plate tectonics mega packet...

PLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC

A) volcanism, followed by metamorphismB) faulting, followed by depositionC) folding, followed by erosionD) glaciation, followed by rifting

1. The block diagram below represents two parallelmountain ranges.

Which two geologic processes most likely created thislandscape region?

2. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earthscience. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sidesof the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

A) 20 km toward the Mid-Atlantic RidgeB) 20 km away from the Mid-Atlantic RidgeC) 40 km toward the Mid-Atlantic RidgeD) 40 km away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

According to the cross section, every 1 million years, the ocean floor bedrock moves approximately


A) erosion subsidence and deposition uplift and faultingB) uplift and deposition flooding folding and erosionC) metamorphism erosion and deposition volcanic eruptionsD) uplift and erosion subsidence and erosion folding

3. The sequence of block diagrams below shows stages of development of a landscape. The stages arelabeled A, B, and C.

Which sequence of geologic processes best describes the events that created each stage shown?

A) all bedrock layers were formedB) layer C formed, but before layer D formedC) layer A formed, but before layer B formedD) layer B formed, but before layer C formed

4. The geologic cross section below shows bedrocklayers A through D. Line XY is a fault.

The fault most likely occurred after

A) alternating layers of shale and limestone bedrockB) absence of an igneous intrusive rockC) different thicknesses of the sedimentary layersD) folding of the sedimentary layers

5. The cross section below shows a portion of Earth'scrust.

Which observation provides the most direct evidencethat crustal plate collision has occurred near thisregion?


A) crustal plate collisions B) deposition of sedimentsC) extrusion of magma D) glacial movement

6. The photograph below shows deformed rock structure found on Earth's surface.

Deformed rock structure like this is most often caused by

A) horizontal layersB) recrystallized layersC) faulted layersD) folded layers

7. The cross sections of crust below represent tworegions of sedimentary rock layers that have beenaltered.

The sedimentary bedrock in both regions originallyformed as

A) Sediments were deposited in horizontal layersand later disturbed by crustal activity.

B) Sediments were deposited on an uneven curvingseafloor.

C) Sediments were deposited after widespreadvolcanic eruptions.

D) Sediments were deposited between twodiverging oceanic plates.

8. The diagram below shows a cross section ofsedimentary rock layers.

Which statement about the deposition of thesediments best explains why these layers have thecurved shape shown?


A) The fault is younger than all the layers it cutsacross.

B) The fault is older than all the layers it cutsacross.

C) The fault is the same age as the top layer it cutsacross.

D) The fault is the same age as the bottom layer itcuts across.

9. What is the relative age of a fault that cuts acrossmany rock layers?

A) widespread volcanic activityB) horizontal sortingC) glacial depositionD) crustal movements

10. The diagram below represents a cross section of aportion of the Earth's crust.

Which past activity in this region is suggested by theshape of these sedimentary rock layers?

A)

B)

C)

D)

11. The diagram below represents a section of theEarth's bedrock. The arrows show the direction offorces that are gradually compressing this section.

Which diagram represents the most probable resultof these forces?

A) The sediments that formed this sandstone layerwere originally deposited at a steep angle.

B) This sandstone layer has changed positiondue to crustal movement

C) This sandstone layer has recrystallized due tocontact metamorphism.

D) Nearly all sandstone layers are formed fromwind deposited sands.

12. A sandstone layer is tilted at a steep angle. Whatprobably caused this tilting?


A) B)

C) D)

13. The diagrams below show cross sections of exposedbedrock. Which cross section shows the least evidence of crustal movement?

A) The same rock layers appear twice withinthe outcrop.

B) The trilobite fossil is not found in all fivelayers.

C) The sedimentary layers have the samethickness.

D) The eurypterid fossil is absent in the middlelayer.

14. The diagram below represents bedrock layers foundin an outcrop. Three index fossils are found withinthe bedrock layers.

Which evidence best suggests that this outcrop hasundergone crustal movement?

A) The Himalaya Mountains were formed byvolcanic activity.

B) Sea level has been lowered more than 29,000feet since the shells were fossilized.

C) The bedrock containing the fossil shells ispart of an uplifted seafloor.

D) The Himalaya Mountains formed at a divergentplate boundary.

15. The Himalaya Mountains are located along a portionof the southern boundary of the Eurasian Plate. Atthe top of Mt. Everest (29,028 feet) in the HimalayaMountains, climbers have found fossilized marineshells in the surface bedrock. From this observation,which statement is the best inference about theorigin of the Himalaya Mountains?


16. Base your answer to the following question on "the contour map below. Points A, B, C, D, X, and Y are locations on the map. Elevations are expressed in feet. The maximum elevation of Basket Domeis indicated at point X.

"

A) metamorphism from crustal plate collisionB) uplift from crustal plate movementC) recent flooding from changes in worldwide sea levelD) volcanism from seafloor spreading

Fossils of trilobites and eurypterids found in the rock near the top of Basket Dome provide evidencethat this map area has most likely undergone

A) the cold water deep in the ocean killsshallow-water organisms

B) sunlight once penetrated to the deepest parts ofthe ocean

C) organisms that live in deep water evolved fromspecies that once lived in shallow water

D) sections of the Earth's crust have changedtheir elevations relative to sea level

17. Fossils of organisms that lived in shallow water canbe found in horizontal sedimentary rock layers atgreat ocean depths. This fact is generally interpretedby most Earth scientists as evidence that A) zones of igneous activity at mid-ocean ridges

B) heat-flow measurements on coastal plainsC) marine fossiIs on mountaintopsD) shallow-water fossils beneath the deep ocean

18. Evidence of crustal subsidence (sinking) is providedby


A) the mountains were part of a mid-ocean ridgeB) the ocean level has dropped several thousand

feetC) forces within the Earth caused upliftD) transported materials were deposited at high

elevations

19. Fossils of marine plants and animals are found in thebedrock of mountains many thousands of feet abovesea level. The most likely reason for this observationis that

A) B)

C) D)

20. Which diagram of crustal movement best shows howolder rock layers may be located on top of youngerrock layers?

A) The level of the ocean was once 5,000 metershigher.

B) Violent earthquakes caused crustal subsidence.C) Marine organisms have evolved into land

organisms.D) Crustal uplift has occurred in this area.

21. An observer discovers shallow-water marine fossilsin rock strata at an elevation of 5,000 meters. Whatis the best explanation for this observation?

A) shallow-water organisms always migrate to thedeeper waters to die

B) parts of the ocean floor have been upliftedC) parts of the ocean floor have subsidedD) the surface water cooled off, killing the

organisms

22. Shallow-water fossils are found in rock layers thatare deep beneath the ocean floor. This suggests that

A) crustal subsidenceB) ocean floor spreadingC) crustal upliftD) continental glaciation

23. Rock strata containing fossils of shark's teeth arefound at an elevation of 5,000 meters. Whichprocess most likely caused the shark's teeth to belocated at this elevation?

A) after the rock layers were deposited, whenthe north side moved downward

B) after the rock layers were deposited, when thenorth side moved upward

C) before the rock layers were deposited, when thesouth side moved downward

D) before the rock layers were deposited, when thesouth side moved upward

24. The photograph below shows an escarpment (cliff)located in the western United States. The directionsfor north and south are indicated by arrows. A faultin the sedimentary rocks is shown on the front of theescarpment.

The photograph shows that the fault most likelyformed


A) vertical lifting of surface rockB) folding of surface rockC) down-warping of the crustD) movement along a transform fault

25. The diagram below shows land features that havebeen disrupted by an earthquake.

Which type of crustal movement most likely causedthe displacement of features in this area?

A) folding B) faultingC) deposition D) vulcanism

26. The diagram below shows the bedrock structurebeneath a series of hills.

Which process was primarily responsible forforming the hills?

A) horizontal sedimentary layersB) changed benchmark elevationsC) folded, faulted, and tilted rock strataD) marine fossils at elevations high above sea level

27. Which observed feature would provide the bestevidence of crustal stability?

A) volcanism B) metamorphismC) folding D) faulting

28. The diagram below shows a portion of the Earth'scrust.

The movements indicated by the arrows representthe process of

A) contact metamorphismB) glacial erosionC) volcanic eruptionsD) earthquake faulting

29. The block diagram below represents a geologic crosssection of a mountain range.

What action most likely formed this mountainrange?

A) B)

C) D)

30. Which diagram of rock layers represents the bestevidence of crustal movement?


A) This area has remained fairly stable since thesediments were deposited.

B) The sediments were deposited at steep anglesand then became rock.

C) Metamorphism followed the deposition of thesediments.

D) Crustal movement occurred sometime afterthe sediments were deposited.

31. The diagram below represents a cross section of aportion of the Earth's crust.

What do these tilted rock layers suggest?

A) The crust has moved in the geologic past.B) The crust has been inactive throughout the

geologic past.C) New faults will probably not develop in the

crust.D) An earthquake epicenter has not been located in

the crust.

32. Which statement about the Earth's crust in Californiais best supported by the many faults found in thecrust?

A) the erosion of the outside of a river curveB) the deposition of sediments in the oceanC) the displacement of rock strata during an

earthquakeD) the weathering of rock to form a residual soil

33. Which event provides direct evidence of crustalmovement?

A) converging convection cells within the rocks ofthe mantle

B) density differences in the rocks of the mantleC) movement and displacement of the rocks of

the crustD) differential erosion of hard and soft rocks of the

crust

34. The landscape shown in the diagram below is anarea of frequent earthquakes.

This landscape provides evidence for


Base your answers to questions 35 through 37 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earthscience.

Island Arcs

Island arcs are long, curved chains of oceanic islands associated with seismic activity andmountain-building processes at certain plate boundaries. They occur where oceanic tectonic platescollide. Along one side of these island arcs, there is usually a long, narrow deep-sea trench. At island arcs, the denser plate is subducted and is forced into the partially molten mantle underthe less dense plate. The islands are composed of the extrusive igneous rocks basalt and andesite.The basalt originates most likely from the plastic mantle. The andesite originates most likely fromthe melting of parts of the descending plate and sediments that had accumulated on its surface.

A) biotite, plagioclase feldspar, amphiboleB) biotite, amphibole, plagioclase feldsparC) plagioclase feldspar, biotite, amphiboleD) plagioclase feldspar, amphibole, biotite

35. Which list identifies minerals present in andesite from the greatest percentage by volume to the leastpercentage by volume?

A) crust B) rigid mantle C) asthenosphere D) stiffer mantle

36. Most of the basalt that forms island arcs comes from the

A) East Pacific Ridge B) Iceland Hot SpotC) Aleutian Trench D) Peru-Chile Trench

37. An island arc is found along the

A) transformB) convergentC) divergentD) complex or uncertain

38. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is foundbetween the South American Plate and the ScotiaPlate?

A) crust B) rigid mantleC) stiffer mantle D) asthenosphere

39. The convection currents responsible for movingtectonic plates occur in which Earth layer?


A) B)

C) D)

40. Which block diagram represents the plate motion that causes the earthquakes that occur along the SanAndreas Fault in California?

A) Southwest Indian RidgeB) East African RiftC) Mariana TrenchD) Galapagos Hot Spot

41. Which tectonic feature is associated with a complexor uncertain plate boundary?


Base your answers to questions 42 through 44 on the passage and diagram below and on yourknowledge of Earth science. The passage describes geologic studies of the Moon. The diagramrepresents the Moon's surface and interior, showing the inferred depth of each layer below the Moon'ssurface.

Moon Studies

Scientific instruments left on the Moon's surface recorded 12,558 moonquakes in eight years.Most of these moonquakes originated between 700 km and 1200 km below the Moon's surface.Scientists infer that most moonquakes are caused by the gravitational forces between the Moon,Earth, and the Sun.

A) Mercury B) Mars C) Jupiter D) Neptune

42. Which planet has an average density most similar to the average density of the Moon?

A) 60 km B) 638 km C) 1040 km D) 1738 km

43. What is the inferred thickness of the Moon's mantle?

A) seismic data recorded on the Moon's surfaceB) magnetic data measured on the Moon's surfaceC) convection currents mapped in the Moon's mantle and coreD) temperatures measured in the Moon's mantle and core

44. The same type of evidence was used to find the inferred depths of both the Moon's interior layers andEarth's interior layers. What evidence was used to determine the inferred depth of the boundarybetween the Moon's mantle and core?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

45. On the map below, points A through D represent locations on Earth's surface.

Which location is positioned over a mantle hot spot?

A) formation of the Catskill deltaB) flrst uplift of the Adirondack MountainsC) Alleghenian orogenyD) opening of the Atlantic Ocean

46. Rifting of tectonic plates in eastern North Americaduring the Jurassic Period was responsible for the

A) thunderstorms that developed near the eruptionB) the release of carbon dioxide and methane

gasesC) the outflow of magma over Earth's surfaceD) the addition of ash particles into the

atmosphere

47. Which event followed a massive volcanic eruptionand led to the cooling of global temperatures?

A) transform movementB) spreading movementC) subductionD) convergence

48. The map below shows California and a section of theSan Andreas Fault.

What is the primary geologic process occurringalong the San Andreas Fault?


Base your answers to questions 49 through 51 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the locations ofthe Mt. Redoubt volcano and Anchorage, Alaska.

Mt. Redoubt Volcano

In Anchorage, Alaska, scientists are monitoring sensors located on nearby Mt. Redoubt. Thesensors measure seismic activity at the top of the volcano. No one lives near the volcano itself, sothere is no danger to humans from lava flows, but ash can be dangerous when breathed in, and candamage airplanes and automobiles if the ash is drawn into their engines. When Mt. Redoubterupted in 1989, a huge ash cloud reached an approximate height of 7.6 miles above sea level, andspread ash across Alaska for five months. The ash was composed largely of silica, which cooledrapidly as the ash rose into the atmosphere. In March 2009, Mt. Redoubt erupted again.

A) Insolation decreased and temperatures increased.B) Insolation increased and temperatures decreased.C) Both insolation and temperatures increased.D) Both insolation and temperatures decreased.

49. How did the huge ash cloud that covered Alaska in 1989 affect the amount of insolation reachingEarth’s surface and the air temperatures near Earth’s surface?

A) between sea level and the lower troposphereB) between the troposphere and the stratosphereC) in the middle of the stratosphereD) in the middle of the mesosphere

50. The height of the ash cloud from the 1989 eruption reached an altitude in Earth’s atmosphere located


A) Pacific Plate and Eurasian PlateB) Eurasian Plate and North American PlateC) North American Plate and Pacific PlateD) Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate

51. Mt. Redoubt's seismic activity is due to the interaction of which two tectonic plates?

A) subduction zoneB) mantle hot spotC) divergent boundaryD) transform fault

52. The formation of the Canary Islands was primarilycaused by their location near a

Base your answers to questions 53 and 54 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science.The map shows the coast of the northwestern United States. The Explorer and Gorda ridges and platesare parts of the Juan de Fuca tectonic system.

A) North American Plate B) Pacific PlateC) Juan de Fuca Plate D) Gorda Plate

53. The Explorer Ridge is the boundary between the Explorer Plate and the


A) B)

C) D)

54. The arrow on which map best shows the direction of movement of the Juan de Fuca Plate in relationto the Juan de Fuca Ridge?

A) subduction of a continental plateB) subduction of an oceanic plateC) divergence of a continental plateD) divergence of an oceanic plate

55. The Aleutian Islands extend westward from southernAlaska to form the northern boundary of the PacificOcean. These volcanic islands were formed by thenearby

A) warms the lower troposphereB) melts glacial ice at lower altitudesC) moves the lithospheric platesD) pollutes deep groundwater with radioactivity

56. Earth's internal heat is the primary source of energythat


Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the block diagram below, which shows a tectonic plate boundary.

A) more dense and more mafic B) more dense and more felsicC) less dense and more mafic D) less dense and more felsic

57. Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is

A) Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate boundaryB) Scotia Plate and South American Plate boundaryC) Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate boundaryD) Antarctic Plate and Indian-Australian Plate boundary

58. Which tectonic plate boundary is best represented by this diagram?


59. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below. The map shows sections of the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, andthe Gulf of Mexico.

Shipwreck In 1641, the crew of the ship Concepcion used the Sun and stars for navigation. The crew thought thatthe ship was just north of Puerto Rico, but ocean currents had carried them off course. The ship hit acoral reef and sank off the coast of the Dominican Republic. The Xon the map marks the location ofthe sunken ship.

A) North American Plate B) South American PlateC) Caribbean Plate D) Cocos Plate

On which tectonic plate is Puerto Rico located?


A) B)

C) D)

60. Which cross section best represents the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Peru-ChileTrench?

A) East African RiftB) Aleutian TrenchC) Tasman Hot SpotD) San Andreas Fault

61. Which surface feature was produced by crustalmovements at a transform plate boundary?


62. Which world map shows the locations where most earthquakes and volcanoes occur on Earth?


A)

B)

C)

D)


A) divergent B) convergent C) transform D) complex

63. The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates.

Which type of plate boundary is shown?

64. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows the boundarybetween two lithospheric plates. Point X is a location in the continental lithosphere. The depth belowEarth's surface is labeled in kilometers.

A) South American Plate and African PlateB) Scotia Plate and Antarctic PlateC) Nazca Plate and South American PlateD) African Plate and Arabian Plate

Between which two lithospheric plates could this boundary be located?


A)

B)

C)

D)

65. Which block diagram best represents the relative direction of plate motion at the San Andreas Fault?

A) convergence of the Pacific and PhilippinePlates

B) divergence of the Eurasian and PhilippinePlates

C) sliding of the Pacific Plate past the NorthAmerican Plate

D) movement of the Pacific Plate over the HawaiiHot Spot

66. The Mariana Trench was most likely created by the

A) Nazca Plate and Antarctic PlateB) Pacific Plate and Indian-Australian PlateC) Indian-Australian Plate and Antarctic PlateD) Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate

67. At which plate boundary is one lithospheric platesliding under another?

A) low density and is maficB) low density and is felsicC) high density and is maficD) high density and is felsic

68. When two tectonic plates collide, oceanic crustusually subducts beneath continental crust becauseoceanic crust is primarily composed of igneous rockthat has


A) edges of tectonic platesB) eastern coastline of continentsC) 23.5° N and 23.5° S parallels of latitudeD) equatorial ocean floor

69. Active volcanoes are most abundant along the

A) divergent B) subductionC) convergent D) transform

70. The map below shows the northern section of theboundary between the Arabian Plate and the AfricanPlate. Arrows show the relative direction of platemotion.

Which type of plate boundary is located at theJordan Fault?

A) reversed magnetic orientationB) unusually rapid radioactive decayC) frequent volcanic activityD) low P-wave and high S-wave velocity

71. The edges of most lithospheric plates arecharacterized by

A) tidal motions in the hydrosphereB) density differences in the troposphereC) convection currents in the asthenosphereD) solidification in the lithosphere

72. The movement of tectonic plates is inferred by manyscientists to be driven by


Base your answers to questions 73 and 74 on "the map below, which shows the risk of damage fromseismic activity in the United States.

"

A) Binghamton B) Buffalo C) Plattsburgh D) Elmira

73. Which New York State location has the greatest risk of earthquake damage?

A) divergent plate boundary, onlyB) convergent plate boundary, onlyC) mid-ocean ridge and a divergent plate boundaryD) transform plate boundary and a hot spot

74. In the United States, most of the major damage expected from a future earthquake is predicted tooccur near a


A) Nazca Plate and South American PlateB) Eurasian Plate and Indian-Australian PlateC) North American Plate and Eurasian PlateD) Pacific Plate and North American Plate

75. Arrows in the block diagram below show the relative movement along a tectonic plate boundary.

Between which two tectonic plates does this type of plate boundary exist?

A) east coast of North AmericaB) east coast of AustraliaC) west coast of AfricaD) west coast of South America

76. Which coastal area is most likely to experience asevere earthquake?

A) at a convergent plate boundaryB) above a mantle hot spotC) above a mid-ocean ridgeD) near the center of a large plate

77. According to tectonic plate maps, New York State ispresently located


Base your answers to questions 78 through 80 on "the information, map, and cross section below.

The map represents a portion of Earth's surface in the Pacific Ocean. The positions of islands,earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and the Tonga Trench are shown. Lines of latitude andlongitude have been included. The cross section shows earthquakes that occurred beneath line XY on the map. Depth beneathEarths surface is indicated by the scale along the left side of the cross section, as are the range ofdepths for shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. Distance from the trench is indicated bythe scale along the bottom of the cross section.

"

A) B)

C) D)

78. Which cross section has arrows that best represent the relative motion of the crustal plates along theWadati-Benioff zone beneath the Tonga Trench?

A) at sea level B) between sea level and a depth of 100 kmC) at a depth between 100 and 300 km D) at a depth between 300 and 600 km

79. The greatest number of earthquakes shown in the cross section occurred


A) Antarctic Plate B) Philippine PlateC) Indian-Australian Plate D) Nazca Plate

80. The Tonga Trench is located at the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the

A) Antarctic Plate and the African PlateB) Antarctic Plate and the Indian-Australian PlateC) South American Plate and the Nazca PlateD) South American Plate and the African Plate

81. The diagram below shows the interaction of twotectonic plates.

The type of plate boundary represented in thediagram most likely exists between the


82. The diagrams below show four major types of fault motion occurring in Earth's crust. Which type offault motion best matches the general pattern of crustal movement at California's San Andreas fault?

A)

B)

C)


D)


A) B)

C) D)

83. On the map below, line AB is drawn across several of Earth's tectonic plates in the South AtlanticOcean.

Which cross section best represents the plate boundaries and mantle movement beneath line AB?


84. The diagram below shows some features of Earth's crust and upper mantle.

Which model most accurately shows the movements (arrows) associated with the surface featuresshown in the diagram?


A)

B)

C)

D)


85. Base your answer to the following question on "thediagram below, which shows a portion of Earth'sinterior. Point A is a location on the interfacebetween layers.

"

A) insolation B) convectionC) conduction D) radiation

The arrows shown in the asthenosphere represent theinferred slow circulation of the plastic mantle by aprocess called

A) south B) eastC) southwest D) northwest

86. The block diagram below shows the bedrock age asmeasured by radioactive dating and the presentlocation of part of the Hawaiian Island chain. Thesevolcanic islands may have formed as the PacificPlate moved over a mantle hot spot.

This diagram provides evidence that the PacificCrustal Plate was moving toward the


Base your answers to questions 87 through 89 on themap below, which shows the location of thePeru-Chile Trench.

A) the direction of flow of warm ocean currentsB) the mineral composition of samples of mafic

mantle rockC) comparison of the rates of sediment depositionD) the locations of shallow-focus and deepfocus

earthquakes

87. Which observation provides the best evidence of thepattern of crustal movement at the Peru-ChileTrench?

A) B)

C) D)

88. In which diagram do the arrows best represent themotions of Earth's crust at the Peru-Chile Trench?

A) Pacific Plate and the Antarctic PlateB) Nazca Plate and the South American PlateC) North American Plate and the Cocos PlateD) Caribbean Plate and the Scotia Plate

89. The Peru-Chile Trench marks the boundary betweenthe


Base your answers to questions 90 through 93 on the map below which shows part of the earthquakedamage field that resulted from the earthquake that occurred in Northridge, in southern California, inJanuary 1994. Several sites associated with the earthquake and earthquake damage are shown.

A) Earth’s solid outer core B) convection cells in Earth’s outer coreC) faulting of bedrock at Northridge D) magnetic field reversals at Northridge

90. This earthquake provides evidence for the existence of

A) the regional seismograph stations were closest to zone IXB) of local conditions at zone IXC) zone IX was reached first by earthquake wavesD) zone IX was at the epicenter of the earthquake

91. The greatest surface damage occurred in zone IX because

A) R B) B C) E D) F

92. Which surface location had the least damage?

A) Cocos Plate — Pacific Plate B) Cocos Plate — Nazca PlateC) North American Plate — Nazca Plate D) North American Plate — Pacific Plate

93. Which crustal plate boundary is most closely associated with this earthquake?


94. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. Letters A through F are locations onEarth’s surface.

A) A B) B C) C D) E

Which location is closest to a divergent plate boundary at an oceanic ridge?

95. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below, which shows a portion ofEarth’s crust and upper mantle near a mid-ocean ridge.

A) colliding plates in the lithosphereB) sinking iron and magnesium in the lithosphereC) cooler temperatures in the mantleD) rising convection currents in the mantle

The geological features of the ocean floor in this region resulted from


A) collided with the Nazca PlateB) collided with the North American PlateC) slid away from the Nazca PlateD) slid away from the North American Plate

96. According to the plate tectonics theory, thePeru-Chile Trench and the Andes Mountains formedalong the west coast of South America because theSouth American Plate

A) Mid-Atlantic RidgeB) Mid-Indian RidgeC) South-East Indian RidgeD) East Pacific Ridge

97. The country of Iceland would be closest to the

A) convergent B) transformC) divergent D) complex

98. What type of plate boundary exists between theAfrican Plate and the Antartic Plate?

A) Southwest Indian RidgeB) Iceland HotspotC) Marianas TrenchD) Sandwich Plate

99. Which of the following is located at a convergingplate boundary?

A) South American B) AntarcticC) Nazca D) Pacific

100. On which plate is the Hawaii Hot Spot located?


Base your answers to questions 101 and 102 on the map below. Dots on the map show the distributionof major earthquake epicenters. The shaded circle labeled A represents a location on Earth's surface.

A) within a rift valley at a mid-ocean ridgeB) at the boundary between two diverging platesC) within a deep-sea trench between two converging platesD) above a mantle hot spot near the center of a crustal plate

101. Location A is best described as an area that is

A) Earthquakes generally are evenly distributed over the surface of Earth.B) Most earthquakes occur west of the Prime Meridian and north of the Equator.C) Most earthquakes are concentrated in zones along plate boundaries.D) Most earthquakes occur on continents.

102. Which conclusion can best be inferred from the data shown on this map?

A) moving along a transform boundaryB) moving over a mantle hot spotC) divergingD) converging

103. At the Aleutian Trench and the Peru-Chile Trench,tectonic plates are generally


A) a transform faultB) a mantle hot spotC) subduction of a crustal plateD) divergence of crustal plates

104. The cross section below shows the location ofearthquakes near a plate boundary.

This distribution of earthquakes near the plateboundary is most likely caused by

A)

B)

C)

D)

105. Which diagram best shows the type of plateboundary found between the China Plate and thePhilippine Plate?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

106. Letters A through D shown on the map below arelocations on Earth's surface.

Which location is closest to a major zone offrequent earthquakes and volcanic activities?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

107. Letters A through D shown on the map below arelocations on Earth's surface.

Which location is closest to a major zone offrequent earthquakes and volcanic activities?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

108. Locations A, B, C, and D are shown on the mapbelow.

Which location is closest to a tectonic plateboundary?


109. Base your answer to the following question on the geologic cross sections below, which representbedrock from different areas on Earth.

A) crustal stability B) mountain buildingC) seashore erosion D) plateau development

All the cross sections most likely represent areas of


Base your answers to questions 110 and 111 on the map below which shows mid-ocean ridges andtrenches in the Pacific Ocean. Specific areas A, B. C, and D are indicated by shaded rectangles.

A) B)

C) D)

110. Which map best shows the direction of movement of the oceanic crustal plates in the vicinity of theEast Pacific Rise (ridge)?


A) granite B) shale C) basalt D) limestone

111. The crust at the mid-ocean ridges is composed mainly of

112. Base your answer to the following question on themap below. The map represents the movement oftectonic plates that resulted in the collision of Indiawith Asia. Scientists believe that 71 million yearsago, India was at position A.

A) a rift valleyB) a mountain rangeC) an oceanic ridgeD) an oceanic trench

Which present-day geologic feature in Nepalresulted from this collision?

A) large volcanic mountain ranges parallel to thecoast at the center of the continents

B) a deep ocean trench and a continentalvolcanic mountain range near the coast

C) an underwater volcanic mountain range andrift valley on the ocean ridge near the coast

D) long chains of mid-ocean volcanic islandsperpendicular to the coast

113. Which features are commonly formed at the plateboundaries where continental crust converges withoceanic crust?

A) hot liquid magma in the inner coreB) convection currents in the mantleC) volcanic eruptions along coastlinesD) meteor impacts in the ocean basins

114. The diagram below shows the collision of anoceanic plate and a continental plate.

Collisions between oceanic plates and continentalplates are thought to result primarily from

A) Australian and PacificB) South American and AfricanC) Australian and AntarcticD) North American and Eurasian

115. Contact zones between tectonic plates may producetrenches. One of these trenches is located at theboundary between which plates?


A) The boundary of the Pacific plate has very fewfaults.

B) The Pacific plate has stopped moving.C) The west coast of North America is composed

of the oldest rocks on the continent.D) The west coast of North America is a zone

of frequent crustal movement.

116. The map below shows continental and oceaniccrustal plates along the west coast of NorthAmerica.

Which conclusion is best supported by the map?

117. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation and the cross section below. The crosssection represents a possible model of the Moon'sinterior.

Seismographs left on the Moon by astronauts haveprovided enough data to develop a model of theMoon's interior. Scientists believe that the Moonhas a layered interior and that its crustal thicknessvaries greatly from one side of the Moon to theother.

A) The Moon's crust is very thin.B) The Moon has a low-density core.C) The Moon's mountain ranges are rapidly

weathering.D) The Moon lacks convection currents in its

mantle.

Which inference is best supported by the Moon'sapparent absence of continental drift?


118. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below which shows a coastal area with amountain range and a portion of the ocean floor. Aturbidity current through a submarine canyon hasformed a fan-shaped sediment deposit on the oceanfloor.

A) tidal zoneB) continental marginC) deep ocean basinD) mid-ocean ridge

In which region of the ocean is the submarinecanyon located?

A) convection currents exist in theasthenosphere

B) meteor craters are found beneath the oceansC) climate change has melted huge glaciersD) marine fossils have been uplifted to high

elevations

119. Hot springs on the ocean floor near the midoceanridges provide evidence that

A) Rising magma moves due to densitydifferences

B) They are located along crustal plateboundaries

C) Local earthquakes originate at great depthsD) Neither is associated with plate motions

120. What do mid-ocean ridges and hot spots beneathocean plates have in common?

A) in regions of glacial activityB) in the interior areas of continentsC) at locations with many lakesD) at interfaces between moving parts of the

crust

121. Where does most present-day faulting of rockoccur?

A) seafloor fossils at location WB) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near

location XC) flooding near location YD) horizontal sedimentary layers at location Z

122. The diagram below represents a cross section of theEarth's crust at a location where an oceanic plate isconverging (colliding) with a continental plate. Thearrows indicate the direction of plate motion.Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on theEarth.

For an observer on the Earth's surface, the bestevidence of this crustal plate collision wouldprobably be provided by

A) events that are cyclic and predictableB) events that are usually related and cannot

be predicted with accuracyC) unrelated events that follow no patternD) phenomena seldom found in the same regions

123. Crustal disturbances such as earthquakes andvolcanic eruptions are best described as

A) mid-ocean ridges and rift valleysB) wide valleys and deltasC) ocean trenches and subduction zonesD) hot spots and island arcs

124. Which two features are commonly found atdivergent plate boundaries?

A) the centers of landscape regionsB) the central regions of the continentsC) zones of crustal activityD) zones in late stages of erosion

125. Recent volcanic activity in different parts of theworld supports the inference that volcanoes arelocated mainly in


A) They are centered at the poles.B) They are located in the same geographic

areas.C) They are related to the formation of glaciers.D) They are restricted to the Southern

Hemisphere.

126. Which best describes a major characteristic of bothvolcanoes and earthquakes?

A) along the core-mantle interfaceB) where the composition of the Earth tends to be

uniformC) near the Earth's EquatorD) near a fault zone

127. Where are earthquakes most likely to take place?

A) Peru-Chile TrenchB) Mid-Atlantic RidgeC) Adirondack MountainsD) San Andreas Fault

128. Which geologic feature is composed of theyoungest crustal bedrock?

A) African Plate and the Eurasian PlateB) Pacific Plate and the Philippine PlateC) Indian-Australian Plate and the Antarctic

PlateD) South American Plate and the North American

Plate

129. Crustal formation, which may cause the wideningof an ocean, is most likely occurring at theboundary between the

A) convergent plate boundary between thePacific Plate and the North American Plate

B) convergent plate boundary between the PacificPlate and the Juan de Fuca Plate

C) divergent plate boundary between the PacificPlate and the North American Plate

D) divergent plate boundary between the PacificPlate and the Juan de Fuca Plate

130. Oceanic crust is sliding beneath the AleutianIslands in the North Pacific Ocean, forming theAleutian Trench at a


A)

B)

C)

D)

131. The cross section below represents a pattern of magnetic field reversals preserved in the igneousbedrock of the oceanic crust east of the Mid-Atlantic ridge.

Which cross section best represents the magnetic field pattern west of the Mid-Atlantic ridge?


Base your answers to questions 132 through 134 on the passage below.

Crustal Activity at Mid-Ocean Ridges

Mid-ocean ridges are found at one type of tectonic plate boundary. These ridges consist ofextensive underwater mountain ranges split by rift valleys. The rift valleys mark places where twocrustal plates are pulling apart, widening the ocean basins, and allowing magma from theasthenosphere to move upward. In some cases, mid-ocean ridges have migrated toward nearbymantle hot spots. This explains why mid-ocean ridges and mantle hot spots are found together atseveral locations.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

132. The map below shows a part of Earth’s surface. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor.

At which location is the temperature of the ocean floor bedrock most likely highest?

A) Canary Islands B) Easter Island C) Hawaii D) Tasman

133. Which mantle hot spot is located closest to a mid-ocean ridge?

A) convergent B) transform C) divergent D) complex

134. Which type of tectonic plate boundary is located at mid-ocean ridges?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

135. The diagram below shows the magnetic polarity preserved by minerals within the bedrock of theoceanic crust near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations in theocean-floor bedrock.

The most recently formed bedrock is found at location

A) B)

C) D)

136. The map below shows a portion of Earth's surface. Points X and Y are locations on the lithosphere.

Which cross section shows the inferred movement of material in the asthenosphere beneath points X and Y?


Base your answers to questions 137 through 139 on "the map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge shown below. Points A through D are locations on the ocean floor.Line XY connects locations in North America and Africa.

"

A) Eurasian and Indian-Australian B) Cocos and CaribbeanC) Pacific and Nazca D) Nazca and South American

137. The boundary between which two tectonic plates is most similar geologically to the plate boundaryat the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

A) D C B A B) A D B CC) C B D A D) A B D C

138. Samples of ocean-floor bedrock were collected at points A, B, C, and D. Which sequence show thecorrect order of the age of the bedrock from from oldest to youngest?


A) B)

C) D)

139. In which cross section do the arrows best show the convection occurring within the asthenospherebeneath line XY?

A) The bedrock of the ridge and nearby seaflooris igneous rock.

B) The ridge is the location of irregular volcaniceruptions.

C) Several faults cut across the ridge and nearbyseafloor.

D) Seafloor bedrock is younger near the ridgeand older farther away.

140. Which observation about the Mid-Atlantic Ridgeregion provides the best evidence that the seafloorhas been spreading for millions of years?

A) Indian-Australian and EurasianB) Indian-Australian and PacificC) North American and South AmericanD) North American and Eurasian

141. Which two tectonic plates are separated by amid-ocean ridge?

A) crust B) asthenosphereC) outer core D) inner core

142. In which Earth layer are most convection currentsthat cause seafloor spreading thought to be located?

A) Peru-Chile TrenchB) Mariana TrenchC) Canary Islands Hot SpotD) Iceland Hot Spot

143. Convection currents in the plastic mantle arebelieved to cause divergence of lithospheric platesat the


Base your answers to questions 144 through 146 on "the diagram below, which shows details of asection of a rift valley in the center of a mid-ocean ridge. The vertical lines in the diagram representfaults and fractures within the ocean floor bedrock.

"

A) divergent B) convergent C) universal D) transform

144. Which type of crustal plate boundary is shown in this diagram?

A) generally small grain size and mafic compositionB) generally small grain size and felsic compositionC) generally large grain size and mafic compositionD) generally large grain size and felsic composition

145. The dark-colored lava flows shown in the diagram were pushed from the magma chamber onto thesurface of the ocean floor. Which characteristics are present in thesolid rock that formed when thelava flows cooled?


A) Earths magnetic field will reverse direction.B) Continental crust will be forced downward.C) Earths circumference will increase.D) New oceanic crust will form.

146. What will be the primary result of the continuation of the geologic processes indicated at thislocation?

A) Hawaii Hot SpotB) Yellowstone Hot SpotC) Galapagos Hot SpotD) Canary Hot Spot

147. The diagram below shows a tectonic plateboundary.

Which mantle hot spot is at a plate boundary likethe one shown in this diagram?

A)

B)

C)

D)

148. Which diagram correctly shows how mantleconvection currents are most likely moving beneathcolliding lithospheric plates?


A)

B)

C)

D)

149. Which cross section below best represents thecrustal plate motion that is the primary cause of thevolcanoes and deep rift valleys found at mid-oceanridges?


Base your answers to questions 150 through 152 on "the map below, which shows the location ofmid-ocean ridges and the age of some oceanic bedrock near these ridges. Letters A through D arelocations on the surface of the ocean floor.

"

A) diverging B) convergingC) locked in place D) being subducted

150. The age of oceanic bedrock on either side of a mid-ocean ridge is supporting evidence that at theridges, tectonic plates are

A) A B) B C) C D) D

151. Rising convection currents in the asthenosphere would most likely be under location

A) 5 B) 12 C) 48 D) 62

152. What is the most probable age, in millions of years, of the bedrock at location B?


Base your answers to questions 153 and 154 on "the map below. The map shows the continents ofAfrica and South America, the ocean between them, and the ocean ridge and transform faults.Locations A and D are on the continents. Locations B and C are on the ocean floor.

"

A) B)

C) D)

153. Which graph best shows the relative age of the ocean-floor bedrock from location B to location C?


A) A B) B C) C D) D

154. The hottest crustal temperature measurements would most likely be found at location

Base your answers to questions 155 through 157 on "the diagram below. The diagram shows a model of the relationship between Earth's surface and itsinterior.

"

A) sinking beneath the continental crust B) uplifting over the continental crustC) sinking at the Mid-Atlantic ridge D) colliding with the Atlantic oceanic crust

155. According to the diagram, the deep trench along the west coast of South America is caused bymovement of the oceanic crust that is

A) deeper B) shallower C) wider D) narrower

156. The motion of the convection currents in the mantle beneath the Atlantic Ocean appears to be mainlymaking this ocean basin

A) converging B) divergingC) stationary D) sliding past each other

157. Mid-ocean ridges (rifts) normally form where tectonic plates are

A) A B) B C) C D) D

158. The youngest bedrock is most likely found at which location?


159. The map below shows the Atlantic Ocean dividedinto zones A, B, C, and D. The Mid-Atlantic Ridgeis located between zones B and C.

Which graph best represents the geologic age of thesurface bedrock on the ocean bottom?

A)

B)

C)

D)


Base your answers to questions 160 and 161 on "the map below which shows the locations ofdeep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the diverging plate atthe East Pacific Ridge is shown by a dashed line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge.

"

A) Cocos Plate and the North American PlateB) South American Plate and the Nazca PlateC) Pacific Plate and the South American PlateD) Pacific Plate and the Nazca Plate

160. At point A, the East Pacific Ridge is the boundary between the

A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

161. At which drilling site would the oldest igneous bedrock most likely be found?

Base your answers to questions 162 and 163 on the cross section of two crustal plates and theboundary between them shown below. The arrows indicate the direction of rock movement.

A) magnetic pole reversals and cooling of ocean waterB) meteorite impacts and tilting of shorelinesC) hydrospheric pollution and adiabatic heatingD) earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

162. Which geologic events occur most often at this mid-oceanic ridge plate boundary?


A) convergence of the Nazca Plate and the South American PlateB) divergence of the African Plate and the South American PlateC) subduction of the Philippine Plate by the China PlateD) transform faulting between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate

163. The mid-oceanic ridge portion of this cross section best represents

A) B)

C) D)

164. Which cross-sectional diagram of Earth’sasthenosphere best shows the convection currentsthat would cause crustal plate X to drift away fromcrustal plate Y?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

165. The diagram below shows a cross section of aportion of Earth. The inferred motions of crustalplates are shown. Letters A through D representlocations at Earth's surface.

Which letter represents the location of themid-Atlantic Ridge?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

166. The cross section below shows the ocean floorbetween two continents. Points A through Drepresent locations on the ocean floor wheresamples of oceanic crust were collected.

The youngest rock sample most likely wascollected from location


A)

B)

C)

D)

167. Which cross-sectional diagram of a portion of thecrust and mantle best shows the pattern of mantleconvection currents that are believed to cause theformation of a mid-ocean ridge?

A) The crystal size of the rock decreasesconstantly as distance from the mid-oceanridge increases.

B) The temperature of the basaltic rock increasesas distance from the mid-ocean ridgeincreases.

C) Heat-flow measurements steadily increase asdistance from the mid-ocean ridge increases.

D) The age of the igneous rock increases asdistance from the mid-ocean ridgeincreases.

168. The diagram below represents a partial crosssection of a model of the Earth. The arrows showinferred motions within the Earth.

Which property of the oceanic crust in regions F and G is a result of these inferred motions?

A) Most volcanoes are located under ocean water.B) Seafloor rock is older than continental rock.C) Fossils of marine organisms can be found at

high elevations on continentsD) The age of seafloor rock increases as the

distance from the mid-ocean ridgeincreases.

169. Which information indicates that new seafloor rockis forming along a mid-ocean ridge and thenmoving horizontally away from the ridge?


A) 1.8 million years agoB) 2.0 million years agoC) 3.0 million years agoD) 4.5 million years ago

170. The scale below shows the age of the sea-floorcrust in relation to its distance from theMid-Atlantic Ridge.

Crust that originally formed at the Mid-AtlanticRidge is now 37 kilometers from the ridge.Approximately how long ago did this crust form?

Base your answers to questions 171 and 172 on the map and profile shown below. The map shows themajor areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations on the oceanfloor. The profile represents the ocean bottom from point X in North America along the dashed line topoint Y in Africa. Note that the profile is vertically exaggerated.

A) All ocean-floor rocks are generally the same age.B) Rocks at location C are generally older than rocks at locations A and B.C) Rocks at location C are generally younger than rocks at locations A and B.D) Igneous rocks at location D are generally younger than rocks at location C.

171. Which statement about the age of ocean-floor rocks is correct?


A) distance from continental landmasses B) topography of the ocean floorC) age of ocean-bottom rocks D) type of ocean-bottom sediments

172. Classification of the ocean bottom into the areas shown is based on the

A) African plate and Antarctic plateB) Nazca plate and South American plateC) China plate and Philippine plateD) Australian plate and Eurasian plate

173. Seafloor spreading is occurring at the boundarybetween the

Base your answers to questions 174 through 178 onthe diagram below which shows the magneticorientation of igneous rock on the seafloor on theeast (right) side of a mid-ocean ridge. The pattern onthe west (left) side of the ridge has been omitted. Theage of the igneous rock and its distance from theridge center are shown.

A) decreases B) increasesC) remains the same

174. As distance from the center of the ridge increases,the age of the rocks

A) destruction of oceanic crustB) destruction of continental crustC) existence of ancestral mountainsD) existence of rising mantle convection

currents

175. The occurrence of high-heat floors at the ridgecenter provides evidence of the

A) The orientation of the Earth's magneticfield has reversed with time.

B) The size of the continents has changed withtime.

C) The elevation of sea level has changed withtime.

D) The amount of fossil material preserved in theigneous rock has changed with time.

176. Which inference can best be made from thediagram?

A) 1 km/million yearsB) 2 km/million yearsC) 40 km/million yearsD) 50 km/million years

177. According to the diagram, what is the approximaterate of seafloor spreading?

A) B)

C) D)

178. Which diagram below best represents the pattern ofmagnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west(left) side of the ocean ridge?


Base your answers to questions 179 and 180 on thediagrams below of geologic cross sections of theupper mantle and crust at four different Earthlocations, A, B, C, and D. Movement of the crustalsections (plates) is indicated by arrows, and thelocations of frequent earthquakes are indicated by *.Diagrams are not drawn to scale.

A) A B) B C) C D) D

179. Which diagram represents plate movementassociated with transform faults such as thosecausing California earthquakes?

A) A B) B C) C D) D

180. Which location best represents the boundarybetween the African plate and the South Americanplate?

A) Meteor impact on the crust caused wideningof the valley.

B) Mantle convection currents caused crustalmovement.

C) Climate changes caused flooding.D) Temperature changes caused melting of polar

ice caps.

181. Diagrams I and II show the same region of theEarth's surface at two different times in thegeologic past.

Which statement best explains the basic cause ofthe changes that occurred in this region?

A) converging and located at an oceanic ridgeB) converging and located at an oceanic trenchC) diverging and located at an oceanic ridgeD) diverging and located at an oceanic trench

182. The border between the South American plate andthe African plate is best described as


A) A B) B C) C D) D

183. The diagram below represents a cross section of aportion of the Earth's crust and mantle. LettersA, B,C, D and X identify locations within the crust.

The age of oceanic crust increases along a linebetween location X and location

Base your answers to questions 184 through 188 onthe map below, which shows crustal plate boundarieslocated along the Pacific coastline of the UnitedStates. The arrows show the general directions inwhich some of the plates appear to be moving slowly.

A) study the Earth's present magnetic fieldB) observe erosion along the continental coastlineC) measure gravitational strength on opposite

sides of the faultD) match displaced rock types from opposite

sides of the fault

184. The best way to find the direction of crustalmovement along the San Andreas fault is to

A) meandering rivers and warm-water lakesB) plains and plateausC) geysers and glaciersD) faulted bedrock and volcanoes

185. Which features are most often found at crustal plateboundaries like those shown on the map?

A) many earthquakes occur along the SanAndreas fault

B) the North American plate and the Pacific plateare locked in dynamic equilibrium

C) the subduction zone is the boundary at whichthe crustal plates are drifting apart

D) the age of the bedrock increases as distancefrom the fault increases

186. Geologic studies of the San Andreas fault indicatethat

A) San Andreas faultB) East Pacific riseC) Baja CaliforniaD) Juan de Fuca Ridge

187. Which feature is located at 20º North latitude and109º West longitude?

A) The bedrock is youngest at the ridge.B) The bedrock is oldest at the ridge.C) The bedrock at the ridge is the same age as the

bedrock next to the continent.D) The bedrock at the ridge is the same age as the

bedrock at the San Andreas fault.

188. What would a study of the East Pacific rise (amid-ocean ridge) indicate about the age of thebasaltic bedrock in this area?


Base your answers to questions 189 through 192 onthe information and diagram below.

At intervals in the past, the Earth's magnetic fieldhas reversed. The present North magnetic pole wasonce the South magnetic pole, and the present Southmagnetic pole was once the North magnetic pole. Arecord of these changes is preserved in the igneousrocks that formed at mid-ocean ridges and movedaway from the ridges. The diagram below represents the pattern ofnormal and reversed magnetic polarity in the igneousrocks composing the ocean crust on the east side of amid-ocean ridge.

A) B)

C) D)

189. The younger extrusive igneous rocks on the oceanfloor have a higher heat flow rate than olderextrusive igneous rocks. Which graph best showsthe relationship between heat flow rate and distancefrom the mid ocean ridge?

A)

B)

C)

D)

190. Which diagram below best shows the pattern ofnormal and reversed polarity on the west side of themid-ocean ridge?

A) crustal subsidenceB) seafloor spreadingC) superpositionD) dynamic equilibrium

191. The igneous material along this mid-ocean ridgewas found to be younger than the igneous materialfarther from the ridge. This fact supports the theoryof

A) 2.5 B) 1.8 C) 1.1 D) 0.7

192. Approximately how many million years wererequired to form the material shown between A andB in the diagram?


Base your answers to questions 193 through 197 on "the diagram below which is a cross section ofthe major surface features of the Earth along the Tropic of Capricorn (23½º S) between 75º W and 15ºE longitude. Letters A through G represent locations on the Earth's crust.

"

A) B)

C) D)

193. Which diagram shows the most probable direction of movement of the crustal plates and theinferred mantle convection currents under position A?

A) A B) E C) C D) D

194. A mid-ocean ridge is located near position

A) 1,200 km B) 2,600 km C) 3,500 km D) 4,400 km

195. What is the approximate width of the Atlantic Ocean at this location?

A) A and C B) C and E C) D and F D) E and F

196. Which two locations in the diagram have bedrock of approximately the same age, which has beenseparated by seafloor spreading?

A) A B) F C) G D) D

197. Which location is closest to the Prime Meridian (0º longitude)?


A) A B) B C) C D) E

198. The diagram below represents a cross section of theAtlantic Ocean from the eastern coast of SouthAmerica to the western coast of Africa along theEquator.

At what point would evidence of a risingconvection current in the mantle most likely befound?

A) 59 mya B) 119 myaC) 359 mya D) 458 mya

199. The map below shows the current location of NewYork State in North America.

Approximately how many million years ago (mya)was this New York State region located at theequator?

A) India B) AntarcticaC) North America D) South America

200. Which landmass is moving northward withAustralia as part of the same tectonic plate'?

A) away from the Philippine PlateB) away from the Fiji PlateC) toward the Pacific PlateD) toward the Antarctic Plate

201. The Indian-Australian tectonic plate is moving


A)

B)

C)

D)

202. Which map best indicates the probable locations of continents 100 million years from now iftectonic plate movement continues at its present rate and direction?


Base your answers to questions 203 and 204 on "the map below, which shows Earth's SouthernHemisphere and the inferred tectonic movement of the continent of Australia over geologic time. Thearrows between the dots show the relative movement of the center of the continent of Australia. Theparallels of latitude from 0° to 90° south are labeled.

"

A) the gravitational force of the Moon has been pulling on Earth's landmassesB) heat energy has been creating convection currents in Earth's interiorC) Earth's rotation has spun Australia into different locationsD) the tilt of Earth's axis has changed several times

203. The geographic position of Australia on Earth's surface has been changing mainly because

A) Cambrian B) Carboniferous C) Late Permian D) Eocene

204. During which geologic time interval did Australia most likely have a warm, tropical climate becauseof its location?


A) northwest B) southwestC) southeast D) northeast

205. Based on the theory of plate tectonics, it is inferredthat over the past 250 million years North Americahas moved toward the

A) movements of tectonic platesB) effects of seasonsC) changes in the environment caused by humansD) evolution of life

206. The large coal fields found in Pennsylvania provideevidence that the climate of the northeastern UnitedStates was much warmer during the CarboniferousPeriod. This change in climate over time is bestexplained by the

A) Appalachian MountainsB) Acadian MountainsC) Taconic MountainsD) Grenville Mountains

207. Which mountain range resulted from the collisionof North America and Africa, as parts of Pangeajoined together in the late Pennsylvanian Period?

A) where it is now B) the North PoleC) the Equator D) 45° south

208. The inferred latitude of Pennsylvania 362 millionyears ago was closest to

A) Mesozoic Era B) Paleozoic EraC) Proterozoic Eon D) Archean Eon

209. According to plate tectonic theory, during whichgeologic time interval did the continents of NorthAmerica and Africa separate, resulting in the initialopening of the Atlantic Ocean?

A) Cenozoic B) MesozoicC) Paleozoic D) Late Proterozoic

210. During which era did the initial opening of thepresent-day Atlantic Ocean most likely occur?


Base your answers to questions 211 through 213 on the map and data table below. The map shows thelocations of volcanic islands and seamounts that erupted on the seafloor of the Pacific Plate as itmoved northwest over a stationary mantle hotspot beneath the lithosphere. The hotspot is currentlyunder Kilauea. Island size is not drawn to scale. Locations X, Y and Z are on Earth's surface.

A) trenches created by the subduction of the Pacific PlateB) rift valleys created by seafloor spreading of the Pacific PlateC) secondary plates created by volcanic activity within the Pacific PlateD) mid-ocean ridges created by faulting below the Pacific Plate

211. Which lithospheric plate boundary features are located at Y and Z?

A) 1 B) 10 C) 100 D) 1,000

212. According to the data table, what is the approximate speed at which the island of Kauai has beenmoving away from the mantle hotspot, in kilometers per million years?

A) 3,600 km B) 2,500 km C) 1,800 km D) 20 km

213. Approximately how far has location X moved from its original location over the hotspot?


A) Mesosaurus migrated across the ocean fromlocation X to location Y.

B) Mesosaurus came into existence on severalwidely separated continents at different times.

C) The continents of South America andAfrica were joined when Mesosaurus lived.

D) The present climates at locations X and Y aresimilar.

214. The map below shows the present-day locations ofSouth America and Africa. Remains of Mesosaurus, an extinct freshwater reptile, have been found insimilarly aged bedrock formed from lake sedimentsat locations X and Y.

Which statement represents the most logicalconclusion to draw from this evidence?

215. Base your answer to the following question on themap below, which shows seismograph recordingstations at locations A, B, and C. Location D is anearthquake epicenter. The distances from locations A and B to this epicenter are given in kilometers.

A) The age decreases, because D is in an oceanictrench.

B) The age decreases, because D is on amid-oceanic ridge.

C) The age increases, because D is in an oceanictrench.

D) The age increases, because D is on amid-oceanic ridge.

How does the age of the ocean-floor bedrockchange as the distance east or west of location D increases?


A) during the Tertiary Period, onlyB) from the Cretaceous Period through the

Tertiary PeriodC) from the Devonian Period through the

Triassic PeriodD) during the Cambrian Period, only

216. The diagram below shows how scientists thinksome of Earth's continents were joined together inthe geologic past.

When do scientists think these continents werejoined together?

A) The climate at site X during the JurassicPeriod was colder than the present climate atsite X.

B) Site X was covered by warm ocean waterduring the Jurassic Period.

C) Site X has drifted southward since the JurassicPeriod.

D) The coral at site X evolved fromocean-dwelling animals into land-dwellinganimals after the Jurassic Period.

217. The dots on the map below show the presentlocations of living coral reefs. Site X indicates anarea of fossil coral reefs preserved in rocks formedduring the Jurassic Period.

Which inference is best supported by this map?

A) continents moved due to changes in theEarth's orbital velocity

B) continents moved due to the Coriolis effectcaused by the Earth's rotation

C) present-day continents of South America andAfrica are moving toward each other

D) present-day continents of South Americaand Africa once fit together like puzzleparts

218. The theory of continental drift suggests that the


219. Base your answer to the following question on "the Earth Science Reference Tables, the core sectionbelow, and your knowledge of Earth Science. The core section shows the subsurface bedrockgeology for a location north of Buffalo, New York.

"

A) The North American Continent was nearer to the Equator during the Ordovician Period.B) The Sun emitted less sunlight during the Ordovician Period.C) Earth was farther from the Sun during the Ordovician Period.D) Many huge volcanic eruptions occurred during the Ordovician Period.

Based on studies of fossils found in the Trenton group, scientists have estimated that the climate ofNew York State during this part of the Ordovician Period was much warmer than the presentclimate. Which statement best explains this change in climate?


Base your answers to questions 220 through 223 onthe map below which shows mid-ocean ridges andtrenches in the Pacific Ocean. Specific areas A, B, C, and D are indicated by shaded rectangles.

A) mountains containing folded sedimentaryrocks

B) mountains containing fossils of present-daymarine life

C) sections of the ocean floor that contain theyoungest oceanic crust

D) sections of the ocean floor that are the remainsof a submerged continent

220. Mid-ocean ridges such as the East Pacific Rise andthe Oceanic Ridge are best described as

A) the revolution of the EarthB) the erosion of the Earth's crustC) shifting of the Earth's magnetic polesD) convection currents in the Earth's mantle

221. Movement of the crustal plates shown in thediagram is most likely caused by

A) shale B) limestoneC) granite D) basalt

222. The crust at the mid-ocean ridges is composedmainly of

A)

B)

C)

D)

223. Which map best shows the direction of movementof the oceanic crustal plates in the vicinity of theEast Pacific Rise (ridge)?

A) Alaska once had a tropical marineenvironment

B) Alaska's cold climate fossilized the coralC) coral usually develops in cold climatesD) ocean currents carried the coral to Alaska

224. Living corals are found in warm, shallow seas.Coral fossils have been found in the sedimentaryrocks of Alaska. These findings suggest that


A) Tertiary B) CretaceousC) Triassic D) Ordovician

225. During which period were North America, Africa,and South America closest?

A) Tertiary B) CretaceousC) Triassic D) Carboniferous

226. During which geologic period were the continentsall part of one landmass, with North America andSouth America joined to Africa?

A) Basaltic rock is found to be progressivelyyounger at increasing distances from amid-ocean ridge.

B) Marine fossils are often found in deep-welldrill cores.

C) The present continents appear to fittogether as pieces of a larger landmass.

D) Areas of shallow-water seas tend toaccumulate sediment, which gradually sinks.

227. Which statement best supports the theory ofcontinental drift?

A)

B)

C)

D)

228. On what other landmass would you most likely findfossil remains of the late Paleozoic reptile calledMesosaurus shown below?

A) Rocks of the ocean ridges are older than thoseof the adjacent sea floor.

B) Rock and fossil correlation can be madewhere the continents appear to fit together.

C) Marine fossils can be found at high elevationsabove sea level on all continents.

D) Great thicknesses of shallow-water sedimentsare found at interior locations on somecontinents.

229. Which statement best supports the theory that allthe continents were once a single landmass?


Base your answers to questions 230 and 231 on the map below, which shows the tectonic plate boundaries near the East African Rift. Arrows showrelative tectonic plate movement. A region of Africa is crosshatched.

A) A folded mountain range is forming as this region collides with the rest of Africa.B) Several volcanic mountains are forming as the rest of Africa subducts under this region.C) This region is moving eastward relative to the rest of Africa.D) This region is moving northward relative to the rest of Africa.

230. What appears to be happening to the crosshatched region of eastern Africa?

A) B)

C) D)

231. Which diagram best represents the polarity of the magnetic field preserved in the ocean-floorbedrock found on both sides of the Mid-Indian Ridge?


A) plus = older age; minus = younger ageB) plus = younger age; minus = older ageC) plus = reversed magnetic polarity; minus = normal magnetic polarityD) plus = normal magnetic polarity; minus = reversed magnetic polarity

232. The block diagram below represents the present ocean floor. The white arrows show the movementof the ocean floor and the black arrows show the movement of the asthenosphere.

Which characteristic of the ocean-floor bedrock is best described by the plus and minus symbols inthe diagram?

A) Mid-Atlantic RidgeB) Yellowstone Hot SpotC) San Andreas FaultD) Peru-Chile Trench

233. Alternating parallel bands of normal and reversedmagnetic polarity are found in the basaltic bedrockon either side of the


234. Base your answer to the following question on "cross section below, which shows an underwatermountain range in the Atlantic Ocean. The oceanic bedrock is composed mainly of basalt. Points X and Y are locations in the bedrock that have been diverging at the same rate. The movement of theNorth American Plate and Eurasian Plate is shown by the two arrows.

"

A) The basalt at location X is younger than the basalt at location Y. Both locations have the samemagnetic orientation.

B) The basalts at locations X and Yare the same age. Both locations have the same magneticorientation.

C) The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Location X has normal magnetic orientationand location Y has reversed magnetic orientation.

D) The basalt at location X is older than the basalt at location Y. Location X has reversed magneticorientation and location Y has normal magnetic orientation.

Which statements best describe the age and magnetic orientation of the basalts found at locations X and Y?


A) B)

C) D)

235. The diagram below represents the pattern of normal and reversed magnetic polarity and the relativeage of the igneous bedrock composing the ocean floor on the east side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.The magnetic polarity of the bedrock on the west side of the ridge has been deliberately left blank.

Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the westside of the ridge?


A) the heliocentric solar systemB) the Coriolis effectC) planet orbit eccentricityD) plate tectonics

236. The arrows on the map below show the apparentchanges in the position of Earth's magnetic NorthPole throughout geologic time, as recorded in theigneous rocks of Europe and North America.

This evidence best supports the concept of

A) Oceanic crust is oldest at the ridge.B) Large sedimentary folds exist in the mantle

near the ridge.C) Oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge is less

dense than continental crust.D) Oceanic crust on both sides of the ridge

shows matching patterns of reversed andnormal magnetic polarity.

237. Which evidence causes most scientists to believethat seafloor spreading occurs at the mid-AtlanticRidge?

A)

B)

C)

D)

238. Which map best represents the general pattern ofmagnetism in the oceanic bedrock near themid-Atlantic Ridge?

A) The Earth's magnetic field is only 2 millionyears old.

B) The Earth's magnetic field is 50 times strongernow than in the past.

C) The Earth's magnetic poles are usually locatedat 0ø latitude.

D) The Earth's magnetic poles appear to havechanged location over time.

239. Which inference is supported by a study of theEarth's magnetic rock record?


A) The rocks of the ocean floor and thecontinents have similar origins.

B) In the ocean floor, rocks near the mid-oceanridge are cooler than rocks near the continents.

C) The pattern of magnetic orientation ofrocks is similar on both sides of themid-ocean ridge.

D) The density of oceanic crust is greater than thedensity of continental crust.

240. Which evidence supports the theory of ocean floorspreading?

A) metamorphic bedrock in mountain rangesB) bedrock with fossils containing radioactive

carbon-14C) layers of sedimentary bedrock of the Grand

CanyonD) igneous bedrock of the oceanic crust

241. Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself severaltimes during the past. This pattern of magneticreversal is best preserved in

A) compass readings on various continents todayB) magnetic properties of rocks formed during

various geologic timesC) seismic waves traveling through the Earth's

interiorD) fossils found in bedrock formed during

various geologic times

242. The map below shows the position of the northmagnetic pole at various times in the past.

These positions have most likely been determinedby using

Answer KeyPLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 2017

1. C2. B3. A4. D5. D6. A7. A8. A9. A10. D11. C12. B13. B14. A15. C16. B17. D18. D19. C20. B21. D22. C23. C24. A25. D26. B27. A28. D29. D30. D31. D32. A33. C34. C35. D36. C

37. C38. A39. D40. D41. B42. B43. C44. A45. A46. D47. D48. A49. D50. B51. C52. B53. B54. A55. B56. C57. D58. C59. C60. C61. D62. A63. B64. C65. D66. A67. B68. C69. A70. D71. C72. C

73. C74. D75. D76. D77. D78. A79. D80. C81. C82. A83. A84. A85. B86. D87. D88. A89. B90. C91. B92. C93. D94. A95. D96. A97. A98. B99. C100. D101. D102. C103. D104. C105. C106. A107. A108. D

109. B110. A111. C112. B113. B114. B115. A116. D117. D118. B119. A120. A121. D122. B123. B124. A125. C126. B127. D128. B129. C130. A131. A132. C133. B134. C135. C136. C137. C138. B139. B140. D141. D142. B143. D144. A

Answer KeyPLATE TECTONICS MEGA PACKET MC 2017

145. A146. D147. C148. A149. C150. A151. C152. C153. D154. C155. A156. C157. B158. C159. D160. D161. A162. D163. B164. B165. C166. C167. D168. D169. D170. C171. C172. B173. A174. B175. D176. A177. C178. B179. D180. C

181. B182. C183. A184. D185. D186. A187. B188. A189. B190. C191. B192. C193. A194. B195. D196. C197. B198. C199. C200. A201. C202. A203. B204. A205. A206. A207. A208. C209. A210. B211. A212. C213. C214. C215. D216. C

217. B218. D219. A220. C221. D222. D223. A224. A225. C226. C227. C228. B229. B230. C231. A232. D233. A234. B235. A236. D237. D238. D239. D240. C241. D242. B

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