EAST INDIA COMPANY

PRATHAMESH P. REWANDKARS.Y.B.ARCH4TH SEM.

INTRODUCTIONEast India Company was the name of several historical European companies chartered with Asia, more specially with India.

• British East India Company, founded in 1600• Danish East India Company, founded in 1616• Dutch East India Company, founded in 1602• French East India Company, founded in 1664• Swedish East India Company, founded in 1731• Portuguese East India Company, founded in 1628

ARRIVAL IN INDIA With the arrival of the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama in 1498 at Calicut in South India, European explorers started arriving on Indian shores. Their prime purpose was the profitable spice trade.At the end of 1600, Queen Elizabeth of England allowed a large body of merchants to form a new trading company to trade with the East Indies, India and Southeast Asia, which later came to be known as the East India Company. In 1617, Sir Thomas Roe approached the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir and sought his permission to build a factory in Surat. In two years, this permission was granted.

Within ten years, another factory opened in Bombay, which became the headquarters of the company. Soon the Indian region was divided into three Presidencies; Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Each presidency functioned by itself, but was answerable to the Court of Directors in London.The company cleverly followed a triangular trade. They exchanged English gold and silver coins for Indian goods.In 1757, a military force led by Robert Clive defeated the army of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah. With this victory, The Company was transformed from an association of traders into rulers of a large, unknown land. From this moment the British Raj was born.

In 1690 Job Charnock, an agent of the British East India Company, established a trading fort nearby named Fort William.In 1612 British established a trading post in Gujarat.

ROBERT CLIVEThe EIC’s force of armed guards was growing into an army; Clive joined them as an officer and that a great influence. In 1751 Clive led 500 men against 10,000 French & Indian soldiers and won.Clive led the EIC’s army to victory many more times, forcing the French out and making the East India Company very powerful – it wasn’t the British government taking over India – it was a British business!

FACTORY OF SURATA Factory was placed consisting of officers, residences, employees and warehouses for storage of goods.These factories served as the bases for the growth and expansion of the British power in India the British people regarding surat as the most suitable place for establishing a factory.According to the 1615 farmana they were allowed to live according together religion and lawTill, 1687 Surat was the first center of the company activities in India and its administration was under the President and Governor.

Sir Thomas was successful in getting permission from Jahangir for setting up factories. East India Company set up factories at Ahmedabad, Broach and Agra.In 1640 East India Company established an outpost at Madras. In 1661 the company obtained Bombay from Charles II and converted it to a flourishing center of trade by 1668.In 1633, in the Mahanadi delta of Hariharpur at Balasore in Orissa, factories were set up.

In 1650 Gabriel Boughton an employee of the Company obtained a license for trade in Bengal. An English factory was set up in 1651 at Hugli. In 1690 Job Charnock established a factory. In 1698 the factory was fortified and called Fort William.the East India Company gained control of all European trade in India by 1769.

BATTLE OF PLASSEY (ad1744-1763)

On June 23rd, 1757 at Plassey, between Calcutta and Murshidabad, the forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive met the army of Siraj-ud-Doula, the Nawab of Bengal.

Battle of Plassey marked the first major military success for British East India Company.

Battle of Wandiwash 1760

From 1744, the French and English fought a series of battles for supremacy in the Carnatic region. In the third Carnatic war, the British East India Company defeated the French forces at the battle of Wandiwash.

This battle gave the British trading company a far superior position in India compared to the other Europeans.

BATTEL OF BUXAR2nd October 1764Between forces under British East India Company and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam-2. After winning the Battle of Buxar, the British had earned the right to collect land revenue in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This development set the foundations of British political rule in India. After the victory of the English in Buxar Robert Clive was appointed the governor and commander in chief of the English army in Bengal in 1765.

ANGLO-MARATHA WARSeries of three wars starting from 1775 – 1819.The third war was fought between 1817–1819.It gave the British almost the entire control of India.

DUAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

By 1765 the English East India Company become the real master of Bengal. Its army was in sole control of its defense and the supreme political.The Nawab of Bengal totally depended upon British for both internal and external security.As the Diwan the company directly collected its revenue, while though the right to nominate Deputy Subahdar it controlled the Nizmart or the police and Judicial powers. This arrangement is known in history as the dual or double Government

Company had power without responsibility.The Nawab and his officials had the responsibility of administration but not the power to discharge it.

WELLESLEY’S SUBSIDIARY SYSTEM

Under his Subsidiary system the ruler of the allying India state was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of British force within his territory and to pay a contributory for its maintance.Nawab of Awad forced to sign in subsidiary system, Krarnataka and Mysore merged in the system by 1801.By1803, English forces defeated Maratha peshwas and signed on subsidiary systemThe system led to the dismissal of the armies of the protected states. Lakhs of soldiers and official were lost their jobs and livelihood at the same time they became the rivals of the Company.

DALHOUSIE’S DOCTRINE OF LAPSE (1848-1856)

Under the doctrine, which the ruler of any of the protected state died without a of a natural successor his state was not to pass to an adopted heir as sanctioned by the age old tradition of the country.

Many states including Satara in 1848, Nagapur and Jhansi in 1854 were annexed by applying this doctrine. Dalhousie refused to recognize the title of many ex-rulers or their pensions.

Automatically these policies led towards revolt of 1857.

STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT 1757-1857

By 1784 administration of East India Company had been brought under the control of the British Government and its economic policies were being determined by the needs of British Economy.There were two reasons behind the British administration.The chief aim of British Indian administration was the maintance of Law and order and the continuation of British rule. Without Law and order British could not hope to sell to their goods in every corner of India. being Foreigners they could not hope to win the affections of the India people. Therefore, relied on superior force rather than on public support for the maintance of their control over India.

The British administration in India was based on three pillars1. Civil services 2. Army3. Police

Civil ServicesThe Civil Services were brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis. He introduce many features.To avoid corruption in the administration he raised the salaries of the company servants. In fact company’s civil service became the highest paid services in the world in those days.By 1800 Lord Wellesley established the college of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the civil servants. Up to 1853 all the appointments to the civil servants were made by the Directors of East India Company.

armyThe second important pillar of the British reign in India was the army. The bulk of the Company’s army consisted of India soldiers recruited chiefly from area at present in UP and Bihar. For instance in 1857 the total strength of the army in India was 3,11,400 among them 2,65,900 were Indians. At the same time there were only three Indian in the army received a salary of Rs. 300 per month and the highest Indian officer was subedar.

policeThe third pillar of British rule was the police whose creator was one again Cornwallis.

He established a separate Police force for maintance of Law and Order in Bengal. Like old police system of India a modernized old Indian system Thanas were established headed by a Daroga who was an Indian.

JUDICIALWarren Hastings.Establishment of Judicial courts.

1. Diwani Adalat2. Nizamat Adalat3. Sardar Diwani4. Sardar Nizamat

Rule of Law.

Courts under Warren Hastings

Sardar Diwani Adalat Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Civil Court) ( Criminal Court)

District

Diwani Adalat (Civil) Foujudar Adalat (Criminal)

Courts under Cornwallis

Sardar Diwani Adalat Sadar Nizamat Adalat (Civil Court) ( Criminal Court)

Four Provincial Courts ( Civil and Criminal)

District

Diwani Adalat (Civil) Foujudar Adalat (Criminal)

Registrar courts Munsiff courts

THE PORT CITIES OF -

-CALCUTTA ( kolkata )

-MADRAS ( chennai )

-BOMBAY ( mumbai )

bombay

madras

calcutta

MADRAS ( chennai )It was acquire from Hindu Rajah.Francis Day was the responsible person behind the establishment power in Madras.The Rajah while granting the land empowered the company to administer neighboring villages.Town was divided into two parts i.e Black town and white town

The entire history of Madras judicial development can be divided in to three stages.1639-16621665-16881688-1726 In the 1st stage no systematic judicial system was established.In the 2nd stage in 1661, the status of Madras raised to Presidency level, but it was came into force from 1665Subsequently the status of Agent and Council was raised to that Governor and Council, who were also vested with judicial powers With the appointment of S. Master as the Governor of Madras in 1678, the whole judicial system was reorganized.

The third shape of the judicial system of Maras was given by the charter of 1688.This Company’s court continued up to 1726 when the entire judicial structure created by the company at various places in India was reorganized.The judicial system which existed in Madras form 1639-1726

the presidency town of Madras in a 1908 map. Madras was established as Fort St. George in 1640.

ARCHITECTUREChennai has a very heterogeneous mix of architectural styles ranging from ancient temples to the British colonial era buildings and to the latest modern buildings. Most of the buildings constructed during the colonial era are of the Indo-Sarcenic style.

It carried the appearance of a neo-classical temple with an exterior of a sixteenth-century manner, possessing Tuscan-Doric columns. The hall contained a number of military decorations celebrating British victories at Plassey

The Banqueting Hall was inaugurated on this date in celebration of the declaration of the Peace of Amiens. On 16th January 1816, Bishop Reginald Heber (1783- 1826) consecrated the new St. George`s Church in Madras.

Thomas de Havilland (1775-1866) erected the church using a plan drawn by Captain James Caldwell (1770-1863) of the Madras Engineers.

plan of fort st. george chennai

As a design it possessed a mixture of Classical and Gothic elements. The exterior was purely Indian with its white polished chunam-finishing surfaceIn 1833, it became St. George`s Cathedral. Within the extensive period of 1818 to 1820, architectural developments of Madras under British rule witnessed an upsurge of colonial constructions.

Marina Beach - 1890

Marina Beach - 2015

Napier Bridge - 1895

Napier Bridge - 2015

Parry’s Corner - 1897

Parry’s Corner - 2015

Central Railway Station - 1897

Central Railway Station - 2015

Chennai High Court -1862

Chenanai High Court -2015

Fort St. George - 1644

Fort St. George - 2015

Spencers Plaza- 1863

Spencers Plaza- 2015

Egmore Railway Station, then

Egmore Railway Station, now

CALCUTTA ( kolkata )The city was a colonial city developed by the British East India Company and then by the British Empire. Kolkata was the capital of the British Indian empire until 1911 when the capital was relocated to Delhi. Kolkata grew rapidly in the 19th century to become the second city of the British Empire.

ADINA MOSQUEThis Mosque built and completed by Sikandar Shah (c.1358-1390 AD) in 1369 AD is the most remarkable existing example of Muslim architecture of that period. It is a Quadrangular building.It extends 507½ feet from north to south and 285½ feet from east to west.the cloisters are 38 feet wide and have 3 aisles.The total number of domes covering the cloisters was 306 in all.The upper chamber (Badshah-Ka-Takht) which is situated to the north of the Central hall, was apparently intended to provide separate accommodation for the King and his family during services.

CHAMKATTI MASJIDErected possibly by Sultan Yusuf Shah this brick built Mosque (damaged) is resting on stone pillars up to the height of springing point of its single dome.The verandah in front, has three arched entrances and noted for use of glazed tiles lending a graceful appearance.Three doorways lead into the interior square hall.

FIROZ MINARAlternately known as Firoza Minar or 'Blue Tower' this tower 25.60 m high with spiral staircase having 73 steps was probably constructed by Saifuddin Firoz an Abyssinian commander of the royal forces who became the Sultan by avenging the killing of Sultan Jalaluddin Fath ShahFrom the foot of the door the tower rises in three storeys of twelve sides, each storey demarcated by ornamental bands.The fourth and fifth storeys are circular with reduced diameter. The last storey originally an open arched room covered by a dome has been changed into an open flat roof by some restorer.Scholars attribute it as a Bengali version of the Qutb Minar (1486 - 89 AD).

LOTTAN MASJID

QADAM RASUL MASJID

TANTIPARA MASJID

EKLAKHI MAUSOLEUM

QUTUB SAHI MASJID

BOMBAY ( mumbai )In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency. Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.By 1845, all the seven islands had been connected to form a single island called Old Bombay having an area of 435 km2(167.95 sq mi) by the Hornby Vellard project due to the water famine in 1824.Mumbai is most famed for its Indian-style Gothic buildings, such as the Central Telegraph Office, High Court, General Post Office, and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj railway station (formerly the Victoria Terminus).

ARCHITECTUREGothic Architectural

Indo – Saracenic Style

Art Deco

GOTHIC ARCHITECTUREBombay architecture came to be present through the British in the 18th and early 19th centuries.At first it was the neo – classical style of Architecture but then a new style came to exist one that reflect modern European fashion.gothic style is expressive, disjointed with surface of live color.Bombay city hall was built during period 1820 – 35 the university Mumbai library, Rajabai tower, Xavier college, Chhatrapati Shivaji terminus are fine example of gothic architecture in the city.

INDO- SARCENIC STYLEThe Indo – Saracenic style developed in the second half of the 19th century combining Islamic and Hindu architectural style with its Characterized domes, arches, stained, glasses, spires and minarets.The gateway of India and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya are the fine example of indo Saracenic architectural style in the city.

FEATURESOnion (Bulbous) Domes

Overhanging Eaves

Pointed Arches, Cusped Arches, or Scalloped Arches

Vaulted Roofs

Domed Kiosks

Many Miniature Domes, or Domed Chhatris

Towers or Minarets

Harem Windows

Open Pavilions

Pierced Open Arcading

ART DECO Art deco is one of Mumbai least noticed architectural style, through Mumbai and its Sabarbs possibly have the largest number of art deco building in the world. Art deco in India evolved into a unique style that came to be called deco – Saracenic.It was a combination of Islamic and Hindu architectural.The Mahalakshmi temple, the Tahangir art gallery, the high court, the general post office, the flora fountain, regal cinema and Eros cinema.

CHARACTERISTICSRounded CornersThreesBanding Or Racing Stripescolumns

Glass BlockZiggurat or Stepped PedimentWindows

FEATURESCubic formsZiggurat shapes: Terraced pyramid with each story smaller than the one below itComplex groupings of rectangles or trapezoidsBands of colorZigzag designsStrong sense of lineIllusion of pillars

COMPANY PAINTINGSAlso known as company style.term used for a hybrid Indo-European style of paintings made in India by Indian artists.style blended traditional elements from Rajput and Mughal painting with a more Western treatment of perspective, volume and recession.Subjects included portraits, landscapes and views, and scenes of Indian people, dancers and festivals. Series of figures of different castes or trades were particular favourites, with an emphasis on differences in costume

Architectural subjects were popular, usually done in a detailed and frontal style more like that of an architectural draftsman than the Romanticised style used by most European painters visiting India.mostly drew on Western watercolour technique, from which "transparency of texture, soft tones and modelling in broad strokes" were borrowed.

Group of courtesans, Company style, 1800-25

James Skinner-Anglo-Indian military adventurer in India.He had an intimate knowledge of the characters of the people of India.He commissioned paintings in the Company style on a large scale.Mary Impey- English natural historian and patron of the arts in Bengal.she established a menagerie in Calcutta and commissioned Indian artists to paint the various creatures

St. james’ church

Mazhar Ali Khan (painter)-late Mughal era, 19th century painter from Delhi. working in the Company style of post-Mughal painting under Western influence. known for his noted work of topographical paintings commissioned by The Delhi Book.became a part of a dynasty of great miniature artists.

Ghulam Ali Khan- nineteenth century Indian painter in Delhi.Ali Khan was the court painter of Mughal emperors Akbar II (reigned 1806–1837) and Bahadur Shah II (reigned 1837–1858) at Delhi.His work is an important documentation of the Mughal empire towards its end

A Village Scene In The Punjab

Bahadur Shah II enthroned with Mirza

A folio from Alwar Gulistan illustrating a story from

This is a story of trade and exploration, of ambition and foresight, of silk and spice, of tea and cricket, of timber and gunpowder, of cities and ports.  It is the story of how a band of traders created a company that far exceeded the sum of their ambitions, uniting distant markets, bringing people together, building and sustaining an empire.  It all starts in 1600 and continues on today.

1600 ROYAL CHARTER1601 THE FIRST VOYAGE1608 LANDING IN INDIA1615 FIRST TREATY WITH MUGHAL EMPEROR1668 EXPANSION1684 TRADE WITH CHINA

1667 LONDON WEAVERS ATTACK EAST INDIA HOUSE1733 ST HELENA, THE FORGOTTEN COFFEE1754 SEVERN YEARS WAR1773 BOSTON TEA PARTY1784 EAST INDIA COMPANY ACT1813 THE CHARTER ACT1848 DARJEELING TEA ESTABLISHED1873 EAST INDIA COMPANY STOCK REDEMPTION ACT

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