East and West in the Grip of the East and West in the Grip of the Cold WarCold War

2525

Collapse of the Grand AllianceCollapse of the Grand Alliance Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe

Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe and much of the Balkans

United States and other Allied forces occupied the western part

Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, and Hungary

Czechoslovakia becomes Communist in 1948 Yugoslavia become an independent communist state

Descent of the Iron CurtainDescent of the Iron Curtain

British Prime Minister’s, Winston Churchill, “Iron curtain” speech Divided Germany and Europe into two

hostile camps Stalin’s reply: call to war with the Soviet

Union” American people were in no mood for war

Eastern Europe in 1948Eastern Europe in 1948

Truman Doctrine and Truman Doctrine and The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Winston Churchill, Westminster College Truman Doctrine

Civil war in Greece and Turkey Money to countries threatened by communist expansion

Marshall Plan, June 1947 $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view, “capitalist imperialism”

Europe DividedEurope Divided Split in Europe between East and West a fact of life “containment” - George F. Kennan, Foreign Affairs, July 1947 The Berlin Airlift

Denazification Partitioning of Germany (and Berlin) into 4 occupied zones British and Americans: tried 2 million cases Soviets and French went after major criminals and allowed lesser

officials free Soviet Union, suffered most from the war, took reparations in the form

of booty Merging of the British, French, and American zones Blockade of Berlin, 1948-1949 German Federal Republic created, September 1949 German Democratic Republic created, October 1949

Berlin at the Start of the Cold WarBerlin at the Start of the Cold War

A City DividedA City Divided

Cold War in EuropeCold War in Europe Cold War Alliances

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), April 1949

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949

Warsaw Pact, 1955 Who Started the Cold War?

Blame on Stalin – impose Soviet rule on Eastern Europe

Blame on the U.S. – policy of encircling the Soviet Union with client states

New European Alliance Systems New European Alliance Systems During the Cold WarDuring the Cold War

Cold War in AsiaCold War in Asia Slower in Asia Stalin entered Pacific War against Japan Roosevelt promised Moscow “preeminent interests” in

Manchuria and Soviet naval base at Port Arthur Stalin signed an alliance with Republic of China not to

support Chinese communists Stalin did not like Mao Zedong and wanted a strategically

vital economic and political presence in northern China Allied agreements broke down East Asia entered Cold War in late 1940s

The Chinese Civil WarThe Chinese Civil War Relations between U.S. and Chiang Kai-shek frayed U.S. disillusioned by corruption of Chiang’s government

and its unwillingness to fight the Japanese Chiang wrestled with Japanese aggression and national

development problems Communists started to build strength in northern China “mass line” policy - “from the masses to the masses” Reduced rents, confiscated lands from wealthy landlords By end of WWII, 20-30 million Chinese under PLA and

one million troops

The Chinese Civil WarThe Chinese Civil War

The Communist TriumphThe Communist Triumph Communists occupied rural area in Manchuria

Reforms by the communists Peasants attracted by promises of land and social

justice United States tried to find peaceful solution Beijing encircled by PLA in 1948

Chiang and 2 million Nationalist followers flee to Taiwan

President Truman gives limited military support to Chiang Kai-shek

• Sends George Marshall• Charges of “soft on communism” at home

The New ChinaThe New China Communist Government – 1949 with capital in Beijing Goals:

Erase a century of humiliation at hands of imperialist powers

Restore traditional outer frontiers: territories of Manchu Empire (Manchuria, Taiwan, and Tibet) and Chinese influence in Korea and Vietnam

Soviet recognized Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria and Xinjiang

Chinese occupied Tibet in 1950 China provoked conflict with foreign powers over Korea

and Taiwan Taiwan was occupied by Chiang Kai-skek, which the U.S.

supported

Korean WarKorean War China wanted to recover what had been part of Manchu

Empire China want to restore influence over Korea and Vietnam After the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek’s Republic of China

and flight to Taiwan, the island became part of U.S. defense strategy in the Pacific

U.S. and Soviet Union divide Korea at the 38th parallel, August 1945

North Koreans invaded the south, June 25, 1950 Chinese “volunteers” intervene when UN troops approach

the Yalu River Cease-fire, July, 1953

The Korean PeninsulaThe Korean Peninsula

Conflict in IndochinaConflict in Indochina Vietminh Front led by Ho Chi Minh seize northern and

central Vietnam

War breaks out in December, 1946

Geneva Conference temporarily divided Vietnam, 1954 Elections to be held in two years Laos and Cambodia declared independent

From Confrontation to CoexistenceFrom Confrontation to Coexistence Soviet Union detonated first nuclear device in

1949 Nuclear holocaust averted with Stalin’s death in

1953 and successors Malenkov and Khrushchev desire to reduce tensions with West and improve living standards of Soviet people

Policy of peaceful coexistence with West Ended postwar occupation of Austria Reduced defense expenditures and size of army

Ferment in Eastern EuropeFerment in Eastern Europe Warsaw Pact - “little Stalins” ruled Eastern European

Soviet-type 5-year plans heavy industry rather than consumer goods Collectivization of agriculture, Nationalization of industry Elimination of all non-Communist parties Institutions of repression: secret police and military

forces Discontent in Hungary, Poland, and Romania Major protests in Poland in 1956

The Hungarian RevolutionThe Hungarian Revolution Brutal “little Stalin” Matyas Rakosi student-led riots spread from capital (Budapest) to towns

and villages Rakosi replaced by Nagy who tried to satisfy popular

demands without angering soviets Protest movement wanted political reforms and withdrawal

of Hungary from Warsaw Pact Soviets sent in troops and replace Nagy with a pliant party

leader Nagy arrested, convicted of treason, and executed

How the Mighty Have FallenHow the Mighty Have Fallen

Different Roads to SocialismDifferent Roads to Socialism

To quell discontent, Soviet leaders allowed satellites to adopt domestic policies appropriate to local conditions “different roads to socialism”

Hungary – allowed a measure of capitalist incentive and freedom of expression

Crisis over Berlin East-West cultural exchange Khruschev’s visit to US in 1958

Rivalry in the Third WorldRivalry in the Third World

Competition between superpowers (Soviets and U.S.) for influence throughout the world

Khrushchev established alliances with Indonesia, Egypt, India, Cuba

Unnerved the U.S. by declaring Soviet support to national liberation movements around the world

Rising fears in Washington

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba, 1959

Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, 1961

Discovery by U.S. of missile bases being built, 1962

President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba

Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba

The Sino-Soviet DisputeThe Sino-Soviet Dispute Mao asserts with the death of Stalin, he should be

the most authoritative voice in the socialist community

Limited Soviet economic assistance Khrushchev rejected Chinese demands to help

regain Taiwan China portrays itself as the leader of the “rural

underdeveloped countries”

Second Indochina WarSecond Indochina War

United States opposed the division of Vietnam in the settlement of Geneva in 1954

Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam refuses to hold elections

Ho Chi Minh returns to a policy of war in the south, 1959

Diem regime overthrown with the approval of the Kennedy administration, 1963

President Lyndon Johnson sends larger numbers of troops to Vietnam, 1965

Indochina After 1957Indochina After 1957

Role of ChinaRole of China China concerned about the war; does not get directly

involved Tet offensive by the communists, 1968 President Richard Nixon elected in 1969 vows to bring an

honorable end and began withdrawing troops Improved relations with China which undercut Chinese

support for the North Vietnamese war effort Henry Kissinger’s secret trip to China President Nixon visit to China in 1972

U.S. reassured China that it would withdraw from Indochina

Two sides agreed to set aside differences over Taiwan

A Bridge Across the Cold War DivideA Bridge Across the Cold War Divide

Fall of SaigonFall of Saigon Peace treaty in 1973 called for withdrawal of U.S.

troops from South Vietnam Communists were to halt military operations and

negotiate with Saigon Negotiations broke down Communists resumed offensive in 1975 South Vietnamese surrendered in 1976 Vietnam unified under Communist rule

An Era of EquivalenceAn Era of Equivalence The Brezhnev Doctrine Czechoslovakia

Leonid Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev in 1964 Czechoslovakia’s “socialism with a human face”

during a period called “Prague Spring” was short-lived Soviet Red Army invaded in 1968 and crushed the

reform movement Warning to other socialist states not to stray far from

Marxist-Lenist orthodoxy East Germany

Erected a wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin Rule under party hard-liner, Honecker, for 18 years

An Era of DAn Era of Détenteétente New age of Soviet-American relations – détente Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty called SALT I

Two nations agreed to limit size of their ABM systems U.S. policy of ‘equivalence’

Belief that two sides with equal power was best way to avoid nuclear confrontation

Nixon pursued a policy of “linkages” to increase trade and cultural contacts with Soviet Union

Helsinki Agreement, 1975 Acknowledged the Soviet sphere of influence in

Eastern Europe Recognize and protect human rights of signatories’

citizens

Renewed Tensions in the Third WorldRenewed Tensions in the Third World

Soviet’s involvement in Africa: Somalia, Ethiopia, Angola Soviet troops to Afghanistan, 1979

U.S. thought the motivation was because of oil Soviets feared the spread of Islamic activism to its

Muslim populations in Central Asia U.S. suspicions of the Soviet Union increased:

Carter Doctrine Thought Soviet’s was seeking strategic superiority in

nuclear weapons U.S. public support for détente waned led to failure of

Congress to approve anew arms limitation agreement (SALT II)

Countering the Evil EmpireCountering the Evil Empire President Ronald Reagan (b. 1911) and the “Evil Empire”

Nuclear-tipped cruise missiles and Strategic Defense Initiative

U.S. activities in Nicaragua Sandinistas Contras

U.S. military aid to insurgents in Afghanistan

The New World OrderThe New World Order Early 1990s, Soviet Union disintegrated Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe became independent Mao Zedong’s vision of a classless utopia was replaced by a

market-based economy focused on wealth and power End to Cold War - hope for peaceful cooperation and global

prosperity Civil war broke out in Balkans in mid-1990s Ethnic and religious disputes in Africa and Middle East 9/11 led the world into a new era “War on Terrorism” Environmental problems Threat of global warming Gap between rich and poor nations Migrations of peoples

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

Why were the United States and the Soviet Union suspicious of each other after WW II, and what events between 1945 and 1949 heightened the tensions between the two nations?

How and why did Mao Zedong and the Communists come to power in China, and what were the Cold War implications of their triumph?

Why did the Cold War briefly flare up again in the 1980s, and why did it come to a definitive end at the end of the decade?