ENERGY FOR INDIA & IT’S ENERGY FOR INDIA & IT’S VILLAGES :VILLAGES :

MYTHS, REALITIES & MYTHS, REALITIES & POSSIBILITIESPOSSIBILITIES

WHY HAVE TO LOOK BEYOND & AWAY FROM COAL & NUCLEAR, OIL

TO DISTRIBUTED, COMMUNITY CONTROLLED RENEWABLE ENERGIES

--SOUMYA DUTTA

SEPT. 19/20, WASHINGOTN DC

HOW MUCH DO WE GET HOW MUCH DO WE GET -- FROM WHAT-- FROM WHAT

INDIA WORLD

SOUMYA DUTTA

TOTAL COMML ENRGY

IT’S FOSSIL-CARBONS THAT DOMINATES

~90% fossil-carbon >80% fossil-carbon

ONE MAJOR CONSEQUENCE OF OUR ONE MAJOR CONSEQUENCE OF OUR ENERGY CHOICESENERGY CHOICES

AS WE ALL KNOW, THIS IS CAUSING WORLD-WIDE DEVASTATIONS SOUMYA DUTTA

GLOBAL C-ENERGY USE AND ATMOSPHERIC CO2 BUILD-UP

WHY FOSSIL-CARBONS CANNOT ANY MOREWHY FOSSIL-CARBONS CANNOT ANY MOREREMAIN OUR PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES REMAIN OUR PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES TODAY, THEY ARE TODAY, THEY ARE THE PRIMARY THE PRIMARY SOURCE (~80%)SOURCE (~80%)

SCIENCE -> THE ‘SAFE ATMOSPHERIC LIMIT’ OF CO2 IS <350 ppmv, IF WE CONTINUE TO BURN FOSSIL-CARBONS? REACH >800 ppmv ? WHAT HAPPENS TO LIFE ? ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS ‘ONLY’ ~780 GT

SOUMYA DUTTA

WHO IN INDIA CONSUMES WHAT AS ENERGYWHO IN INDIA CONSUMES WHAT AS ENERGY

SOME CONSUMPTION FACTS1. PER-CAPITA ELCTR ~700 Kwh/YR (ABOUT 40% OF INDIANS HAVE NONE)2. -------------- OIL ~ 120 Kg/Yr. (ABOUT 50% INDIANS GET ALMOST

NOTHING – a bottle a week or so)

3. -------------- COAL > 500 Kg/Yr. 4. -------------- GAS ~ 1600 SCuFt./Yr

(ABOUT 80% INDIANS HAVE NO ACCESS)

5.----FUEL-WOOD ~600-800Kg/Yr /DUNG-CAKE/ …

(FOR ~68% POOR INDIAN FAMILIES, WHO OFTEN HAS TO PAY Rs.2-3 PER Kg) !

POSSIBLY MORE THAN WE PAY FOR OUR ‘CLEAN’ FUEL !!

ALL THESE ARE AVERAGES, HIDING HUGE DISPARITIES BETWEEN CLASSES & AREAS SOUMYA DUTTA

PETROLEUM – INDIA & THE WORLDPETROLEUM – INDIA & THE WORLD

INDIA PETROLEUM – PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION WORLD PETROLEUM –

PRODUCTION

SOUMYA DUTTA

2.7 Mn BARRELS/DAY (~3%) -vs- 85+ Mn BARELS/DAY 1.2 BILLION PEOPLE (~17%) ~ 7 BILLION PEOPLE

NATURAL GAS – INDIA & THE WORLDNATURAL GAS – INDIA & THE WORLD

SOUMYA DUTTA

PRODUCTION-CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS STARTED PEAKING UP IN 2000’s

COAL – INDIA AND THE WORLDCOAL – INDIA AND THE WORLD

Country INDIA YEAR COAL-Production

2003 375.4 Mn Tons 2004 407.7 2005 428.4 2006 447.3 2007 478.4 2008 521.7 2009 543.0 Share of 5.8% (World

Prodcn) Reserve- > 115 Yrs (Life in

Yrs.)

Soumya Dutta

WORLD COAL

ELECTRICITY GENERATION : 1990-2006ELECTRICITY GENERATION : 1990-2006

WITH ~17% OF WORLD POPULATION, INDIA GENERATES < 4% OF ITS TOTAL ELECTRICITY- AND MOST OF IT FROM COAL, LARGE HYDRO, GAS.

INDIA WORLD

SOUMYA DUTTA

Energy Is far more than ElectricityEnergy Is far more than ElectricitySo the comprehensive energy needs are to be carefullylooked into, including solid, liquid & gas sourcesserving the population. Many of the recent govt policies & plans are focussing mostly on electricity, which is the most ‘refined’& likely most Expensive to the user point, has maximum losses, . The poorer & less urbanised a community /society is,The less is the share of electricity in its energy basket.Thus, over-emphasis on electricity will deprive these poorer & Marginalised sections from resources & attention; A vast number of India’s poor still have some access toNON-COMMERCIAL Energy (dry biomass, collected fuel wood,dung-cakes etc), as they cannot afford to come in the commlenergy markets. These are forest & forest fringe dwellers,Adivasis and rural poor. This access is reducing through State &corporate attacks on Forests & biomass sources. This must bereversed, and the poor’s access to non-commercial energy securedas a right. Soumya

INDIA – PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2007-08INDIA – PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2007-08

 Energy * Units * in Original In Mtoe *% share in * % share in TYPE Units Prmry Comml In Total Energy PrMary ENGY------------- ------- ----------- ---------- ------------- ------------ Coal Mt 501.52 215.48 53.54 39.50 Lignite Mt 34.65 9.71 Oil Mt 139.73 139.73 33.22 24.51 Natural Gas BCM 32.27 29.07 9.34 6.89 LqfdNtrlGas Mt 8.24 10.21 -- --Nuclear Power Mn KWh 16,777 4.38 1.04 0.77 Hydro Power MnKWh 1,28,702 11.07 2.63 1.94 Wind Power MnKWh 11,410 0.98 0.23 0.17 Primry Comml Enrgy Mtoe 420.62 100.00 73.78Non-Comml Enrgy -Mtoe (BIO-MASS) 149.50 + 26.22Total Primry Enrgy Consumption-Mtoe 570.12 = 100.00

SOUMYA DUTTASOURCE : PLANNING COMMISSION

LARGE NOS. STILL USE TRADITIONAL BIO-MASSLARGE NOS. STILL USE TRADITIONAL BIO-MASSDISPLACING FROM FOREST CREATES LARGE MARKETDISPLACING FROM FOREST CREATES LARGE MARKETDESIGN BEHIND REDD+, KITCHEN-SOOT SCARE ?DESIGN BEHIND REDD+, KITCHEN-SOOT SCARE ?

MAJOR PORTIONS OF GLOBAL TOTAL RENEWABLE ENERGY IS STILL BIO-MASS, USED BY THE POOR

FIRE-WOOD LPG DUNG K ERSN

LARGE % OF RURAL HOUSE-HOLDS USE FIRE-WOOD, ONLY ~10% RURAL HHs HAVE ACCESS TO LPG OR KEROSENE(‘SHIFTING GOALPOSTS’)

SOUMYA DUTTA

THE MAJOR ENERGY SOURCES IN INDIATHE MAJOR ENERGY SOURCES IN INDIA& THE POLLUTING POWER PLANTS THAT& THE POLLUTING POWER PLANTS THAT CONVERT THIS ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY CONVERT THIS ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY

SOUMYA DUTTA

BOTH POLLUTING COAL-PLANTS & DANGEROUS NUCLEAR PLANTS ARE LOCATED CLOSE TO HIGH POPULATION DENSITY AREAS.

EQUITY & SUSTAINABILITY AREEQUITY & SUSTAINABILITY ARETO BE FOCAL POINTS – MISSING NOWTO BE FOCAL POINTS – MISSING NOW Equitable access to affordable energy sources – for

poorer & marginal sections of our population must form the cornerstone our energy policy, irrespective of their paying capacity for high-cost energy sources. This equity principle is missing from today’s energy policies, and must be brought in. While electricity generation has more than doubled from 1995-96 (when the neo-liberal process in India took hold) to 2010 – the no of house-holds still having no access has only fallen fro m ~50% to ~40% ! Thus, most of the energy & electricity consumption increase has gone to serve the elite & the middle class – an unsustainable & un-acceptable situation.

  The larger the energy extraction /conversion, larger

the environmental & social impacts, thus REAL ENERGY NEEDs are to be rationally assessed & profit oriented over-projections avoided. Before projecting energy needs based only on GDP growth projections, we must do careful analysis of real energy-growth need based on some rational assessment of how much energy is needed for reasonable living standards and how much is possible to be extracted/ converted sustainably, without severley damaging the earth’s hydrosphere, lithosphere & atmosphere. The Integrated Energy Policy of the Govt. projects future energy requirements based on high & continuing economic growth, w/o taking into account the real needs, and adverse environmental impacts. These must be brought in centre of planning.

SOUMYA DUTTA

ENERGY & MINERAL SOURCES / PLANT ENERGY & MINERAL SOURCES / PLANT LOCATIONS & WHO GETS ‘POWER’ FROM THESELOCATIONS & WHO GETS ‘POWER’ FROM THESE

SOUMYA DUTTA

PERCENTAGE OF ELECTRIFIED RURAL HOUSE-HOLDS -> DARK RED <10%, DARK GREEN > 85% (‘SHIFTING GOALPOST)

TPPs ARE BLACK-DOTs, COAL-FIELDS –BLUE DROPs , HYDEL PLANTS -BLUE SQRS,

CONCENTRATIONS MATCH - IN REVERSE !! OPERATION POWER-HUNT ?

THERMAL POWER-PLANTS ALSO CONSUME THERMAL POWER-PLANTS ALSO CONSUME AND POLLUTE HUGE AMOUNTS OF WATERAND POLLUTE HUGE AMOUNTS OF WATER

Of wastes and wants: Water use in India

Industrial Sector Annual wastewater water discharge (million cubic meters) (%)

Annualconsumption (million cubic meters)

Proportionof water consumed in industry

Thermal power plants 27000.9 35157.4 87.87

Engineering 1551.3 2019.9 5.05

Pulp and paper 695.7 905.8 2.26

Textiles 637.3 829.8 2.07

Steel 396.8 516.6 1.29

Sugar 149.7 194.9 0.49

Fertiliser 56.4 73.5 0.18

Others 241.3 314.2 0.78

Total 30729.2 40012.0 100.0

Note: For methodology see www.downtoearth.org.inSource: Estimated by CSE based on the wastewater discharged data published by CPCB in "Water quality in India (Status and trends) 1990 - 2001".

~ 85% OF ALL WATER CONSUMPTION FROM MAJOR INDUSTRIES BY TPPs (ALSO SPMs).

SOUMYA DUTTA

THIS AFFECTS AGRICULTURAL LIVELIHOODS & FOOD SECURITY

COUNTRIES IN ASIA & AFRICA FACE WATER-STRESSCOUNTRIES IN ASIA & AFRICA FACE WATER-STRESSDUE TO POWER/ENERGY PLANTS, INDUSTRIES, MINING DUE TO POWER/ENERGY PLANTS, INDUSTRIES, MINING WHILE WORLD FOOD DEMAND INCREASES FAST WHILE WORLD FOOD DEMAND INCREASES FAST

FOOD AS ENERGY IS THE MOST BASIC NEED – MUST GET PRECEDENCE OVER ALL OTHER FORMS OF ENERGY USE. BUT WATER DEPLETION & CONTAMINATION IS PLAYING HAVOC WITH THE FOOD-SECURITY (CONNECTED WITH WATER-SECURITY) OF THE POOR.SO, WE WILL HAVE TO CUT OUR LUXURY ENERGY CONSUMPTION.

SOUMYA DUTTA

WORLD FOOD DEMAND 1500-2050

NOT ONLY TPPs, NOT ONLY ON NOT ONLY TPPs, NOT ONLY ON WATER WATER MAD ECNMC GROWTH IS MAD ECNMC GROWTH IS CLAIMING ITS TOLL EVERYWHERECLAIMING ITS TOLL EVERYWHERE

WHAT ABOUT ENV. KUZNET’S CURVE ?WHAT ABOUT ENV. KUZNET’S CURVE ?‘‘ECONOMIC GROWTH’ – POLLUTION RELATIONECONOMIC GROWTH’ – POLLUTION RELATION

CHANGE IN GDP AND EMISSIONS 2002-2006

SOUMYA DUTTA

NOT ONE COUNTRY TO ACHIEVE HIGH ‘GROWTH’ W/O HIGH ENERGY CONSUMPTION & EMISSIONS !!

ANOTHER PICTURE OF HUGE DISPARITIES ANOTHER PICTURE OF HUGE DISPARITIES THAT HAVE CHANGED LITTLE IN DECADESTHAT HAVE CHANGED LITTLE IN DECADES

43% - NO ELECTRICITY, 33% - LESS THAN 50 KwH/Month, 11% - 50-100KwH/M, 13% ->100 KwH/M; (PRAYAS)

ELECTRICITY

SOUMYA DUTTA

HUGE DISPARITIES BETWEEN STATES & BETWEEN URBAN & RURAL – IN ELECTR. CONSUMPTION -> RICH-POOR DIVIDE. (‘SHIFTING GOALPOSTS’)

WEST, SOUTH & LARGE PARTS OF WEST, SOUTH & LARGE PARTS OF CENTRAL INDIA – HIGH SOLAR CENTRAL INDIA – HIGH SOLAR POTENTIAL, NORTH/NE – SMALL HYDROPOTENTIAL, NORTH/NE – SMALL HYDRO

LARGE PARTS – 25-30 MW/SQ KMCONSIDER THOR DESERT – OVER

50,000 SQ KMs THINLY POPULATED

45,000 MW POTENTIAL – EVEN WITH LIMITED TECH CHOICE & INCOMPLETE

WIND MAPPING

SOUMYA DUTTA

DISTRIBUTEDRURAL ENERGY NEEDS DISTRIBUTEDRURAL ENERGY NEEDS MATCHED BY DISTRIBUTED RenEnGMATCHED BY DISTRIBUTED RenEnG

REGION-WISE GEO-THERMAL AVAILABILITY INDIA – HIGH PRIMARY

PLANT PRODUCTIVITY (Bio-Mass), N-E BEST

SOUMYA DUTTA

ELECTRICITY-LOSS/WASTAGEELECTRICITY-LOSS/WASTAGE++ QUESTION QUESTION- CAN HUGELY COMPLEMENT GENERATION- CAN HUGELY COMPLEMENT GENERATION

INDIA HAS ~1,72,000 MW INSTALLEDELECTRICITY CAPACITY (2011);~30% OF THIS IS LOST AS AT&C LOSS FROM PLANT TO USER ! CAN BE 10% ,

EVEN BEFORE, COAL-FIRED TPPsWASTE ~67% OF COAL ENERGY ANDGET ~33% AS ELECTRICITY, OUT OF WHICH ~3-4% IS USED FOR PLANT,

SO, ONLY ~21% OF COAL’s CHEMICAL ENERGY REACH THE USERS,

JUST T&D LOSS IS > 37,000MW !! ENOUGH TO FEED 9 DELHI’s !!! OR30 BIHAR STATES (on present ‘needs’),EQUALS ALL 9 NEW UMPPs !! T&DAT 10% WILL SAVE ~21,000MW, STILLMORE THAN 5 UMPPs >Rs.100K CR.

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ARE ALSO LOSING GENERATION CAPACITY DUE TO MASSIVE SILT-DEPOSITS, AND BAD WATER-PLAN,

KEEPING DAMS FULL BEFORE RAINS CAUSES SUDDEN FLOODS,

EXCEPT VERY FEW CO-GENERATION /COMBINED-CYCLE TPPs /NPPs, ALLHEAT THE AIR & WATER AROUND BIG, CAUSING HUGE LOSSES TO AQUATIC LIFE, LIVELIHOODS (& HEALTH LOSS)

EXTRA 5 UMPPs MEAN AN EXTRA ~24MILLION TONS OF TOXIC ASH-DUMPING-OVER 2 MILLION TONS OF TOXIC ASHFLYING IN AIR – CAUSING DISEASES, CROP LOSSES, CONTAMINATING WATERSOURCES, ……………….

SOUMYA DUTTA

ENERGY CHOICE IS ALSO LINKED WITH ENERGY CHOICE IS ALSO LINKED WITH EMPLOYMENT & ENVIRONMENTEMPLOYMENT & ENVIRONMENT Less energy intensive and more employment

generating ‘growth options’ exist and have been shown to work. The skill & knowledge based small service sector is an example, as is the over-hyped IT & ITES sectors, all of which produces more economic output w/o demanding huge extra energy. For India, energy planning also has to look into possibilities of generating large nos. of employments.

  The environmental, social & other costs of any form

of energy generation/ extraction / conversion needs to be taken into account, to find the true cost of that particular choice of energy source / form / technology. Thus, Coal power & nuclear power has very large externalised costs – not taken into the market price. These externalised costs are being paid by those displaced by mines & power-plants, communities affected by their huge water, air & soil pollution etc. In choosing our energy options, these must be internalised in the cost of that power.

SUSTAINABILITY OF ALL PEOPLE & ECO-SYSTEMS MUST DRIVE OUR ENERGY PATH, NOT

CORPORATE PROFITS

AND DAMAGING GROWTH - THANKS