs read

and write operations directly between the devices and the memory.

18. Mention the registers present in the DMA controller.

Starting address register, Length register, Status register

19. What is the disadvantage of nested loops in embedded programs? (April/May 2017)

The disadvantages of nested loops are it repeats the operation with n number of times with

more delay. It will reduce the system performance.


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20. Define aspect ratio of memory. (Apr/May’11)

The height/width ratio of the memory is known as aspect ratio. The best aspect ratio depends

on the amount of memory required.

21. What is difference between program location counter and program counter?

The program location counter makes exactly one pass through the program counter makes

many passes over code in a loop.

22. List the types of Co-verification techniques. (April/May 2017)

Co-Verification phase is about white box testing. Techniques include statement coverage,

condition coverage, and decision coverage. - Demonstration: It is about black box testing.

Techniques include error guessing, boundary-value analysis, and equivalence partitioning.

23. Define compilation.

Compilation combines translation and optimization. The high-level language program is

translated in to the lower level form of instructions; optimizations try to generate better

instruction sequences.

24. What is meant by Boot-block flash?

Boot block flash is to keep the boot-up code in a protected block but it allows updates to other

memory blocks on the device.

25. Write note on assembler/interpreters for embedded systems.

Assemblers translate highlevel language into machine language one by one translation.

Interpreter constantly runs and interprets source code as a set of directives.

26. Define compiler and cross compiler

Compiler is software it translates high level language into machine code or machine language.

Across compiler is a kind of a compiler that runs on one type of machine but generates code

for another machine. After compilation, the executable code is downloaded to the embedded

system by a serial link or perhaps burned in a PROM and plugged in.

27. What is meant by testing?

Testing is the process of finding the errors and correcting error. Testing ensures that whether

the system will work based on constraints of design. Types: block box testing and clear box

testing.

28. How power can be optimized at the program level? (Nov 17)

Power optimization is done at the program level by many ways. Some of the ways can be given

as avoiding power down mode, predictive shutdown. By avoiding power down mode much

power gets saved. In predictive shut down the power conservation is achieved by turning down

the blocks when not used.


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PART – B

1. (i)Explain in detail the testing process involved in developing an embedded system.

(ii)Describe how embedded system is useful in competing with computing platform.

(Nov/Dec 2016)

2. (i) Explain the various debugging techniques in the development of debugging system.

(May & Dec 2016).

(ii) Discuss in detail the optimization of energy and power of an embedded system.

(Nov/Dec 2016)

3. (i)Describe the basic types of memory components commonly used in embedded systems.

(May/June 2016), (Nov/Dec’13)(Apr/May ‘14)

4. (i). Explain in detail about the compilation process in high level languages.

(April/May 2017)(Nov 2017) (ii). what are the program level performance analysis of embedded computing system design.

(April/May 2017)

5. HowwouldyoudescribetheIOdevicesusedinembeddedsystems? (Nov/Dec’12)

6. (i)Demonstrate how component interfacing is done? (Apr/May’14)

(ii)Illustrate the development environment of an embedded system with suitable diagram?

7. With a suitable example, explain how debugging is carried out using debuggers & compliers?

(Apr/May’13)

8. (i)Discuss in detail about the optimization of program size of an embedded system.

(April/May 2017) (ii)Discuss in detail various programming model? (April/May 2017)

9. (i)Discuss briefly about Assembly and Linking. (Nov/Dec’13)

(ii)What are program Validation and testing? (Apr/May‘13)

10. (i)Describe about Basic compilation techniques (Apr/May‘14’15)

(ii)Explain the debugging process (Apr/May‘14)

11. (i)DescribeneedforICE,JTAGforembeddedsystemdevelopment. (Apr/May’15)

(ii) Explain the various components and programing models used for developing embedded

systems

(iii)With an example in consumer electronics, explain the embedded system design with

computing platform. (Nov 17)

12. Illustrate how of embedded system design is done using IDE (April’19)

13. Compare various program validation and testing methods done for system design (April’19)


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UNIT – 3 PROCESSES AND OPERATING SYSTEMS

PART – A

1. Define tasks and processes. (Nov/Dec 2016)

Tasks are part of system functionality whose application level organization is reflected in the

structure of the program. Process is a single execution of a program having its own state that

includes not only its registers but also its memory.

2. Write about scheduling states present in the embedded system design./ Define the

various process states. (Nov/Dec 2016)

A process can be in any one of these three scheduling states. They are:

1) Waiting state- A process waiting for data from an I/O device or another process. 2)

Ready state- Any process that could execute, 3)Executing- a process having all its data

and ready to run and is selected by the scheduler.

3. What are the strategies used for power optimization in multi-processing? (May/June’16)

Multiprocessing for low power embedded computing requires Several processors running at

slower clock rates consuming less power than a single large processor. Performance scales

linearly with power supply voltage but power scales with V2

4. Define thread.

Processes that share the same address space are often called as threads.

5. Define kernel. (Nov/Dec’13)

The kernel is the part of OS that determines processing time, activated by timer. The length of

timer is called time quantum.

6. Define period.

The period of a process is the time between successive executions and the inverse of the

period is called process rate.

7. Define task graph.

A set of processes with data dependencies is known as task graph.

8. Define initiation time and completion time.

The time at which a process actually starts executing on the CPU is called initiation time and

the time at which the process finishes its work is called completion time.

9. Define scheduling policy.

It is a policy that defines how processes are selected for promotion from the ready state to the

running state.

10. Define utilization.

It is a measure of the efficiency of the CPU. It is the ratio of the CPU time that is being used

for useful computations to the total available CPU time.

11. Define time quantum.

The length of the time period is known as time quantum and it is the smallest increment in

which we can control CPU activity.


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12. Define context switching. (Apr/May’15)

The set of registers that define a process are known as its context and switching from one

process register set to another is known as context switching.

13. Mention the two ways of assigning priority to a process.

1) Static priority2)Dynamic priority

14. Define rate monolithic scheduling.

It is a static scheduling policy which defines that fixed priorities are sufficient to efficiently

schedule the processes in many situations.

15. Defineearliestdeadlinefirstscheduling.

Itisadynamicschedulingpolicythatchangesprocessprioritiesduringexecutionbasedoninitiationti

mes.

16. Define priority inversion. (April/May 2017)

It is a situation in which the low priority process blocks the execution of a higher priority

process by keeping hold of its resources.

17. State the major functions of POSIX RTOS. (Nov 17)

It is a Linux based OS. It has dual kernel based OS Core. It uses concepts like the

Semaphores, Message Queue etc.

18. Define response time.

The response time of a process is defined as the time at which the process finishes.

19. Provide examples of blocking and Non-blocking inter process communication

(Apr/May’13’14)

Blocking : Shared memory, Non-Blocking: Signals.

20. Define critical instant.

It is the instant during execution at which the task has the largest response time.

21. What is multirate embedded system? Give three examples. (Apr/May’11)

Execute multiple operations periodically where each operation is executed at a different rate

(App.ex.) Automotive engine control, washing machine, microwave oven

22. What is a real-time operating system? (Apr/May’11)/(Apr/May’15)

ARTOSexecutesprocessesbasedupontimingconstraintsprovidedbythesystemdesigner

23. Define Multitasking. (Nov/Dec’14)

The capability of the processor to execute multiple tasks simultaneously with hindering the

outcome of each task with respect to time can be given as multi-tasking.

24. Define multi-processing systems.

System in which there is more than one CPU is called as multiprocessing system. The

simultaneous processing of a number of different processes by different process or sat the

same time is termed as multi-processing.


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25. List the advantages and limitations of Priority based process scheduling. (Nov 17)

Advantages of Priority based scheduling can be given as

i) Since process priorities are taken into consideration the execution slot is given to the

process with the highest priority.

ii) Efficiency of the scheduling is greatly increased as dead slots or idle slots are removed.

Limitations of Priority Based Scheduling: It is done as two types as static and dynamic. The

static scheduling requires less hardware resources but the CPU utilization is less but dynamic

scheduling uses more hardware resources but the CPU utilization is better than the others.

PART – B

1. (i) Explain with a neat diagram inter process communication. (April/May 2017) (Nov 17)

(ii) Explain the real time operating system called windows CE in detail.

(Nov/Dec 2016) (Nov 17)

2. (i) Explain in detail earliest deadline first scheduling. (April/May 2017)

(ii) Discuss in detail multi-tasking and multi-processing. (Nov/Dec 2016)

3. Explain how multiple processes are handled by Preemptive real time operating system.

(Nov 17)

4. Discuss the various scheduling policies with example. (Apr/May’11’14), (May/June 2016)

5. Explain preemptive real time operating systems in detail.

6. Explain priority based scheduling in detail. (Apr/May’13)

7. Explain the various interprocess communication mechanism in detail.

(Nov/Dec’13)(Apr/May’15’16)

8. Explain the context switch mechanism for moving the CPU from one executing process to

another. (May/Apr’11’14)

9. Explain the example real time operating system called POSIX in detail. (April/May 2017)

10. Discuss the power management and optimization for processes and its strategies for processes.

(Apr/May2014/2015)(Nov 17)

11. (i)Explain in detail the power optimization strategies in embedded system. (April/May 2017)

(ii)With suitable example explain the Earliest – Deadline – First scheduling. Compare its

performance with other scheduling algorithms.

12. Discuss why preemptive scheduling is preferred in real time operating systems. (April’19)

13. Demonstrate about inter process communication mechanisms (April’19)


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UNIT – 4 SYSTEM DESIGN TECHNIQUESANDNETWORKS

PART – A

1. What do you mean by quality and quality assurance related to embedded systems?

(Nov/Dec 2016)

Quality of a product or service is how well it satisfies the intended function. Quality assurance

process is vital for the delivery of a satisfactory system.

2. Give examples of internet enabled systems. (Nov/Dec 2016)

Laser printer, Portable internet devices, Home control system, Personal digital

assistant(PDA).

3. List the OSI layers from lowest to highest level of abstraction.

The OSI layers from lowest to highest level of abstraction are described below:(i)Physical

layer ii) Data link layer iii)Network layer iv)Transport layer v)Session layer vi)Presentation

layer vii)Application layer.

4. What is a distributed embedded architecture give the block diagram? (Nov 17)

In a distributed embedded system several processing elements are connected by a network that

allow them to communicate. More than one computer or group of computer and Pes are

connected via network that forms distributed embedded systems.

S – Sensors, A- Actuators

5. What are the 2 different approaches for designing an embedded system?

1) Software development life cycle ends a life cycle for process of integrating the

software into hardware .It begins at the time when a system is designed.

2) Both cycles concurrently proceed when co-designing a time critical sophisticated

system.

6. State the advantages of network based design.

Distributed arrangement of devices provides very less chances for failure of the system. The

data also is distributed by nature so at any point loss of data does not appear completely.

7. List the issues in hardware and software design for an embedded system.

1) Choosing the right platform.

2) Memory and processor sensitive software

3) Allocation of addresses to memory, program segments and devices.

4) Porting the issues of OS in an embedded platform.

5) Performance and Performance Accelerators.


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8. What are the merits of embedded distributed architecture?

Error identification is easier, it has more cost effective performance, and Deadlines for

processing the data is short.

9. What is design flow? (Nov 17)

The sequence of design methodology for fully and partially automated system.

10. What is waterfall model?

The development life cycle method which s linear and sequential.

TheI2Cbusisamultimasterbususedtolinkmicrocontrollerintosystems.Ithastwolines,oneisserialda

talink(SDL)fordataandtheserialclockline(SCL)indicateswhenvaliddataareonthedataline.

11. Define message passing.

Message passing is the style of interprocess communication. Distributed embedded systems

do not have shared memory, so they must communicate by passing messages known as

message passing.

12. Write down the networks for distributed embedded systems.

Point to point network, cross bar network, multistage network and direct network.

13. Distinguish multi stage network from direct network.

Multistage network: Multistage network transmits messages from source to destination via

some intermediate outing nodes to guide the data packets.

Direct network: In direct network message go from source to destination with out going

through any memory element or intermediate nodes.

14. Define blocking.

Blocking means that there are some combinations of sources and destinations for which

messages cannot be delivered simultaneously.

15. Write the use of exponential back off technique.

The exponential back off technique helps to ensure that the network does not become

overloaded at high demand factors.

16. Define message delay.

To analyze the performance of networks, it must be important to determine the delay incurred

by transmitting messages. The message delay for a single message with no contention can be

modelled as

tm=tx+tn+tr,

Where,tx=transmittersideoverhead,tn=networktransmissiontime,tr=receiversideoverhead.

17. Distinguish single hop network from multi hop network.

In single hop network a message is received at its destination directly from the source without

going through any other network node.

In multi hop network messages are routed through network nodes to get to their destinations.

18. What are various design methodologies?

Waterfall model, spiral model, successive refinement model.


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19. List out some of the verifications requirements and specification related to the design

flow. (April/May 2017)

Choosing the right platform, Memory and processor sensitive software, Allocation of

addresses to memory, program segments and devices. Porting the issues of OS in an

embedded platform, Performance and Performance Accelerators.

20. What is the role of CRC bits in CAN bus . (April/May 2017)

Reduced memory for the program, reduced number of chips but at an increased cost,Simple

coding for device drivers, check the errors in CAN bus.

21. What is concurrent engineering? Reduced design time is the important goal in concurrent engineering which eliminates over

the wall design steps.

22. What is good requirement analysis?

Correctness, unambiguousness, completeness, verify ability, modifiability, traceability.

23. What are the CRC Card methodology identifiers?

Classes, responsibilities, collaborators.

24. What are the observations made about quality management?

Process is crucial, documentation is important, communication is important.

25. What is MPSoCs?

A multiprocessor system –on-chip that uses multiple cores usually targeted for embedded

system.

26. What is shared memory multiprocessor?

Multiple CPU sharing the same main memory,shares unique logical address space mapped on

physical memory.

PART–B

1. Briefly discuss about the design methodologies for an embedded computing system.

(Nov/Dec 2016)(Nov 17)

2. (i) Discuss in detail about the network based embedded system design. (Nov/Dec’13’16)

(ii) Write notes on internet enabled systems. (Nov 12’16& May 16)

3. (i) Explain the operation and advantages of CPU accelerated systems. (May 2016)

4. Discuss in detail about several interconnected networks especially used for distributed

embedded computing. (May 2016)

5. Explain in detail about the quality assurance process taken place in the embedded computing

system design . (April/May 2017) (Nov 17)


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6. Discuss in detail about distributed embedded architecture.

7. Explain how the concepts of MPSoC and shared memory multiprocessors are used in

embedded applications. (Nov 17)

8. How the internet can be used by embedded computing system?

9. With neat diagram explain the working of I2Cbus. (April/May 2017)

10. With neat diagram explain the working of CAN bus protocol. (April/May 2017)

11. Design an embedded system to control an elevator.

12. Analyze system design technique by giving specification for a case study like a digital camera

(April’19)

13. Illustrate why MPSoCs are preferred over general purpose microprocessor. (April’19)

UNIT V-CASE STUDY

PART A

1. Specify the MPEG layer 1 data frame format set for the audio player application.

(Nov/Dec 2016)

2. What are the classes in data compressor? (Nov/Dec 2016)

Data compressor, data buffer and symbol table.

3. What is the advantage of video accelerator? (April/May 2017)

Video Accelerator makes your videos stream faster and play smoother and Powerful. Video

acceleration that works automatically.

4. Draw the block diagram of FSK detection Scheme in MODEM?

5. What is the specification language give an example?

A specification language is a formal language in computer science used during systems

analysis, and systems design to describe a system at a much higher level than a programming

language, which is used to produce the executable code for a system. Ex.,CASL,VDM.

6. Specify the advantages of software implementations.

Easier to change when hardware versions become available, Programmability for complex

operations, Faster development time, Modularity and portability, Use of standard engineering,

modeling and RTOS tools, Faster speed of operation of complex functions with high-speed

microprocessors.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language


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7. UML diagram for Data Compressor?

8. Write the main functions performed by Video Accelerator. (Nov 17)

Video Accelerators main functions are to speed up the processing time of the Graphical

Processing Unit (GPU). The resource demanding applications such as the realtime Video

Compression is passed over to the video accelerator where the accelerator speeds up the

operation and completes the process at a lesser time.

9. What is New symbol Table?

Installs a new symbol table and throws the current contents of the internal buffer.

10. Draw the state diagram of encoding behavior?

11. Draw the state diagram of insert behavior?

12. What are the advantages of Software modem?

Easily programmed, easily upgradable, less weight, low cost.

13. Draw four cycle handshake?


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14. Draw the class diagram for alarm clock?

15. Write the requirement form for an alaram clock? (April/May 2017)

Light, display, clock mechanism, speakers and rotation are the requirements for alarm clock.

16. Draw the architecture of digital still camera?

17. What is brayer pattern of color image?

18. What are the functions of digital camera?

It determines proper exposure, capture image from image sensor, Transforms image into

suitable form, converts into other file formats.

19. What is block motion Estimation?

One frame in the video is described as the difference between it and other frame.

20. What are the major components used in the design of Alarm Clock? (Nov 17)

Inputs - Push Buttons –Set time, Set Alarm, Hour, Minute, Alarm ON/OFF Outputs –Four

Digit LED/LCD Display, PM Indicator, Alarm Ready indicator

21. What is Deadline?

A Deadline specifies when a computation must be finished.

22. What is period of a process?

The time between successive executions is called a process.

23. What compression technique used for telephone answering machine?

The compression scheme is used for telephone answering machine is Adaptive Differential

pulse code modulation.

24. What is on-hook & off-hook?

Hanging up is called on-hook; answering call is called off-hook.


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25. Draw the Answering machine?

26. What is motion vector?

Vector from search area center to macro block center is called motion vector.

27. What is White balance?

White balance algorithms generally use color histogram to determine the range of Colors and

re-weigh colors to reduce casts.

PART B

1. Explain the hardware and software design of software modem and telephone answering

machine. (Nov/Dec 2016)(Nov/Dec’14’13’12)(Apr/May’16’15’14)

2. Write in detail about the embedded concepts in the design of data compressor and video

accelerator. (Nov/Dec 2016)

3. Explain in detail the hardware and software design of Personal Digital Assistant.

(May/Jun‘16)

4. Discuss about data compressor in detail. (Nov/Dec’13)(May/Jun ‘14)(Nov/Dec’15)

5. Describe in detail about Design Example of Alarm Clock?

6. Explain the hardware and software design of digital still camera designed with automation of

camera function. (April/May 2017) (Nov 17)

7. Explain the hardware and software design of engine control unit.(April/May 2017) (Nov 17)

8. Draw the state diagram of Recording and playback message behavior.

9. Explain the working of video accelerator in detail.

10. Explain the operation of the Audio Player in detail (Nov 17)

11. Outline the design example telephone answering machine (April’19)

12. Outline the design example of embedded control of Engine Control Unit. (April’19)

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