earth's interior mega packet mc

EARTH'S INTERIOR MEGA PACKET MC

A) rigid mantle and plastic mantleB) outer core and stiffer mantleC) stiffer mantle and asthenosphereD) crust and rigid mantle

1. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Mohoboundary?

A) seismic wavesB) depth of Earth's oceansC) electromagnetic radiationD) isobar gradients

2. A model of Earth's internal structure is shown below.

Analysis of which type of data led to the developmentof this model?


3. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of Earth shown below. Letters B, C, and D represent layers of Earth. Letter Q represents alocation on Earth's surface.

A) Q B) B C) C D) D

Which letter best represents Earth's mantle?

4. Base your answer to the following question on "the cross section below, which shows the paths ofseismic waves traveling from an earthquake epicenter through the different layers of Earth's interior.

"

A) P-waves are absorbed and S-waves are refracted by Earth's outer coreB) P-waves are refracted and S-waves are absorbed by Earth's outer coreC) both the P-waves and S-waves are refracted by Earth's outer coreD) both the P-waves and S-waves are absorbed by Earth's outer core

No P-waves or S-waves are received in the shadow zone because


A) rigid mantle B) asthenosphereC) outer core D) inner core

5. Which part of Earth’s interior is inferred to haveconvection currents that cause tectonic plates tomove?


6. The graph below shows the different velocities of P-waves and S-waves through Earth's interior.

Which cross section best shows the inferred thickness of Earth's interior layers that cause thesedifferent velocities?

A)

B)


C)

D)

A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3

B) liquid, with an average density ofapproximately 11 g/cm3

C) solid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm3

D) solid, with an average density of approximately 11 g/cm3

7. Earth’s outer core is best inferred to be

A) P-waves can pass through the outer core.B) P-waves cannot pass through the outer core.C) S-waves can pass through the outer core.D) S-waves cannot pass through the outer core.

8. Why is Earth’s outer core inferred to be a liquid?

A) solid all the way to the center of the inner coreB) solid, then liquid to the center of the inner coreC) solid, then liquid, then solid again to the

center of the inner coreD) solid, then liquid, then gaseous to the center of

the inner core

9. From the top of the stiffer mantle to the center ofEarth, the rock material is inferred to be

A) composed of iron and nickelB) more dense than the inner coreC) hotter than the rock's melting pointD) in the solid state of matter

10. The fact that S-waves are unable to travel throughthe Earth's outer core supports the inference that theouter core is


A) an iron-rich solidB) an iron-rich liquidC) a silicate-rich solidD) a silicate-rich liquid

11. The rock between 2,900 kilometers and 5,200kilometers below the Earth's surface is inferred to be

A) inner core B) outer coreC) mantle D) crust

12. Which part of the Earth is most likely a liquid zone?

A) crust B) stiffer mantleC) inner core D) outer core

13. In the Earth's interior, which zone has a temperaturehigher than its melting point?

A) A zone of liquid rock exists within the Earth.B) Iron in some rocks prevents S-waves from

traveling.C) Some seismographs are more sensitive than

others.D) S-waves are very weak.

14. The analysis of seismic data from an earthquakeshows that some locations received both P-wavesand S-waves, but other locations received only P-waves. What is the best inference that can be madefrom these observations?

A) water erosion on the MoonB) weathering on the Moon's surfaceC) radioactivity of the Moon's surface rocksD) the Moon's interior

15. Seismic studies of the Moon have helped scientiststo make inferences about

A) thicker, with a less dense graniticcomposition

B) thicker, with a more dense basaltic compositionC) thinner, with a less dense granitic compositionD) thinner, with a more dense basaltic composition

16. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crustis usually

A) thinner and more denseB) thinner and less denseC) thicker and more denseD) thicker and less dense

17. Compared to Earth’s continental crust, Earth’soceanic crust is

A) East Pacific RidgeB) the center of South AmericaC) Old Forge, New YorkD) San Andreas Fault

18. Beneath which surface location is Earth's crust thethinnest?


19. Base your answer to the following question on "the map below which shows the locations of deep-seacore drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the diverging plate at the EastPacific Ridge is shown by a dashed line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge.

"

A) thinner and less dense B) thinner and more denseC) thicker and less dense D) thicker and more dense

Compared to the thickness and density of the continental crust of South America, the oceanic crust ofthe Pacific floor is

A) The crust is thinner and less dense than themantle.

B) The crust is thinner and more dense than themantle.

C) The crust is thicker and less dense than themantle.

D) The crust is thicker and more dense than themantle.

20. Which statement most accurately compares Earth’scrust and Earth’s mantle?


21. Base your answer to the following question on "the map below, which shows seismic stations X, Y, and Z that have recorded seismic waves from thesame earthquake. The distances from seismic stations X and Y to the earthquake epicenter have beendrawn on the map. Locations A, B, C, and D represent possible earthquake epicenters. The distancefrom seismic station Z to the earthquake epicenter has been deliberately omitted.

"

A) lithosphere B) asthenosphere C) stiffer mantle D) outer core

If the earthquake's focus was 2 kilometers below Earth's surface, the earthquake occurred in the

A) thinner and composed of graniteB) thinner and composed of basaltC) thicker and composed of graniteD) thicker and composed of basalt

22. Compared to Earth's oceanic crust, Earth'scontinental crust is A) at the edge of continental shelves

B) at mid-ocean ridgesC) under continental mountain rangesD) under volcanic islands

23. Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust?


A) at mid-ocean ridgesB) at transform faultsC) under continental mountain rangesD) under volcanic islands

24. Where is the thickest part of the Earth's crust?

A) B)

C) D)

25. On the map below, locations A and B are reference points on the Earth's surface. Crustal thicknesswas measured beneath a line from A to B.

Which graph best represents the thickness of the Earth's crust from location A to location B?


A) The oceanic crust is thicker than the mantle.B) The continental crust is thicker than the

oceanic crust.C) The continental crust is composed primarily of

sedimentary rock.D) The crust is composed of denser rock than the

mantle is.

26. The diagram below represents a cross section of aportion of the Earth's crust.

Which statement about the Earth's crust is bestsupported by the diagram?

A) the interface varies in an unpredictable mannerB) oceanic crust is thicker than continental crustC) continental crust is thicker than oceanic

crustD) both oceanic and continental crusts are

approximately the same thickness

27. The interface between the crust and mantle of theEarth is generally much deeper under continentalsurfaces than under ocean surfaces. This informationindicates that

A) more dense than continental crustB) softer than continental crustC) thinner than continental crustD) younger than continental crust

28. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling willbe done through the oceanic crust rather thanthrough the continental crust because oceanic crust is


A) crust B) outer core C) troposphere D) hydrosphere

29. The pie graph below represents the composition, in percent by mass, of the chemical elements foundin an Earth layer.

The composition of which Earth layer is represented by the pie graph?


30. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents thedistance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

A) B)

C) D)

Which map best represents the pattern of magnetic polarity in the minerals of ocean-floor bedrock oneach side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A) fluorite and calciteB) magnetite and pyriteC) amphibole and quartzD) galena and sulfur

31. Which minerals contain the two most abundantelements by mass in Earth’s crust?


A) garnet, calcite, pyrite, and galenaB) biotite mica, muscovite mica, fluorite, and

haliteC) talc, quartz, graphite, and olivineD) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene,

and potassium feldspar

32. The most abundant metallic element by mass inEarth's crust makes up 8.23% of the crust. Whichgroup of minerals all normally contain this metallicelement in their compositions?

A) olivineB) potassium feldsparC) plagioclase feldsparD) quartz

33. Which mineral is most frequently found in bothgranitic continental crust and basaltic oceanic crust?

A) silicon and iron B) silicon and oxygenC) iron and lead D) iron and nickel

34. The interior of Earth between a depth of 5200kilometers and 6300 kilometers is inferred to becomposed mostly of

A) nitrogen B) hydrogenC) oxygen D) silicon

35. Which element is most abundant in Earth's crust?

A) felsic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3

B) felsic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3

C) mafic, with a density of 2.7 g/cm3

D) mafic, with a density of 3.0 g/cm3

36. The basaltic bedrock of the oceanic crust isclassified as

A) aluminum, iron, calciumB) aluminum, silicon, magnesiumC) magnesium, iron, aluminumD) magnesium, silicon, calcium

37. Which group of elements is listed in increasing orderbased on the percent by mass in Earth’s crust?

A) less dense and less felsicB) less dense and less maficC) more dense and more felsicD) more dense and more mafic

38. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crustis

A) potassium B) hydrogenC) nitrogen D) silicon

39. The two most abundant elements by mass in Earth’scrust are oxygen and

A) composition B) thicknessC) porosity D) rate of cooling

40. The observed difference in density betweencontinental crust and oceanic crust is most likely dueto differences in their


41. Base your answer to the following question on "the map below. The map shows the continents ofAfrica and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults.Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor.

"

A) B)

C) D)

Which table best shows the relative densities of the crustal bedrock at locations A, B, C, and D?

A) aluminum and ironB) sodium and chlorineC) calcium and carbonD) oxygen and silicon

42. What are the two most abundant elements by massfound in Earth's crust?


43. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows a portion ofEarth’s crust and upper mantle near a mid-ocean ridge.

A) igneous rock with normal magnetic polarityB) igneous rock with reversed magnetic polarityC) sedimentary rock with normal magnetic polarityD) sedimentary rock with reversed magnetic polarity

If crust 2 represents basalt with normal magnetic polarity, what does crust 3 most likely represent?

A) less dense, more mafic, and thinnerB) less dense, more felsic, and thickerC) more dense, more mafic, and thinnerD) more dense, more felsic, and thicker

44. Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is

A) 20% B) 30% C) 70% D) 90%

45. What is the approximate percentage by volume ofoxygen in the crust of the Earth?

A) silicon and potassiumB) silicon and ironC) iron and nickelD) oxygen and potassium

46. Which two elements make up the greatest volume ofthe Earth's crust?

A) thicker B) more denseC) more granitic D) more felsic

47. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crustis

A) nitrogen B) oxygenC) silicon D) hydrogen

48. The most abundant element in the Earth's crust is

A) more graniteB) more basaltC) more fossilsD) the same minerals and fossils

49. In the diagram below, letters A and B representlocations near the edge of a continent.

A geologist who compares nonsedimentary rocksamples from locations A and B would probably findthat the samples from location A contain

A) inner core B) troposphereC) hydrosphere D) crust

50. Oxygen is the most abundant element by volume inthe Earth's

A) basalt B) graniteC) sandstone D) limestone

51. Most of the oceanic crust is composed of rockmaterial similar to


A) younger B) thickerC) less dense D) more felsic

52. Compared to the continental crust of central NorthAmerica, the oceanic crust of the Mid-AtlanticRidge is

A) oxygen B) nitrogenC) hydrogen D) iron

53. Which element in the Earth's crust makes up thelargest volume of most minerals?

A) The oceanic crust is thinner and contains lessbasalt.

B) The oceanic crust is thinner and containsmore basalt.

C) The oceanic crust is thicker and contains lessbasalt.

D) The oceanic crust is thicker and contains morebasalt.

54. How does the oceanic crust compare to thecontinental crust?

A) nitrogen B) oxygenC) silicon D) iron

55. Which element is most abundant by mass in theEarth's crust?

A) crust B) outer core C) troposphere D) hydrosphere

56. The pie graph below represents the composition, in percent by mass, of the chemical elements foundin an Earth layer.

The composition of which Earth layer is represented by the pie graph?


A) oxygen, potassium, sodium, and calciumB) hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and potassiumC) aluminum, iron, silicon, and magnesiumD) aluminum, calcium, hydrogen, and iron

57. What are the four most abundant elements, byvolume, in the Earth's crust?

A) silicon and oxygenB) hydrogen and ironC) oxygen and magnesiumD) hydrogen and calcium

58. Which two elements listed below are most abundantby weight in the Earth's crust?

A) 0.2 million atmosphereB) 1.5 million atmospheresC) 3.1 million atmospheresD) 3.6 million atmospheres

59. The pressure at the interface between Earth's outercore and inner core is inferred to be

A) 1.5 million atmospheres pressure and aninterior temperature of 4950°C

B) 1.5 million atmospheres pressure and an interiortemperature of 6200°C

C) 3.1 million atmospheres pressure and an interiortemperature of 4950°C

D) 3.1 million atmospheres pressure and an interiortemperature of 6200°C

60. What are the inferred pressure and temperature at theboundary of Earth's stiffer mantle and outer core?

A) a decrease in the rate of rotation of EarthB) the gravitational pull on materials of varying

densitiesC) variations in heating by the Sun due to Earth's

tiltD) collisions with meteors and comets

61. What caused the interior of Earth to separate intolayers?

A) 1000°C and 0.5 million atmospheresB) 1000°C and 1.0 million atmospheresC) 5000°C and 1.5 million atmospheresD) 5000°C and 3.0 million atmospheres

62. The inferred temperature and pressure of Earth'sinterior at a depth of 3,000 kilometers areapproximately


A) B)

C) D)

63. Which graph best shows the range of density in each of Earth's layers?

Base your answers to questions 64 through 67 on the diagram below, which represents zones ofEarth's interior, identified by letters A through E. The scale shows depths below Earth's surface,measured in kilometers.

A) A B) B C) E D) D

64. The Moho is a boundary located in zone

A) 650 km B) 1600 km C) 2250 km D) 2900 km

65. What is the approximate thickness of zone C?

A) zone A B) zone E C) zone C D) zone D

66. Which zone of Earth's interior has a density closest to the densities of the other terrestrial planets?


A) zone A B) zone B C) zone C D) zone E

67. Which zone is characterized by partially melted rock and large-scale convection currents?

A) 1000°C B) 2500°CC) 4500°C D) 5000°C

68. The inferred temperature at the interface between thestiffer mantle and the asthenosphere is closest to

Base your answers to questions 69 through 71 on the cross section below, which shows the boundarybetween two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continental lithosphere. The depth belowEarth's surface is labeled in kilometers.

A) less dense and thinner B) less dense and thickerC) more dense and thinner D) more dense and thicker

69. Compared to the continental crust, the oceanic crust is

A) rigid mantle B) stiffer mantle C) asthenosphere D) outer core

70. Point X is located in which Earth layer?

A) 100°C B) 1300°C C) 4200°C D) 5000°C

71. The temperature of the asthenosphere at the depth where melting first occurs is inferred to beapproximately


A) Impact events added the mantle rock above the cores.B) Heat from the Sun melted the surface rocks to form the mantles above the cores.C) Gravity separated the cores and mantles due to their density differences.D) Rapid heat loss caused the cores to solidify before the mantles.

72. The diagram below shows the cutaway views of the inferred interior layers of the planets Mercuryand Venus.

What is the reason for the development of the interior layers of these two planets?

A) 3500°C and 0.4 million atmospheresB) 3500°C and 2.0 million atmospheresC) 5500°C and 0.4 million atmospheresD) 5500°C and 2.0 million atmospheres

73. Which combination of temperature and pressure isinferred to occur within Earth’s stiffer mantle?

A) density decreases and temperature decreasesB) density decreases and temperature increasesC) density increases and temperature increasesD) density increases and temperature decreases

74. What happens to the density and temperature of rockwithin Earth’s interior as depth increases?

A) 2000°C B) 3000°CC) 5000°C D) 6000°C

75. Which temperature is inferred to exist in Earth’splastic mantle?

A) 1.9 B) 2.8 C) 5500 D) 6500

76. What is Earth’s inferred interior pressure, in millionsof atmospheres, at a depth of 3500 kilometers?

A) The oceanic crust has a greater density.B) The oceanic crust is pulled downward by

Earth’s magnetic field.C) The continental crust has a more mafic

composition.D) The continental crust is pulled upward by the

Moon’s gravity.

77. Why does the oceanic crust sink beneath thecontinental crust at a subduction boundary?


A) B)

C) D)

78. Which graph best shows the inferred density of Earth's interior as depth increases from the uppermantle to the lower mantle?

A) The mantle is less dense than the core butmore dense than the crust.

B) The mantle is less dense than both the core andthe crust.

C) The mantle is more dense than the core but lessdense than the crust.

D) The mantle is more dense than both the coreand the crust.

79. Which statement correctly describes the density ofEarth’s mantle compared to the density of Earth’score and crust?

A) temperature = l,000°C; pressure = 10 millionatmospheres

B) temperature = 2,000°C; pressure = 0.1million atmospheres

C) temperature = 3,500°C; pressure = 0.5 millionatmospheres

D) temperature = 6,000°C; pressure = 4 millionatmospheres

80. Which conditions normally can be found in Earthsasthenosphere, producing a partial melting ofultramafic rock?

A) 2,500°C B) 4,500°CC) 5,000°C D) 6,200°C

81. What is the inferred temperature at the boundarybetween Earth’s stiffer mantle and outer core?


A) Continental crust is less dense.B) Continental crust deforms less easily.C) Continental crust melts at higher temperatures.D) Continental crust contains more mafic minerals.

82. When a continental crustal plate collides with anoceanic crustal plate, the continental crust is forcedto move over the oceanic crust. What is the primaryreason that the continental crust stays on top of theoceanic crust?

A) less than the density of the outer core butgreater than the density of the mantle

B) greater than the density of the outer core butless than the density of the mantle

C) less than the density of both the outer coreand the mantle

D) greater than the density of both the outer coreand the mantle

83. The density of Earth’s crust is

A) outer core B) inner coreC) rigid mantle D) stiffer mantle

84. In which layer of Earth’s interior is the pressureinferred to be 1.0 million atmospheres?

A) less dense, cooler, and composed of more ironB) less dense, hotter, and composed of less ironC) more dense, hotter, and composed of more

ironD) more dense, cooler, and composed of less iron

85. Compared to Earth’s crust, Earth’s core is believedto be

86. Base your answer to the following question on "the diagram below, which shows a portion of Earth'sinterior. Point A is a location on the interfacebetween layers.

"

A) 600°C B) 1,000°CC) 2,600°C D) 3,000°C

The temperature of rock at location A isapproximately


Base your answers to questions 87 and 88 on thediagram below, which shows a cutaway view ofEarth in which the interior layers are visible. Thepaths of earthquake waves generated at point X areshown. A, B, C, and D are locations of seismicstations on Earth's surface, and point E is located inEarth's interior.

A) S-waves are much weaker than P-waves.B) S-waves travel faster than P-waves.C) The liquid outer core prevents S-waves from

traveling to seismic stations C and D.D) The solid outer core prevents S-waves from

traveling to seismic stations C and D.

87. Both P-waves and S-waves were received at seismicstations A and B, but only P-waves were received atseismic stations C and D. Which statement bestexplains why this occurred?

A) 1,500ºC B) 2,900ºCC) 5,000ºC D) 6,200ºC

88. The actual rock temperature at point E is inferred tobe approximately

A) 1.0 million atomspheresB) 1.4 million atmospheresC) 3.0 million atmospheresD) 3.4 million atmospheres

89. The pressure at the interface between the mantle andthe outer core of Earth is inferred to beapproximately


Base your answers to questions 90 through 94 on the diagram below which represents three crosssections of the Earth at different locations to a depth of 50 kilometers below sea level. Themeasurements given with each cross section indicate the thickness and the density of the layers.

A) radioactive dating B) seismic wavesC) volcanic eruptions D) gravity measurements

90. The division of the Earth's interior into crust and mantle, as shown in the diagram, is based primarilyon the study of

A) The mantle is liquid.B) The mantle has the same composition as the crust.C) The mantle is located at different depths below the Earth's surface.D) The mantle does not exist under continental mountains.

91. Which statement about the Earth's mantle is confirmed by the diagram?

A) thinner and less dense B) thinner and more denseC) thicker and less dense D) thicker and more dense

92. Compared with the oceanic crust, the continental crust is

A) basalt B) granite C) shale D) limestone

93. Which material is most likely to be found 20 kilometers below sea level at the continental mountainlocation?

A) mantle, crust, ocean water B) crust, mantle, ocean waterC) ocean water, mantle, crust D) ocean water, crust, mantle

94. In which group are the layers of the Earth arranged in order of increasing average density?


A) 1,500°C B) 4,500°CC) 5,000ºC D) 7,000ºC

95. What is the approximate temperature at themantle-outer core boundary?

A) less confining pressureB) lower melting pointsC) greater rock densityD) greater rock temperatures

96. An earthquake shear wave generally travels faster asthe wave moves deeper into Earth's interior becausegreater depths have

A) asthenosphere B) stiffer mantleC) inner core D) outer core

97. In which area of Earth's interior is the pressure mostlikely to be 2.5 million atmospheres?

98. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and the cross section below. The crosssection represents a possible model of the Moon'sinterior.

Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts haveprovided enough data to develop a model of theMoon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moon hasa layered interior and that its crustal thickness variesgreatly from one side of the Moon to the other.

A) Pressure, temperature, and density allincrease with depth.

B) Pressure increases with depth, but temperatureand density remain the same.

C) Pressure and temperature increase with depth,but density remains the same.

D) Pressure, temperature, and density remain thesame at all depths.

If the pressure, temperature, and density patterns ofthe Moon's interior are similar to those of the Earth'sinterior, which statement best describes the Moon'scharacteristics?

A) 6,500ºC B) 4,200ºCC) 3,500ºC D) 1,800ºC

99. At a depth of 2,000 kilometers, the temperature ofthe stiffer mantle is inferred to be


A) density, temperature, and pressure decreaseB) density, temperature, and pressure increaseC) density and temperature decrease, but pressure

increasesD) density decreases, but temperature and

pressure increase

100. As depth within the Earth's interior increases, the

A) continental crustB) asthenosphere (plastic mantle)C) stiffer mantleD) outer core

101. In which part of the Earth is a rock temperature of2,000ºC most likely to occur?

A) The Earth is spherical.B) Seismic waves tend to travel in curved paths.C) The temperature of the Earth's interior

decreases with depth.D) Different parts of the Earth's interior have

different densities.

102. Which statement best explains why the direction ofsome seismic waves changes sharply as the wavestravel through the Earth?

A) 1,000 K B) 2,800 KC) 5,000 K D) 6,800 K

103. The temperature at the center of the Earth isestimated to be

A) 5 to 30 kmB) 700 to 900 kmC) 2,900 to 3,000 kmD) 5,000 to 5,200 km

104. Approximately how far below the Earth's surface isthe interface between the mantle and the outercore?

A) tidal frictionB) incoming solar radiationC) decay of radioactive materialsD) meteorite bombardment of the Earth

105. The source of energy for the high temperaturesfound deep within the Earth is

A) 0.2 to 1.4 million atmospheresB) 0.8 to 2.3 million atmospheresC) 1.4 to 3.1 million atmospheresD) 2.3 to 3.5 million atmospheres

106. What is the range of pressure in Earth's interiorwhere rock with a density range of 9.9 to 12.2 g/cm3 is found?

A) 1.4 million atmospheresB) 2.0 million atmospheresC) 2.8 million atmospheresD) 3.1 million atmospheres

107. At 4,500 kilometers below the surface of the Earth,the pressure is estimated to be

A) The density of the mantle is greatest 300 kmbelow the Earth's surface.

B) The highest temperatures within the Earthoccur in the mantle.

C) The greatest pressures within the Earth exist inthe mantle.

D) The temperature of the mantle 300 kmbelow the Earth's surface is very near itsmelting point.

108. Which statement about the Earth's mantle iscorrect?

A) crust B) mantleC) outer core D) inner core

109. A part of which zone of the Earth's interior isinferred to have a density of 10.0 grams per cubiccentimeter?

A) As depth increases, density, temperature, andpressure decrease.

B) As depth increases, density and temperatureincrease, but pressure decreases.

C) As depth increases, density increases, buttemperature and pressure decrease.

D) As depth increases, density, temperature,and pressure increase.

110. What is the relationship between density,temperature, and pressure inside the Earth?


A) outer core B) inner coreC) crust D) mantle

111. In which zone of the Earth's interior is the meltingpoint of the rock inferred to be lower than theactual temperature of the rock?

A) crust, mantle, outer core, inner coreB) crust, mantle, inner core, outer coreC) inner core, outer core, mantle, crustD) outer core, inner core, mantle, crust

112. In which group are the zones of the Earth's interiorcorrectly arranged in order of increasing averagedensity?

A) 250 and 500 kmB) 1500 and 2500 kmC) 2500 and 3500 kmD) 3500 and 4000 km

113. The rate of temperature increase below the Earth'ssurface is greatest between depths of

A) 200 K B) 2,100 KC) 2,800 K D) 3,200 K

114. The temperature of rock located 1,000 kilometersbelow the Earth's surface is about

A)

B)

C)

D)

115. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween depth and density for the Earth's interior?


116. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earthscience.

Island Arcs

Island arcs are long, curved chains of oceanic islands associated with seismic activity andmountain-building processes at certain plate boundaries. They occur where oceanic tectonicplates collide. Along one side of these island arcs, there is usually a long, narrow deep-seatrench. At island arcs, the denser plate is subducted and is forced into the partially molten mantleunder the less dense plate. The islands are composed of the extrusive igneous rocks basalt andandesite. The basalt originates most likely from the plastic mantle. The andesite originates mostlikely from the melting of parts of the descending plate and sediments that had accumulated onits surface.

A) crust B) rigid mantle C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle

Most of the basalt that forms island arcs comes from the


Base your answers to questions 117 through 119 on the passage and cross section below and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents one theory of the movement of rockmaterials in Earth's dynamic interior. Some mantle plumes that are slowly rising from the boundarybetween Earth's outer core and stiffer mantle are indicated.

Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes

Research of mantle hot spots indicates that mantle plumes form in a variety of sizes and shapes.These mantle plumes range in diameter from several hundred kilometers to 1000 kilometers.Some plumes rise as blobs rather than in a continuous streak; however, most plumes are long,slender columns of hot rock slowly rising in Earth's stiffer mantle. One theory is that most plumesform at the boundary between the outer core and the stiffer mantle. They may reach Earth'ssurface in the center of plates or at plate boundaries, producing volcanoes or large domes.

A) fine-grained, dark-colored felsic mineralsB) fine-grained, dark-colored mafic mineralsC) coarse-grained, light-colored felsic mineralsD) coarse-grained, light-colored mafic minerals

117. The basaltic rock that forms volcanic mountains where mantle plumes reach Earth's surface isusually composed of

A) 700 km B) 2000 km C) 2900 km D) 5100 km

118. At which depth below Earth's surface is the boundary between Earth's outer core and stiffer mantlelocated?

A) cooler and less dense B) cooler and more denseC) hotter and less dense D) hotter and more dense

119. Compared to the surrounding material, mantle plumes rise toward Earth's surface from thecore-mantle boundary because they are


A) seismic wavesB) crustal rocksC) radioactive decay ratesD) magnetic pole reversals

120. Earth’s inner core is inferred to be solid based onthe analysis of


121. Base your answer to the following question on "cross section below, which shows an underwatermountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic bedrock is composed mainly of basalt. Points X and Y are locations in the bedrock that have been diverging at the same rate. The movement of theNorth American Plate and Eurasian Plate is shown by the two arrows.

"


A)

B)

C)

D)

Which cross section best represents the relative locations of Earth's asthenosphere, rigid mantle, andstiffer mantle? (The cross sections are not drawn to scale.)

A) the Moon’s interiorB) the Moon’s compositionC) Earth’s surface featuresD) Earth’s seismic data

122. Scientists have inferred the structure of Earth’sinterior mainly by analyzing

A) liquidB) solidC) composed of a high percentage of ironD) under the same pressure

123. Earth’s outer core and inner core are both inferredto be


A) landscape boundariesB) continental coastlinesC) erosional surfacesD) seismic waves

124. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the interfacebetween the crust and the mantle that is now namedfor him. His discovery of the “Moho” was based onanalysis of

A) the behavior of seismic waves in Earth’sinterior

B) well drillings from Earth’s mantle and coreC) chemical changes in exposed and weathered

metamorphic rocksD) comparisons between Moon rocks and Earth

rocks

125. Most inferences about the characteristics of Earth’smantle and core are based on

A) core propertiesB) atmospheric structureC) asthenosphere locationD) continental-crust thickness

126. Geologists have used information about thecomposition of meteorites to make inferences aboutEarth’s


Base your answers to questions 127 through 131 onthe diagram below which represents Earth's interiorzones.

A) deep drill coresB) volcanic eruptionsC) gravity measurementsD) earthquake seismic waves

127. Scientists have classified Earth's interior into thezones shown based primarily on evidence gainedby studying

A) oceans B) desert regionsC) coastal plains D) mountain regions

128. The thinnest section of Earth's crust is foundbeneath

A)

B)

C)

D)

129. Which graph best represents the relationshipbetween depth below Earth's surface and density?

A) crust B) mantleC) outer core D) inner core

130. In which layer of Earth's interior is the inferredtemperature 6,000°C?

A) meteorites B) volcanic ashesC) granites D) basalts

131. The composition of Earth's core is thought to be thesame as the composition of many


A) the impact of a meteorite from spaceB) the collapse of a cavern roofC) an eruption of a volcanoD) an underwater explosion of steam

132. The photograph below shows a large crater locatedin the southwestern United States.

Some fragments taken from the site have anickel-iron composition. This evidence indicatesthat the crater probably was formed by

A) oxygen and siliconB) aluminum and siliconC) iron and nickelD) carbon and iron

133. The Earth's core is believed to be composedprimarily of

A) metallic meteoritesB) Moon rocksC) the mantleD) the oceanic crust

134. Many scientists infer the composition of the Earth'score to be similar to the composition of

A) oxygen and siliconB) aluminum and ironC) aluminum and oxygenD) iron and nickel

135. Theories about the composition of the Earth's coreare supported by meteorites that are composedprimarily of

Answer KeyEARTHS INTERIOR MEGA PACKET MC

1. D2. A3. B4. B5. B6. B7. B8. D9. C10. C11. B12. B13. D14. A15. D16. A17. A18. A19. B20. A21. A22. C23. C24. C25. D26. B27. C28. C29. A30. B31. C32. D33. C34. D35. C36. D

37. C38. D39. D40. A41. B42. D43. B44. C45. D46. D47. B48. B49. A50. D51. A52. A53. A54. B55. B56. A57. A58. A59. C60. A61. B62. C63. A64. A65. C66. C67. B68. B69. C70. A71. B72. C

73. A74. C75. A76. A77. A78. B79. A80. B81. C82. A83. C84. D85. C86. C87. C88. C89. B90. B91. C92. C93. B94. D95. C96. C97. D98. A99. B100. B101. B102. D103. D104. C105. C106. C107. C108. D

109. C110. D111. A112. A113. A114. D115. A116. C117. B118. C119. C120. A121. A122. D123. C124. D125. A126. A127. D128. A129. D130. C131. A132. A133. C134. A135. D

earth's interior mega packet mc

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