Volume IV Number 29 July 2009

Refuelling station

Gas and station network expansion in India

BIOGAS Page

India and Korea tobuild more biogasplants for vehicles

Early projection on global economic recovery and NGVs

July 20092

Summary04 Early global economic recovery is

projected, LNG and renewable fuels

Global business is expected to slowly recover soon. Since the 4th week ofMarch, oil price kept increasing, withfew occasions of a little dip in the ...

18Following the article titled “Melcherssupplies equipment to build the largestCNG station in the world” written by C.Melchers GmbH & Co. and ...

22

24 Indian automakers to launch factory fitted NGVs

26 Biogas for vehicles in India Waste to fuel in South Korea

28 Market AlertFrom other regions

30 Bogor city promotes NGV plan throughfree conversion kits for 1,000 minivans

30 Crude oil hit USD 70/bbl, a new record for 2009

31 Sharjah to convert over 5,000taxis to NGVs

32 BusinessCentre: ANGVA 2009exhibition in South Korea

Copies Distribution

Earning money through carboncredit trade with CNG buses

Asian NGV Communications is a publicationof NGV Communications Group, publishinghouse and fairs-conferences organizer: www.ngvgroup.comIn Europe, we print The Gas Vehicles Report,GVR, and www.ngvguide.com, theInternational NGV Guide. In Argentina, the Group publishes PrensaVehicular, Argentine CNG Guide, maps,books and brochures while in Brazil, Folhado GNV, Brazilian NGV Guide, maps andposters, among others. In Peru PrensaVehicular Peru. More info: www.ngvgroup.comThe signed articles are exclusive responsibility ofthe authors, as well as advertising companies andagencies are responsible for the published ads.

300-5, Changchon-Ri ■ Namsan-MyunChuncheon-Si ■ Kangwon-Do ■ 200-911 Tel. and fax.: +82 33 260 3419

+31 20 420 1076asia@ngvgroup.com ■ www.asiangv.com

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Uspallata 711 ■ CP 1268 ■ Capital FederalTel./Fax: +54 11 43074559 /5201/ 43006137 info@prensavehicular.comwww.prensavehicular.com

is member of the ANGVA (Asia Pacific NGV Association)

20 Gas pipeline and CNG stationexpansion plans in India

By mid July, Pune will have 10 CNGrefuelling stations from the current 7existing ones. The number will grow to18 units by year end, as ...

We print and mail to 24countries about 4.000 copiesaddressed to governmental relat-ed offices, OEM and Oil & Gascompanies, associations, related NGV indus-tries, refuelling stations,workshops and suppliers,according the following list (somefigures rounded):Armenia: 0.3%Australia: 4.1%Azerbaijan: 0.2%Bangladesh: 5.0%China: 10.9%Egypt: 1.9%India: 9.5%

Indonesia: 1.6%Iran: 7.0%Israel: 0.1%Japan: 10.2%Korea: 5.1%Malaysia: 6.6%Myanmar: 0.5%New Zealand: 1.0%Pakistan: 11.4%Philippines: 3.6%Russia:4.3%Singapore: 3.1%Taiwan: 0.2%Thailand: 5.8%Turkey: 5.5%United Arab Emirates: 2.1%Vietnam: 0.1%

In addition, the magazine issent to over 19.300 readersin 94 countries

by e-mail (.pdf) and is also onlinein www.ngvgroup.comIf your NGV business is in Asia,advertise with us.

Asian NGV Communications300-14, Changchon-Ri,Namsan-Myun, Chuncheon-Si, Kangwon-Do,200-911 KOREATel : +31 20 420 1076Tel : +82 33 260 3419e-mail: asia@ngvgroup.com

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World’s biggest CNG station withpotential of increasing its capacity

July 20094

Global business is expected to slowly recover soon. Since the 4th week of March,oil price kept increasing, with few occasionsof a little dip in the price. Now, early analysisindicates that oil might reach USD 100/bblby 2010.

As from June 5th, oil price in the New YorkMercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for LightSweet Crude Oil July contract West TexasIntermediate increased to USD 69.22/bblwith an escalating price trend for the following months with the December contract closed at USD 73.05/bbl (USD77.15 for Dec. 2010, USD 80.25 for Dec.2011 and USD 82.05 per bbl for Dec. 2012).On June 3rd, London ICE July Brent hit USD68.25/bbl. The 5th June NYMEX price forJuly contract for NG up to USD 3.85/MMbtuand USD 5.81/MMbtu for the December2009 contract. Goldman Sachs, Wall Street’s largest commodities dealer, believes that crudedemand is going to recover and reach agood level especially in Asia. The firm alsothinks that there will be not enough oil supplyto meet the demand. China and other developing countries are expected to require1.2 M bbl/day of oil in 2010. Goldman’s projection for oil price for end of 2009 isincreased by USD 20 to USD 85/bbl and itmay reach USD 100/bbl by the end of 2010.Goldman previously forecasted that oil pricewould be as low as USD 25/bbl due to theeconomic crisis, this projection is now omitted. In the past twenty years, world demand fornatural gas increased steadily with an annualgrowth rate of 2%. China, one of the mostimportant consumers in the world energybasket, will consume more NG in 2020, inwhich 12% of its primary energy will comefrom NG. Cho-Oon Khong, chief political analyst in theGlobal Business Environment team at ShellInternational (the Netherlands), said that theglobal economy should show a record average annual growth of 3.5% over the nextfour or five decades.In Australia, the South West SustainabilityPartnership, BOC and Victoria’s regionaltransport companies, are proposing aSGD150M project to operate more than 120Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles in the state’s southwest, to construct Victoria’s first Micro-LNGplant and up to six refuelling stations acrossthe region. The project will create a completecommercial pipeline-to-truck fuel supply network for Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDVs).With the conversion of diesel trucks to LNGvehicles, greenhouse gas emission would bereduced by 20- 25%. Also, maintenancecost and engine noise would be lowered.Apart from that, as reported in Asian NGV

Communications March 09 edition, inTasmania, BOC and LNG Refuellers, a consortium of seven Tasmanian transportoperators, is building a micro-LNG plant inWestbury to supply LNG fuel to 120 HDVs.Cryostar, the leading company in theCryogenic market and an expert in the LNGand LCNG refuelling station technology, isinvolved in this project. This Micro-LNGplant, the first of its kind in Australia, willhave the capacity to produce 50 tonnes LNGper day (equivalent of 70,000 litre diesel).Taking example from the 2008 BeijingOlympics in China, the Delhi government inIndia is eager to adopt “clean” vehicles forthe 2010 Commonwealth Games. Apart fromthe already existing large-number-of-NGVs inDelhi’s public transport, the vehicle of choicewill be hybrid CNG/electric-powered ones.The authority in Delhi has recently introducedsubsidies on the cost of battery-operatedcars and two or three-wheelers.The healthy growth and the government andgas companies’ plan to increase CNG infrastructure gives confidence to car manufacturers to even widen their NGVoffers. After many years offering CNG variants of traditionally-fuelled cars andsedans, soon, India car manufacturers wouldintroduce OEM NGVs. With this OEM option,CNG kits/engines will be installed in themanufacturers’ factory while the previousCNG variants were converted by dealersbefore the vehicles were purchased by buyers. See more information regarding OEMNGVs plans on other page of this journal.

Managing director of Iran's Vehicle GasCompany Mostafa Alavi said that the countrywill have 1,800 CNG stations by year end.During the past Iranian year from March2008 to 20th March 2009, a total of 425CNG stations have been built. In February2009, there were already 764 stations operated in Iran, facilitating around 1.2MNGVs. In April 2008, there were around 400stations operated across Iran. The around50% growth in the refuelling segment ismade possible also by the strong supportfrom the government –in form of mandatesand favourable fuel price policy—and theactive involvement from the private sectorespecially from the OEM NGV and gas distribution company as well as the nationalorganisation that promote this industry,Iranian Gas Khodro. Nowadays, the numberof NGVs operating in Iran reaches up to 1.3M, a big leap from the commencement ofthe CNG programme in 1977 with its 1,200converted vehicles in Shiraz.Meanwhile, Pakistan has reported that 764new CNG stations were built during FiscalYear 2007-2008. The number increased from

1,450 units to 2,214 stations last year, showing a 53% growth in the refuelling sector. The Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority(OGRA) has granted more than 6,115licences to construct CNG stations. Nearly80% vehicles in Pakistan have been converted into CNG since its introduction in1992. As in Bangladesh, Pakistan expectsthat the government will reduce the price ofCNG to save the multi-million investment inthe NGV business. On the contrary, CNGprice in India was scheduled to be increased,despite of the opposition from BharatiyaJanata Party, major political party in India. The Federal Government effort to introduceNG HDVs by bringing 4,000 CNG buses inthe metropolis within five years is postponed.The main reason pointed out is that OGRAhas opposed the establishment of CNG fillingstations for these buses, and the lack ofCNG bus depot. However, the 50 CNGbuses for Karachi that have been agreed tobe brought to the country are expected tobe operated this July, and would beequipped by e-ticketing system and facilitatedby at least three fuelling stations.The Transport Minister of Thailand hasinformed that the proposal of 4,000 CNGbus lease programme is yet to be re-submittedto the government. The previous budget hasbeen trimmed down from 120 B THB for6,000 buses to 69B THB for 4,000 busesand now revised to 67.9B THB. On the otherhand, Bangkok Mass Transit Authority, thebus operator, urged the government to purchasethose buses instead of leasing them.The government is targeting to increase theshare of renewable fuels in the country’senergy basket, up from the current 6% to20% over the next 15 years. Almost 20,000tonnes oil equivalent of fossil fuels would bereplaced by renewable fuels, in which over10,000 tonnes of those would be supplied inthe form of biofuel, hydrogen, and CNG.This could offer Thailand 460B THB annualsavings in foreign exchange by 2022. At themoment, both natural gas and E85 are themost promoted alternative fuels in Thailand.By 2022, NG is projected to substitute 20%of fossil fuel consumption.Recently, Oil & gas company PTT hasrevised its 2009 CNG station target into atotal of 400 stations by year end. It means,about 100 more stations would be addedduring the next semester. Apart from CNG and the slowly-but-suregrowing interest in LNG, biogas is alsobecoming a more and more important in theclean—and renewable—energy basket.South Korea and India are two Asian coun-tries which show a significant interest inusing biogas (biomethane) as transport fuel.See other article about this issue in this edition.

Early global economic recovery is projected,more interest in CNG, LNG and renewable fuels

July 20096

预计全球经济提前复苏 CNG,LNG与可再生燃料热度再起全球经济繁荣预计会慢慢恢复。从3月份第四周开始，石油价格持续升高，偶尔会有小幅下降。目前，分析家认为2010年石油

价格会达到100美元/桶。

到6月5日，纽约商品交易所7月的西德克萨斯轻质原油合同价格提升到69.22美元/桶，而后几个月价格上升的趋势更快，12月

份的合同价格达到73.05/桶(2010年12月份：77.15美元/桶，2011年12月份：80.25美元/桶，2012年12月份：82.05美元/桶)

。6月3日，伦敦期货交易所的7月份布伦特原油价格升至68.25/桶。6月5日，纽约商品交易所的7月份和12月份的天然气合同

价格分别达到3.85美元和5.81美元/MMbtu。

Goldman Sachs作为华尔街最大的商品承销商，认为对原油的需求水平将逐步恢复并达到一个较高水平，尤其是在亚洲。

该公司同时认为市场上将有足够的原油供应。中国及其他发展中国家到2010年会产生每天120万桶石油的需求。Goldman

Sachs 预测，2009年底石油价格将提升20美元/桶，达到85美元/桶，而到2010年可能达到100美元/桶。Goldman Sachs

此前曾预测石油价格会因经济危机的影响跌至25美元/桶。

过去20年来，世界对天然气的需求量以每年2%的速度增长。中国作为世界能源消费大国将在2020年需求更多的天然气，其总

的能源需求中有12%将为天然气。

壳牌公司全球商务环境小组政策分析主管Cho-Oon Khong认为，全球经济可能在未来四到五年呈现出3.5%的年增长速率。

澳大利亚西南可持续发展合作伙伴计划、BOC燃气公司以及维多利亚地区运输公司正在提议一个1.5亿SGD规模的项目，该项目

将在维多利亚的西南部运行120辆重型液化天然气汽车，同时建设维多利亚首个微型液化天然气生产厂以及跨越整个区域的6

座加气站。该项目将为重型液化天然气汽车建设一个通过管道输送的燃料网络。通过使用液化天然气汽车，温室气体排放量

将减少20-25%。同时，维护成本和发动机噪声也会降低。

此外，根据亚洲天然气汽车通讯2009年3月刊报道，在Tasmania州，BOC燃气公司与液化天然气站公司成立了一个联盟，该联

盟纳入7个运输公司，正在Westbury建设一个小型液化天然气厂，为120辆重型液化天然气汽车供应燃料。Cryostar是一家在

低温设备领域领先的公司，其液化天然气及液化天然气-压缩天然气加气站技术将应用到该项目中。

此座液化天然气工厂将具备每天生产50吨液化天然气的能力（约合7万升的柴油。

以中国2008年奥运会为借鉴，印度德里政府非常想在2010年的联邦运动会中采用清洁燃料汽车。除了已应用于公交系统的天

然气汽车外，政府还想应用CNG/电混合动力车。德里政府最近刚刚对纯电动的轿车和自行车发放了补贴。

产业的健康成长、政府以及然气公司建设CNG基础设施的计划给了汽车制造商更多的信心，他们想提供更多的天然气车型。经

过多年的市场开拓——改装传统轿车为天然气汽车， 印度的汽车制造商想开发更多的OEM车。

对于OEM车的生产模式来说，CNG的改装件和发动机将在原厂安装，而此前的各种改装车型将通过经销商改装后卖给消费者。

本期会有更多关于OEM天然气汽车开发计划的报道。

伊朗汽车然气公司负责人Mostafa Alavi称，伊朗到今年年底将有1800座CNG加气站。

自2008年3月到2009年3月20日，伊朗总共建设了425座加气站。今年2月份，伊朗的加气站数量达到764座，为120万辆天然气

汽车加气。去年4月份，伊朗的加气站数量为400座。加气站50%的增长率得益于政府的强力支持——

燃料价格政策和法规强制政策，OEM厂与燃气供应商的积极参与，以及国家相关机构对于该项产业的支持。

巴基斯坦在2007-08年建立了764座CNG加气站。

去年该数量从1450提高到了2214座。整整提高了53%。国家油气管理局向加气站建设商颁发了6115个许可证。巴基斯坦从1992

年以来，几乎80%的车辆改装为了天然气汽车。如孟加拉一样，巴基斯坦政府将降低CNG价格，而在印度尽管有Bharatiya

Janata党的反对，CNG价格仍将上涨。

联邦政府计划在未来5年向大型城市引入4000辆CNG公交车的计划被延迟了。主要原因是油气管里局反对为这些车建设加气站

，此外，还缺少这些车辆的存放站。然而，引入卡拉奇的50辆CNG公交车在今年7月份将正式启用，这些车将装配电子售票系

统，有至少3个加气站为它们服务。

泰国运输部长称4000辆CNG公交车租赁计划还没有向政府提交。早先6000辆车1200亿泰铢的预算已经削减到690亿泰铢（4000

辆），目前，又降低到了679亿泰铢。而曼谷公共交通管理局正在敦促政府放弃租赁计划，而采取购买的方式。

泰国政府计划在未来15年内，将能源结构中可再生燃料的份额从现在的6%提高到20%。大约合2万顿石油当量的化石燃料将由

可再生燃料替代，其中1万吨将由生物燃料、氢气和CNG替代。到2022年，这个措施可以为泰国每年节省4600亿泰铢的外汇。

目前，天然气和E85（85%体积比的乙醇与15%体积比的汽油混合燃料）是泰国重点推广的替代燃料。到2022年，天然气将替代

20%的化石燃料消耗。

近来，泰国国家石油和天然气公司PTT修改了其CNG加气站建设目标，其新目标设置为年底前建设400座加气站，这意味着下个

季度该公司要建设100多座加气站。

除了CNG与渐渐升温的LNG，生物气逐渐在清洁、可再生燃料领域崭露头角。韩国和印度对于应用生物气（生物甲烷）于交通

运输领域表示出浓厚的兴趣。请关注本期的相关文章。

July 20098

세계 경기가 점차 회복세를 보이고 있다. 지난 3월 4째 주 이래 유가는 크고 작은 영향을 받아 꾸준히 오름세를 보였었다.하지만 일부 성격 급한 분석가들은 여전히 유가가 2010년에는 100/bbl 달러까지 오를 것이라고 지적하고 있다.

월 스트리트의 가장 큰 상품 거래소 딜러인 골드만 삭스는 석유 수요량이 곧 정상으로 회복하여 적정선에 이를 것이며특히 이러한 현상은 아시아에서 두드러질 것이라고 확신하고 있다. 반면 현재의 석유량이 수요를 충족시킬 만큼충분하지는 않다고 생각하고 있다. 중국을 비롯한 개발 도상국가들은 2010년이 되면 하루에 약 1.2 M bbl의 석유를소비할 것으로 예상된다. 골드만 삭스는 2009년 말 유가는 USD 85/bbl, 2010년에는 USD 100/bbl까지 치솟을 것이라고예상하고 있다. 예전에 골드만 삭스는 경제위기로 인해 유가가 USD 25/bbl까지 하락할 것이라고 예상했었지만 이번에 그예상은 제외시켰다.지난 20여 년간 세계 천연가스 소비량은 연간 2%씩 꾸준히 상승했다. 세계에서 가장 큰 에너지 소비국인 중국은2020년에는 핵심 에너지인 NG 소비를 12%로 끌어 올리면서 더 많은 NG를 소비하게 될 것이다.

네널란드 쉘 인터네셔넬에 있는 세계 사업 환경 팀의 정치 분석 책임자 공 조운은 세계 경기가 향후 40~50년 동안에는 연평균 3.5%의 성장률을 보여줘야 한다고 지적했다.

호주의 남서지역 협력업체, BOC 와 빅토리아 지역 운송업체는 빅토리아주 남서 지역에 120개의 LNG대형차 운행과 첫소규모 LNG공장을 설립 및 6개의 충전소 설립을 위한 “SGD150M”라는 프로젝트를 내놓았다. 이 프로젝트는 대형차량을위한 완벽한 상업용 파이프라인-트럭의 연료 공급 네트워크를 갖추게 될 것이다. 디젤 차량을 LNG용으로 교체할 경우온실 가스 배출량을 20- 25% 정도 줄일 수 있으며 차량 유지비와 엔진 소음도 줄일 수 있다.이와는 별도로, 태즈메니아에서는 BOC, LNG 충전소 업자, 7개 태즈매니아 운송연합이 결합하여 120개의 대형차량들에LNG를 공급하고자 웨스트 베리에 소규모의 LNG공장을 설립하고 있다. 극저온 기술 시장의 선두주자이자LNG/LCNG충전소 기술의 전문 기업도 이 프로젝트에 참여하였다. 이러한 소규모LNG공장은 호주에서는 첫 선을 보이게되는 것이며 하루에 50톤의 LNG를 생산할 수 있는 능력을 갖추고 있다. (이는 디젤 70,000 리터에 상응하는 양이다.)2008년 중국 베이징 올림픽을 본받아 인도 델리 정부도 2010 영연방 경기대회를 위해 “청정” 자동차 보급에 노력하고있다. 이미 많은 NGV 대중 교통이 델리에서 운행되고 있는 것과는 별개로 하이브리드 CNG/전기 자동차들도 채택될것이다. 인도 공사는 최근 배터리로 운행되는 자동차나 이륜 차에 대한 보조금 정책을 내 놓았다.인도 정부와 가스 회사가 CNG 인프라를 넓히겠다는 계획은 인도 자동차 회사들로 하여금 NGV 주문량이 늘게 될것이라는 확신을 심어 주었다. 수년간 CNG개조 차량을 선보였던 인도의 자동차 회사는 조만간 OEM NGV를 선보일것이다. 이러한 OEM 사업 시스템을 통해 예전에 소비자가 자동차를 구입하기 전에 딜러에서 CNG로 개조 되었던 것과는달리 제조 업체 공장에서 바로 CNG 키트와 엔진이 설치될 것이다. (OEM NGV 에 대한 자세한 정보는 다른 페이지 참조)

이란의 자동차 회사 상무이사인 모스타파 알라비는 올해 년도 말까지 1,800개의 충전소가 생기게 될 것이라고 전했다.이란에는 지난 2008년 3월부터 2009년 3월 20일까지 425개의 충전소가 생겼다. 하지만 이미 2월에는 764개의 충전소가운영되고 있었으며 120만 대의 NGV가 그 충전소를 이용하고 있었다. 2008년 4월에는 약 400개의 충전소가 이란에운영되고 있었다. 정부의 관련 협약이나 연료 가격 정책과 같은 적극적인 지원, 특히 관련 산업을 홍보하는 이란 가스코드로와 같은 국가 정부 기관뿐 아니라 NGV OEM, 가스 공급업체와 같은 개인 업체들의 적극적인 개입은 충전소 분야의약 50% 성장을 가능하게 했다. 현재 이란의 NGV인구는 130만에 육박한다. 이는 1977년 시라즈시에서 1,200대의 개조차량으로 CNG프로그램을 시작한 이래 아주 큰 성장을 보여준다.

한편 파키스탄은 회계연도 2007년-2008년 사이에 764개의 새로운 충전소가 설립되었다고 보고하고 있다. 작년에는1,450 개소에서 2,214개소로 증가되었으며 충전소 분야에서 53%의 성장률을 보여주고 있다. 석유 및 가스관리기구(OGRA) 는 충전소 설립 관련 6,115 개가 넘은 허가증을 발부하였다. 파키스탄은 1992년 CNG 도입이래 거의80%의 자동차들이 CNG 차량으로 개조하였다. 방글라데시처럼 파키스탄 정부도 CNG 가격을 내리게 될 것이라고기대되고 있다. 반면 인도의 주요 정당인 바라티야 자마타 당의 반대에도 불구하고 인도 정부는 CNG 가격을 내릴 계획을갖고 있다.5년 안에 4,000대의 CNG버스를 수도권에 들여옴으로써 서서히 NG 대형차를 도입하고자 했던 파키스탄 연방 정부의노력이 연기되었다. 이 노력이 실패한 주된 원인으로 OGRA의 충전소 설립 반대와 CNG 차고 부족이 지적되고 있다.하지만 이번에 50대의 CNG 버스를 가라치시에 들여오기로 합의하였고 7월에는 정상 운행될 것으로 기대되고 있다.버스는 전자 티켓 시스템 장비를 갖추었으며 최소한 3개의 충전소를 이용하게 될 것이다. 4,000대의 CNG 버스 임대 프로그램 제안서가 다시 정부에 제출되었다고 태국 교통부는 전해왔다. 예전에 6,000 대의버스에 120 B THB였던 예산이 4,000대에 69B THB로 삭감되었고 현재는 예산이 67.9B THB로 조정되었다. 반면, 방콕대중 교통국과 버스 운영자들은 이러한 버스를 임대가 아닌 구입하는 조건을 제시하고 있다.태국은 국가 에너지 분야에 있어서 재생 에너지 부문을 현재 6%에서 향후 15년 후에는 20%까지 증가시키기 위한 목표를정하고 있다. 거의 20,000 톤의 화석 연료들이 대체 에너지로 교체될 것이며 그 중 약 10,000톤이 넘는 연료들은 바이오연료나 수소, CNG의 형태로 공급될 것이다. 이는 2020년까지 외국환 연간 460B THB의 비용을 절약할 만한 양이다. 현재천연가스나 E85는 태국에서 가장 장려하는 대체 에너지이다. 2020년까지 천연가스는 화석 연료 소비량의 20%를 대체 할것을 목표하고 있다.최근 가스 정유 회사 PTT는 2009년 CNG충전소 설립 목표 물량을 올해 말까지 총 400개로 정정하였다. 이는 하반기에100개의 충전소가 더 증가할 것이라는 것을 의미한다.CNG와 서서히 관심이 증가하고 있는 LNG와는 별개로 바이오 가스가 청정 재생 에너지 분야에서 점점 중요성을 더 해가고 있다. 한국과 인도는 바이오 가스(바이오 메탄)를 대중 교통 연료로 사용하는 것에 대해 지대한 관심을 보여주고있는 대표적인 아시아 국가이다. 관련 기사는 다른 페이지 참조

세계 경기 회복을 위한 계획이 수립되면서 CNG, LNG와재생 에너지에 대한 관심은 더욱 높아지고 있다.

July 200910

ＣＮＧ、ＬＮＧ，再生可能エネルギーへのさらなる注目が早期の世界経済の回復を実現する世界経済はまもなく徐々に回復していくだろうと期待されている。３月第４週から原油価格は価格の一時的下落がほとんどなく上昇してきた。現在の分析では、２０１０年までに原油価格が１バレル１００米ドルに達するかもしれないと予想している。

６月５日には、ニューヨーク商業取引所（ＮＹＭＥＸ）で原油の価格が１バレル６９.２２米ドルまで増加した。１２月先物分まで上昇を続け、７３.０５米ドル（２０１０年１２月に７７.１５米ドル、２０１１年１２月に８０.２５米ドル、２０１２年１２月に８２.０５米ドル）６月３日にはロンドン市場で１バレル６８.２５米ドルになった。６月５日にはＮＹＭＥＸで７月先物分で天然ガスが３.８５米ドル／MMBtu，２００９年１２月分で５.８１米ドル／MMBtuになった。ウォールストリートの大手証券会社であるゴールドマン・サックスは、原油需要が回復し、特にアジアでは適正な水準に達していると考えている。また、需要に見合う原油供給が充分ではないだろうと考えている。中国や他の新興国が２０１０年には１日あたり１２０万バレルの原油を必要としていると考えられている。ゴールドマン・サックスによる２００９年末の予想原油価格は、２０米ドル上がり１バレル８５米ドル、２０１０年末には１バレル１００米ドルまで達するかもしれないと予想している。ゴールドマン・サックスは以前、原油価格が経済危機により１バレル２５米ドルを下回ると予想していたが、今はそれを撤回している。過去２０年間に世界の天然ガス需要は、年２％で堅調な増加をしている。世界の最も重要な消費国の一つである中国は、２０２０年にはさらに天然ガスを消費し、１次エネルギーの１２％を占めるであろう。

オランダにあるシェルインターナショナルで世界ビジネス環境チームのチーフ政策アナリストのチョー・オン・コン氏は、次の４０年から５０年には世界経済が平均年率３.５％の成長をするだろうと述べた。オーストラリアでは、South West Sustainability Partnership 社、ＢＯＣ社，ビクトリア州内の運送会社が州南西部で １２０ 台以上のヘビーデューティーＬＮＧ車の運用、ビクトリア州最初のマイクロＬＮＧプラントの建設や州内６ヶ所のＬＮＧ充填スタンドの設置を含む１億５千万シンガポールドルのプロジェクトを提案している。プロジェクトは完全な商用パイプラインからヘビーデューティー車（ＨＤ車）への燃料供給ネットワークまで建設することになる予定である。ディーゼル車からＬＮＧ車への改造により地球温暖化ガスは２０から２５％削減されると考えられている。また、メンテナンスコストは下がり、エンジンノイズも小さくなるだろう。このプロジェクトとは別にAsian NGV Communications誌３月９日号で掲載したように、タスマニアでＢＯＣ社、LNG Refuellers社、タスマニアの７社からなる運送会社連合が１２０台のＨＤ車にＬＮＧを充填するため、ウエストバリーにマイクロＬＮＧプラントを建設している。冷熱市場ではリーディングカンパニーであり、ＬＮＧやＬＣＮＧスタンド技術では優れているCryostar社がこのプロジェクトに参加している。オーストラリアで最初となるこのマイクロＬＮＧプラントは、１日５０トンのＬＮＧ（７０キロリットルの軽油と等価）を製造する能力を持つ。

中国での２００８年北京オリンピックを範として、インドのデリー政府は、２０１０年開催のコモンウェルスゲームでクリーン自動車を導入したいと考えている。デリーの公共交通機関ですでに導入されている大量のＮＧＶとは別に、車種としてはＣＮＧハイブリッド車が選ばれる予定である。デリー政府は最近、バッテリー駆動車と２輪車への補助を導入した。順調な普及台数増加やＣＮＧスタンドを増やすための政府とガス会社の計画により、自動車会社にＮＧＶを幾分増やす自信を与えている。液体燃料車とは異なるＣＮＧ車の要求を何年も行ってきたので、まもなくインドではＯＥＭのＮＧＶが導入される予定である。このＯＥＭにより、今までは購入前にディーラーでＣＮＧ車に改造されていたが、今度はＣＮＧキットやエンジンが自動車会社の工場で組み立てられることになる。詳しくは今号のＯＥＭによるＮＧＶ計画に関する記事を参照いただきたい。イランの自動車用ガス会社取締役モスタファ・アラビ氏は、今年末に１,８００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが整備されるだろうと述べた。２００８年３月から２００９年３月２０日までのイラン暦での１年間で４２５ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが建設された。２月には、約１２０万台のＮＧＶに対してすでに７６４ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが運用されていた。２００８年４月には、約４００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドであった。ＣＮＧスタンド数の約５０％の伸びは、規制と燃料価格政策による政府の強い支援や民間の参加により達成することができた。特に民間では、ＯＥＭによるＮＧＶやガス会社だけでなくＮＧＶ産業を振興する国内団体やIranian Gas Khodroの参加によるものである。現在、イランにおけるＮＧＶ普及台数は１３０万台までに達し、１９７７年にＣＮＧ車プログラムが開始され、シーラーズで１,２００台の改造車が導入されてから大きな飛躍となった。一方、パキスタンでは２００７年度に７６４ヶ所の新しいＣＮＧスタンドが建設された。昨年、１,４５０ヶ所から２,２１４ヶ所へと５３％の増加となった。Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA)は、ＣＮＧスタンド建設するため６,１１５以上のライセンスが与えられている。パキスタンでは、１９９２年の導入以来、ほぼ８０％が改造車である。バングラディシュのようにパキスタンは、政府がＮＧＶ産業の数百万の投資を抑えるためにＣＮＧ価格を下げることを期待している。反対にインドにおけるＣＮＧ価格は、インドの主要政党であるインド人民党が反対しているにもかかわらず値上げが予定されていた。首都において５年以内に４千台のＣＮＧバスによって天然ガスＨＤ車を導入する連邦政府の努力は延期されてる。主な理由はＯＧＲＡがこれらのバスのためのＣＮＧスタンド設置を妨害したこととＣＮＧバス車庫不足であると指摘された。しかし、バス導入に同意されたカラチの５０台のＣＮＧバスはこの７月に運行を開始する予定である。そして、電子チケットシステムが導入され、少なくとも３ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンドが建設される。

タイの交通大臣は、４千台のＣＮＧバスリースプログラムの提案は政府に再提出されると述べた。以前の予算は６千台のバスによる１２００億タイバーツから４千台６９０億タイバーツに削減され、６７９億タイバーツまで見直されている。一方、バンコク交通局はリースの代わりにこれらのＣＮＧバスを購入するよう政府に迫っている。政府は、次の１５年間に現在の６％から２０％以上に国の再生可能エネルギーの割合を増やす目標を掲げている。ほぼ２万トンの原油等価分の化石燃料が再生可能燃料に置き換わる。その内、１万トン以上はバイオ燃料、水素そしてＣＮＧである。これは２０２２年までに年間４６００億タイバーツの外貨節約になると考えられている。同時に天然ガスとＥ８５はタイでは最も導入される代替燃料である。２０２２年までに天然ガスが化石燃料消費量の２０％を置き換わると予想されている。最近、タイのＰＴＴが２００９年のＣＮＧスタンド目標を年末に合計４００ヶ所と見直した。これは次期に１００ヶ所のＣＮＧスタンド数を多くしている。ＣＮＧやゆっくりではあるが堅調に伸びているＬＮＧとは別に、バイオガスがクリーンな再生可能エネルギーとしてより重要性を増している。韓国やインドでは輸送用燃料としてバイオガス（バイオメタン）に大変注目している。詳細は今号の記事を参照していただきたい。

July 200912

July 200914

July 200916

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July 2009 17

July 200918

Following the article titled “Melchers supplies equipment tobuild the largest CNG station in the world” written by C.Melchers GmbH & Co. and published in the May 2009 editionof Asian NGV Communications, the author reported that thisupcoming station in Singapore will be powered by fourGalileo’s Microbox compressors.

Melchers informed that compressor capacity of 1,500Sm3/hour per compressor was initially determined as thedesign power. However, the maximum operating powerintended for the station is 2,300 Sm3/hour for each compressor. Following the client’s demand, Galileo will provide four units of Microbox Compressor, which allows atotal compressed capacity of 9,200 Sm3/hour.

The executive also stated that the owner of the station isconsidering to add one more unit of Microbox in the future.Galileo, the compressor supplier, later confirmed that the 5thcompressor will be installed in the station in due time. Itmeans that this 7,065 sqm CNG station premise would beable to provide 11,500 Sm3 CNG per hour in the final stage.The station will be equipped with 44 nozzles for Low-DutyVehicles plus two more for Heavy-Duty Vehicles.

The station is scheduled to be completed by August this year.

World’s biggest CNG station with potentialof increasing its capacity

July 200920

PuneBy mid July, Pune will have 10 CNGrefuelling stations from the current 7existing ones. The number will grow to18 units by year end, as MaharashtraNatural Gas Limited (MNGL) has finished installing 30-km CNG pipelinefrom Chinchwad to Shivajinagar. So far,1,000 auto-rickshaws in this city areusing CNG. The local governmentexpects that all of the 42,000 auto-rick-shaws would be replaced to LPG orCNG mode, although only 10,000 ofthem have been converted so far.

Jaipur and AlwarRajasthan state in Western India is waiting for NGV programme to enterthe state. In both Jaipur and Alwar, theintention to operate NGVs in the citieswas expressed by some of its inhabitants. However, availability of thefuel is still hampering the introduction ofthese environmentally-friendly vehicles.

Although it is mandatory for the publictransport system of Alwar City ofRajasthan (which is part ot the NationalCapital Region) to operate by CNG, itis not easy for the moment to runNGVs. The state authorities had toapproach the apex court to seek permission for the public transport vehicles plying in the city to be run ongasoline and diesel as it is not possibleto obtain CNG in the state. It wouldtake at least another couple of yearsbefore natural gas is available in thisstate. To materialise the programme, atleast Rs 4-5 B investment is needed,which at the moment is considered notfeasible.

In Jaipur, some argued that CNG vehicles should be introduced to cutpollution and reduce related health costcaused by air pollution. Jaipur is facingthe same issue as Alwar: the non-availability of CNG pipeline.However, the city has conducted a successful bio-CNG/biomethane project, in which bio-CNG from cowdung is produced. The result has beenused to fuel NGVs. The governmentexpects that 100 more plants would bebuilt to produce bio-CNG for vehicles,electricity production, and householduse.

Alwar city is located around 160 kmsouth of Delhi, and around 150 kmnorth of Jaipur (Capital of Rajasthan).The city is the administrative headquarters of Alwar District. The district is also a part of NCR. The NCR consists of the conurbation ormetropolitan area which encompassesthe entire National Capital Territory ofDelhi as well as urban areas ringing it inneighbouring states of Haryana, UttarPradesh and Rajasthan.

NCRIndraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL), the only gassupplier in Delhi, received a mandatefrom the government to increase CNGinfrastructure in Delhi and surroundingsincluding Ghaziabad in East Delhiregion. The government has approvedIGL’s pipeline expansion plan and distribution system (CNG refuelling station construction) that involve Rs 100crore of additional investment. The workhas been started. In five months, IGLshould be in a position to supply CNG.

However, the Petroleum and NaturalGas Regulatory Board has questionedthe validity of permissions and askedIGL to stop the work. The board recently invited bids for the supply ofgas in the city of Ghaziabad. TheEnvironment Pollution Authority(Prevention and Control) is concernabout the fact that this matter woulddelay the project and the supply ofCNG in Ghaziabad. In this case, thisaction can slow down the battle againstair pollution.

On the other hand, IGL plans toincrease CNG price in Delhi from Rs18.90 to Rs 21 per kilogramme. Theprice hike was needed because of therise in the cost of feed stock of naturalgas. Currently, at Rs 18.90/kg, Delhi’sCNG is the cheapest available fuel inIndia.

Jammu and KashmirIn India’s northernmost state, Jammuand Kashmir, the Kashmir Chamber ofCommerce and Industry recently suggested that Pollution Control Boarddiscuss with the regional and centralgovernments the way to introduceCNG-driven vehicles to lower pollution

levels in the state, starting with publictransport, taxis and three wheelers. Itwas proposed that NGVs should alsooperate in tourist places like Gulmarg,Pahalgam and Sonmarg.

BaddiCNG vehicles could enter Baddi in fewyears. The industrial area of Baddi-Barotiwala-NalagarhDevelopment Authority (BBNDA) isexpected to be connected to gaspipelines by the end 2010, according toHimachal Pradesh state chief ministerPrem Kumar Dhumal. It means that theBBNDA will be the first areas in thestate to have CNG infrastructure. In the first phase, the BBNDA hub willbe connected with a gas pipeline fromNangal in Punjab, where the laying ofthe main pipeline of Dadri-Nangal is inprogress.A network of CNG stations would beestablished along Punjab-to-Baddiroute, in which 3,000 trucks ply acrossthe road daily. Additionally, Petroleum and Natural GasRegulatory Board (PNGRB) plans toextend the BBNDA gas pipeline toSolan district to connect the Ambujacement plant in Darlaghat. The projectwill eventually offer benefits/fuel savingsto upcoming three cement plants in theregion, as those plants would be able torun their vehicles on cheap CNG.Dhumal also revealed the plan to linkthe Kala-Amb, Paonta Sahib and Nahanindustrial areas in Sirmaur district fromAmbala in Haryana. Soon, city gas distribution system will be introducedunder public private partnership.

Gas pipeline and CNG stationexpansion plans in India

July 2009 21

July 200922

Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited (AJL),Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation’s(AMC) company that handles the operations of the Bus Rapid TransitSystem (BRTS), aims to use its CNGbuses to speed up the accumulation ofcarbon credits that later will be tradedwith other country. Selling carbon creditobtained from pollution savings gainedfrom using “cleaner” CNG-poweredvehicles means an additional incomesource for the city. The city took anexample from Bogota City, the capital ofColombia, which mass-transit systemalso earns carbon credits.

To support the programme, theAhmedabad Municipal TransportService (AMTS) has decided to get 400CNG-powered buses with JawaharlalNehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM) funds around July this year.The majority of BRTS buses are expected to run on CNG. These vehicles will be operated in all parts of

the city except for the first 12.5 kmroute from RTO to Pirana, where theEURO 3 diesel buses will ply across.

The AJL will be responsible to trade thecarbon credits once the CNG bus service was launched. The AJL andGujarat Urban DevelopmentCorporation (GUDC) are developing adetailed plan to cash carbon credits.

Earning money through carbon credittrade with CNG buses

About carbon credit

Carbon credits are a key componentof national and international attemptsto mitigate the growth in concentrationsof greenhouse gases (GHGs). OneCarbon Credit is equal to one ton ofCarbon. Carbon trading is an applicationtrading approach. Greenhouse gasemissions are capped and then markets are used to allocate theemissions among the group of regulated sources. The idea is toallow market mechanisms to driveindustrial and commercial processesin the direction of low emissions orless "carbon intensive" approachesthan are used when there is no costto emitting carbon dioxide and otherGHGs into the atmosphere. SinceGHG mitigation projects generatecredits, this approach can be used tofinance carbon reduction schemesbetween trading partners and aroundthe world.

Sponsors

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24 al 26 de Septiembre, 2009 September 24-26, 2009Jockey Plaza Convention Center Lima, Perú / Peru

I Cumbre Latinoamericana de GNV y Combustibles Alternativos

I Latin American Summit of NGV and Alternative Fuels

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July 200924

Despite of the slowdown in the globaleconomic condition and in the NGVbusiness that had hit India, the conversion rate of petroleum-fuelledvehicles to NGVs is “reasonably” high inthis country. As an example, the RoadTransport Office of Surat city in thestate of Gujarat reported that registration of CNG kits in private carsalmost doubled in March and April—around 1,000 units/month-- comparedto the 500 units in the previous months.The needs for more environmentally-friendly “cleaner” vehicles that emit lesspollution and at the same time offereconomic benefit through fuel savingsincrease more and more during the pastfew years. Aware of the global climatecondition, i.e. global warming and climate changes, the needs to cut environmental pollution as well as tolower down related health issues aretaken seriously by the government.

As the world is moving towards theachievement of targets set by the KyotoProtocol, plus the above-mentionedreasons, the government took emissioncut to the government agenda, in whichNGVs are one of the favourite solutionsin transport sector.

Moreover, CNG infrastructure will bewidely expanded from the current 11cities to 86 in two years, 120 in 2013,

Observing the growth and the needs,major carmakers in India see the potential for sales of OEM NGVs. Aftermany years offering wide range of CNGvariants, several car manufacturers inIndia know that the time to supply OEMNGVs has come. With factory-madeNGVs, automakers can offer a betterprice to customer, allowing them to provide cheaper NGVs than having thebuyers converting their gasoline ordiesel version to CNG mode.Apart from the dealer-converted NGVs,or so called CNG variants, automakerswill soon offer factory-fitted CNGengines in some of their car assortments.

OEM NGVsIn the CNG variant segment, MarutiSuzuki is in discussions with RIL regarding the expansion of CNG variants (see also the OEM NGVs pagein the June edition of Asian NGVCommunications).Maruti Suzuki plans tointroduce CNG cars that will meetBharat Stage-IV emission norm in thesmall car and sedan segment.

The firm is now testing CNG models ofseveral of its cars with bi-fuelgasoline/CNG injection system technology. At least one BS-IV compliant CNG vehicle will be introducein every model of its range. The new

OEM NGVs

Indian automakers to launch factory fitted NGVs

and 250 cities by 2018. Among gassuppliers, Reliance Industries Limited(RIL) and Gas Authority of India Limited(GAIL) plan to create a strong networkof CNG stations. GAIL will expand thenetwork covering over 80% of the majorcities in India. It is expected that 40cities across the country will have CNGrefuelling station facilities by 2010.

Indraprastha Gas Ltd (IGL) plans toinvest Rs. 8B to expand its gas stationsfrom the current 171 units to over 240in the national Capital Region (NCR,Delhi and surroundings) by October2010.

Experts see the tendency that RIL gaswill increase the penetration of CNG intier II and III cities (tier I cities being themajor metropolitans). At the initial stage,it is expected that the NGVs will take5% of the total auto market in India,with a big possibility for a substantialgrowth in the following years.

Credit Rating Information Services ofIndia Limited (CRISIL) has conducted astudy which result showed that usingCNG in taxis is 80% cheaper than usinggasoline. For three-wheelers and lightcommercial vehicles, the CNG savingsare 40%. Meanwhile using CNG is 30%cheaper than if diesel is used in thevehicle.

July 2009 25

emission norm will come into force in2010. Maruti was previously involvedwith the commercialization of LPG, butnow switch focus to the CNG technology.Two other big auto manufacturers,Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) andHyundai, are also working on the sameline. According to M&M official, thecompany is ready to launch CNG-powered small commercial vehicles. Hyundai and Nissan Motorsofficials said they were exploring thepossibility of developing CNG cars.

The German-based Mercedes-Benz(MB) has imported several “compatible”CNG cars in Delhi and Mumbai.Automobile industry sources informedthat MB will bring its globally-successCNG sedans to India.At the moment, the CNG variant ofMercedes-Benz are already available inIndia. The fuel consumption of CNGvariant is over 20 km/kg CNG againstthe 12km/litre of its gasoline version.

CNG variantsMeanwhile, CNG variants are high indemand. Especially in South India,where the demand for alternate fuelvehicles is large.

Hyundai India finally launched i10 CNGfor domestic market by beginning ofJune. The car, retrofitted by CEVEngineering Pvt. Ltd, is equipped withLandi Renzo conversion kit, EKC’s 60litre cylinder, OMB valve and receptacle.It means that now Hyundai has 3 CNGmodels for Indian market: Santro, i10,and Accent. The firm’s export team isworking on sales of its CNG model foroverseas market.

In June, Mahindra & Mahindra haslaunched of the CNG edition of MaxxMaxi Truck within their pick-up selections. With price tag of Rs379,000 (ex-showroom Delhi), the CNGversion is Rs 50,000 more expensivethan the diesel one, yet, offers a 40%savings on fuel cost. Mahindra offersthree-year warranty to buyers of CNGMaxx Maxi. On a single fuelling, thevehicle has a driving range of 250 km. Vivek Nayer, senior vice-president (marketing), Mahindra's automotivesector expects that the government willto make CNG compulsory for

commercial vehicles running in Delhi. Meanwhile, in the Heavy-Duty Vehicle(HDV) segment, Ashok Leyland aims toadd CNG variant of NG HDVs. Ashok isin talks with Reliance Industries Limited(RIL) concerning the growth of CNGmodels.Ashok has been successful in growingCNG technology for mass shippingautomobiles in India and has soldaround 5,600 CNG buses in Delhi,Ahmadabad, Mumbai and in few overseas markets. The firm is also

working on the development of Hythane(H-CNG) vehicle.

On the other hand, RIL is India's largestprivate sector enterprise, with businesses in the energy and materialsvalue chain including Oil & Gas exploration and production. Fewmonths ago, the company has openedits KG basin and is likely to raise its gasproduction around 200 mmscmd byend 2009. The gas from the KG basinwill be used to fuel vehicles.

OEM NGVs

July 200926

In India, when you mentioned bio-CNG,people knows that you refer to biogasfor a specific use: biomethane for transport sector. In this country, this fuelis use to produce electricity and mostlyfor cooking but its popularity in vehicle’susage is increasing.

MaharastraIn 2007, India announced its intentionto open biogas plant for vehicles (bio-CNG/biomethane) in the city ofMaharastra, with the help of theGerman Investment and DevelopmentCompany (DEG), and the German company Biogas Nord and Enersearch.Also, a European research instituteengaging in renewable energy solutionswill provide the technical know-how.DEG, one of Europe's largest international development banks, provided €15 M loan to build the plants.

The gas is sold at Rs 22-24/kg, a competitive price compared to the normal CNG sold in the country at Rs20-25/kg. On an energy equivalentbasis, the bio-CNG is 30- 50% lessexpensive than diesel, the cheapest liquid fuel.

Sugarcane and its main processingresidues - distillery sludge, bagasse andspent wash - from three sugar factoriesin Maharastra are used as biogas feedstock. Maharastra is a state inWestern India that has a lot of sugarcane fields and 165 sugar factories. Infact, India has the world’s secondlargest sugar industry, producing 14 Mtonnes/year of sugar grown on 3.6 Mhectares of land across the nation.

Many entities believe that convertingorganic material to biogas is more efficient than converting it into ethanol.In this case, if sugarcane as a wholecrop were to be converted into biogasinstead of ethanol, around 35% moreenergy could be obtained per hectare,because anaerobic digestion is a moreefficient bioconversion process*.

Researchers have found that when theenergy from sugarcane bagasse, whichis used as energy for ethanol distillation,is included in the calculations, the

energy output for sugarcane biogascould be up to 130% higher than theoutput for ethanol. The better news isthat we can use any organic waste -including slurry, human and animal waste,green trash, etc- to produce biogas whilegenerating ethanol as bifuel requires thefruit/the harvest as raw material.

RajasthanIn Jaipur, City of the Rajasthan state,the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)with the support of Union government'sdepartment of science and technologyhas successfully established and operateda bio-CNG plant, set up in the city in2008. Hence, the ministry of new andrenewable energy resources is planning tocommence 100 such plants across India.

The 85m3 capacity plant, which wasstarted at the Gau Sewa Sangh, costsRs.700,000. The production cost of 1kg of bio-CNG from cow dung is Rs.15-16, much cheaper than CNG from theground. The plant now has a 200 cubicmetre capacity and has considerablyimproved the quality of the gas produced. It produces over 24 kg ofgas on daily basis. One kg biogas fromthis plant offers 30km driving rangewhen used in cars. During the past yearexperiment period, over 14,000 kmmileage had been covered by carsusing bio-CNG from this plant.Few months ago, a similar plant was

constructed in Bhilwara. Of the expect-ed 100 plants, five will be installed inthe Rajasthan state - at Jodhpur,Barmer, Jalore, Bikaner and Nathdwara.The government will provide 50% subsidy while banks and the owners ofthe plants will cover the respective 30%and 20% of the investment. Capacitiesof the plants will vary between 200 to1,000 m3.

Experts thinks it is better to set up theplants in rural areas (concerning thefeedstock is animal waste) and thatplants up to 10,000 m3 capacity can beestablished based on the availability ofraw material to solve various energysupply issues.

Uttar PradeshIn early June this year, the Swedishambassador and a delegation fromSweden accompanied by local authorities visited Ghazipur landfill site (adisposal site of waste materials) to seethe possibility of converting the wasteinto biogas. Apart from the landfill,manure and animal waste coming fromthe slaughterhouse next to the landfillcan be used as feedstock material. The gas can be used to mainly produce electricity but also to powervehicles as number of NGVs inGhazipur is increasing.

India has lots of landfills.Biomethanization could be an idealtreatment of waste collected in the site.However, one challenge India is facingin this endeavour at the moment is thatunlike in Sweden with its biomethanefrom waste, Indian landfills consist ofvarious unsorted materials. As onlyorganic materials can be used as biogas feedstock, the waste needs tobe sorted to ensure the efficiency of theproduction.

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh andother regionsAnother project is conducted in theVegam village of Jalalpore Taluka inNavsari in Gujarat state in which biogaswas made from human waste and usedfor cooking. According to Indian chief secretaryRakesh Mehta, biogas production is

BIOGAS PageBiogas for vehicles in India

July 2009 27

also carried out in Andhra Pradesh,Pune, and many other cities.

* The below information is published byFaculdade de Ciências Agrono~circumflex~micas, UniversidadeEstadual Paulista (UNESP). More information can be found athttp://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053101335

The energetic potential of sugarcane juicewas studied in an upflow anaerobicsludge blanket reactor (UASB) of 7.78litres useful volume, working at a temperature of 35°C±1°C. Before beingadded to the reactor, the juice was naturally fermented for 24 hours, withaddition of sodium bicarbonate, urea anddiacid potassium phosphate to correctthe pH (between 6.00 and 6.60) and carbon/nitrogen and carbon/phosphorusrelations respectively. In the reactor, 3hydraulic retention times (HRTs) wereused: 20 days, 18.78 days and 15.30 days.For the HRT of 20 days, the affluentchemical oxygen demand (COD) was 260304 mg.litre-1 and the effluent COD was16 991.40 mg.litre-1, an efficiency of93.47%. The gas volume was 136.33 m-3of biogas.m3 of juice, its average composition including 72.43% methane.For the HRT of 18.78 days, the affluentCOD was 272 779 mg.litre-1 and the effluent COD was 8612 mg.litre-1, an efficiency of 96.84%. The gas volume was147.42 m3 of biogas.m-3 of juice, its average composition including 72.91%methane. For the HRT of 15.30 days, theCOD was reduced by 71.49%. The gasvolume was 103.58 m3 of biogas.m-3 ofjuice, with an average methane content of63.30%. When calculating the energeticpotential, the figures from the HRT of18.78 days were used, and the amount ofenergy produced was found to be2767.82 MJ (661.21 Mcal) per tonne ofprocessed sugar cane. This value wasextrapolated using the average Braziliancane productivity (69.50 tonnes perhectare) to give a figure of 192.36 GJ(45.95 Gcal) per hectare; compared toanhydrous ethanol production, biogasproduction gave an efficiency 35.33%higher than that of ethanol. When theenergy from sugarcane bagasse, which isused as energy for ethanol distillation,was included in the calculations, theenergy output increased to 4738.30 MJ.t-1 of processed sugar cane, comparedwith 2045.27 MJ.t-1 of ethanol, not considering the bagasse input in distillation, and the amount of energyobtained using biogas increased to131.67% more than the figure for ethanol.

BIOGAS PageWaste to fuel in South Korea

As one of the main -if not the prime- expert of biogas productionand utilisation, Sweden not only visited India in a journey to convertwaste to biogas but also will helpSouth Korea to create “clean”, sustainable, and renewable fuel fromwaste water.

The Swedish-based ScandinavianBiogas Fuels AB will help Ulsan cityto re-cycle water from processingfood waste into biogas to powerheather and vehicles. ScandinavianBiogas is investing about € 10M forthe project in Ulsan.

Ulsan municipal official Park In-Muksaid that the city is running out ofwaste disposal sites to collect wastefrom the city. The city converts wasteinto compost, which creates wastewater during the process.

The water is then released into theocean which can be harmful to theenvironment. Scandinavian BiogasPresident and CEO ThomasDavidsson said that methanereleased into the air is 21 times moreaggressive than carbon dioxide andhas a great impact on the greenhouse effect.

According to the Ministry of Land,Transport, and Maritime affairs, from2013 the government will ban thedumping of waste water generatedby the processing of leftover foodinto the sea.

On the other hand, the Ministry ofEnvironment has increased its budgetthis year for waste energy, includingbiogas plants by five times to 178 billion won.

It is a good time for Ulsan to look foran alternative waste water treatmentsolution. And biomethanization, withhelp of the Swedish biogas expert, isthe answer.

Kjell Enstrom, who heads the company's operations in SouthKorea, sees a lot of potential in biogas industry, in Sweden, SouthKorea and other countries. He eventhinks that within 10 years biogas willbe the main fuel in Sweden.

Although Scandinavian Biogas plansto initially sell the gas to an industrialuser in Ulsan, Park in-Mung said thecity wants to adopt the biogas system to all its public buses in thelong-term.

July 200928

Market Alert

Rwanda to produce biogas for vehiclesTo cut energy bills, investors in Rwanda are planning to startproducing pure methane from human and animal wastes.This biogas/biomethane will then be used to power NGVsand for cooking.A local firm, Construction and Renewable Energy Technology(CRET) has drawn a design work for a biogas plant in Kigali.The firm is waiting for a strong partner to start the project assoon as possible. This development is estimated to costbetween USD 700,000 (Rwf 397 M) and USD 800,000 (Rwf454 M) to build bio-digesters for a period of nine months. Thecompany still need financial support to obtain the technologyof compressing biogas and store it into CNG cylinders. CRET’s Managing Director Edouard Ndayisaba said that they havefound a partner from India - one of pioneers of the use of biogasfor vehicles in Asia- to provide technical assistance to the project. Ndayisaba added that biogas industry is reasonably growingin the country as many companies are installing biogas plantswhile others sell the product for cooking gas. His firm has been involved in the installation of more than 40biogas plants in the country since 2006, in which, the product was mainly used to produce electricity. Presently,there are about 10 new companies in the construction andinstallation of biogas plants in Rwanda. Now it is time forCRET to pioneer the production of biogas for transport sector. The project is considered to be very feasible as besidebiogas as the main product, by-products of this plant , such

From other regions as recycled water and fertilizer, also offer extra commercialand/or environmental benefits to the producer and people inRwanda. Ndayisaba also wrote a paper titled "Biogas forEnergy, Money and Environmental Protection".The biogas campaign in Rwanda was commenced by KigaliInstitute of Science and Technology (KIST) through theirCentre for Innovations and Technology transfer. KIST built a150 cubic metre fixed dome digester at Cyangugu Prison, toconvert human waste to biogas.

NGV business in NigeriaThe Nigerian Independent Petroleum Company (NIPCO), amajor player in the downstream sector of the nation's oil andgas industry, had pioneered the use of CNG for vehicles. Thefirm is currently constructing the Naira CNG stations in Benin,Edo State. The project is expected to be completed by thethird quarter of 2009.NIPCO is as a joint venture with a coreinvestor Purebond Limited of United Kingdom, and is beingpromoted by members of the Independent PetroleumMarketers Association of Nigeria. The intention to use CNGas vehicular fuel in this country was re-initiated in 2007,although by 2005, 60 converted NGVs have been reported toply in the country. In mid 2008, some stakeholders in gasindustry indicated their intention to form an NGV associationfor Nigeria that would be supported by the Nigerian EnergyMinistry. At that time, the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC) hasconverted 52 vehicles to NGV technology. NGC, the relatedlicense issuance authority, has certified three firms to supplyCNG in Lagos, Benin and Abuja.

July 2009 29

July 200930

After a year of announcing a seriousintention to adopt NGVs in Bogor City’spublic transport fleet, the Bogor administration recently launched anNGV trial programme , introducing threeNGVs: one public minivan, one truckfrom a sanitation agency, and a car thatbelongs to the municipality.

The Bogor City administration alsoannounced its plan to convert about a-third of 3,200 public minivans to CNGsystem during this year. To support theprogramme, the Transportation Ministryhas granted 1,000 free gas converter kitsto owners of public minivans in Bogor.

During the trial project, launched byBogor Mayor Diani Budiarto, a municipal car is included as the municipality aims to have all cars in thecity running on natural gas.

Bogor Transportation and InformaticsAgency chief, Ahmad Syarif, said the

city would build NG refuelling stations intwo streets, on Jl. Siliwangi and Jl.Padjadjaran, in the near future. The stations will provide 20,000 litres ofgas for the expected 1,000 minivans.The city administration will arrange thatnatural gas fuel will be supplied fromJakarta City.

Ahmad also indicated that the citytransportation agency hopes that allpublic minivans can use natural gas to enhance air quality and reduce fuelcost. In Indonesia, CNG costs Rp 3,000/kgwhile premium gasoline costs Rp4,500/ litre.

Bogor city promotes NGV plan throughfree conversion kits for 1,000 minivans

La soluzione attualeper un trasporto miglioreToday's solution

for sustainable transportation

12a Conferenza ed Esposizione Mondiale dell’AssociazioneInternazionale dei Veicoli a Gas Naturale - IANGV12th World IANGV Conference and Exhibition

Dal 8 al 10 giugno 2010June 8-10, 2010Nuova Fiera di Roma New Rome FairPadiglioni 9, 10 e area esterna Pavilions 9, 10 and outdoor areaRoma, Italia Rome, Italy

www.ngv2010roma.cominfo@ngv2010roma.com

Un evento diAn event of

Sponsor PrincipaleMain Sponsor

Ospitato da Hosted by

Organizzato da Organized by

Crude oil hit USD 70/bbl,a new record for 2009 On June 9th thisyear, oil pricereachedUSD70/bbl on the New YorkMercantileExchange (NYMEX)for the first time inseven months. The new 2009 record took place whenoil for the July contract for benchmark US light, sweetcrudes traded at USD 70.01/bbl. For Natural Gas, theJuly contract remained USD 3.73/MMbtu on NYMEX. InLondon, the July IPE contract for North Sea Brent crudereached USD 69.62/bbl. While the average price forOPEC’s basket of 12 reference crudes increased to USD68.69/bbl on the same date.

On June 12th crude price at ICE Brent was closed atUSD 71.54/bbl, slightly went down to USD 70.84/bbl onJune 15th. On June 16th morning, the ICE Brent priceincreased to USD 71.96/bbl for the August 2009 contract. The price for December 2009 contract tradedat the same time hit USD 74.76/bbl, while theDecember 2010-2011-2012 contracts cost USD 79.12USD/bbl, 82.15 USD/bbl, and 83.70 USD/bbl respectively.

July 2009 31

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is moving towards the realisation of the“eco-friendly emirates”. The UAE government had called for reduction ofcarbon monoxide -one of the main airpollutants from cars- from 3.5% to2.5% by 2010. One of the most important elements in this endeavour isthe adoption of clean Natural GasVehicles (NGVs). At this stage, one ofthe main actors is the Sharjah PublicTransport Corporation, which hasdecided to introduce gas-powered taxiand bus fleets. The corporation choseto convert all 5,065 taxis to run on natural gas by the end of 2009. The corporation’s Director-General,Abdullah Mohammed Al Zari, said that alarge part of the budget had been allocated this year for converting thosetaxis. For its NGV programme, Sharjahwill use CNG or LNG as alternative fuelsfor vehicles. Although currently the statehas limited natural gas storage andinfrastructure available for delivery anddistribution, the eco-benefits offers bythis fuel and the needs for cleaner environment far exceeds the limitations.Replacing old taxis and buses with new

More CNGcylinders forThailandThailand’s effort to obtain cleaner environment is getting more and moreactive. Among the endeavour, the government stimulates the productionof environmentally-friendly vehicles.To attract automakers to relocate theirproduction of new-technology vehiclesin this country, the government offersvarious tax incentives for projectsworth at least 10 billion baht.Production of hybrid vehicles is one ofthe important elements in this programme.Apart from that, activities related to theincrease of NGV population continuedto be endorsed. In early June, theBoard of Investment (BoI) approved sixinvestment projects worth a total ofTHB 12.88 B. The first initiative was a THB 2 B jointventure between an Italian-based cylinder manufacturer, Faber Industry,and the Japan-based SumitomoCorporation to produce 200,000 CNGcylinders per year.

ones has become the first priority. The SPTC’s Chairman, Ahmed AlShamsi, said that all the corporation’s69 buses are expected to be gas-operated within the next two years.About 99% of the old taxis have beenreplaced with new ones and the rest willbe replaced within a year. Meanwhile,Abu Dhabi National Oil Company previously announced its plan to have17 CNG refuelling stations by the endof 2009, including 10 in Abu Dhabi, fivein Sharjah and two in the Al Ain. Uponcompletion. These stations will have acapacity to fill 10,000 cars per day.

Sharjah to convert over 5,000 taxis to NGVs

July 200932

BusinessCentre

In mid June this year, ANGVA 2009Organizing Committee has inked anagreement with Asian NGVCommunications/NGV CommunicationsGroup for the sales and marketing ofANGVA 2009 exhibition. Under a theme “Natural Gas Vehicles.Rising to the Challenge”, various activitieswill be held during the event, such as:indoor and outdoor exhibition, conference,technical tour, safety workshop, partnerprogramme, etc. In the outdoor exhibitionplaza, there will be, amongst others, NGVKid School, NGV ballooning experience,sand sculptures exhibition, etc.The conference and exhibition will beheld at the Mangsang Beach inDonghae City on 27-29 October 2009.The organization committee will provideseveral shuttle buses to transport theevent’s participants from Incheon

International Airport to Mangsang Beach.The timetable of shuttle bus will be provided at the information desk of airport’s arrival terminal at the 1st floor.We invite you to exhibit, visit the fair,

and participate in the conference inDonghae. Join us in Mangsang Beach.For more information and reservation ofstands, contact: asia@ngvgroup.com.Visit www.angva2009.com

Mayor Kim Hak-Gi fromANGVA 2009OrganizingCommittee ofDonghae with ItaSoerijanto andClaudio Kohanfrom Asian NGVCommunications/NGVCommunicationsGroup after thesigning of theoverseas marketingagreement forANGVA 2009 exhibition

Space Only

Space+Walk-OnPackage

Booths forANGVA

Asian NGV Communications, the overseasexhibition sales agent of ANGVA 2009

Exhibition Hall 1 50% of the stands are booked

Exhibition Hall 2

July 2009 33

Chilliwack, BC, Canada,April 30, 2009 – IMWIndustries’ new factory in

British Columbia was officially opened,with Premier Gordon Campbell andcompany President Brad Miller cuttingthe ribbon. The event marks the expansion of IMW’s manufacturingcapabilities, including the upcomingopening of an assembly plant in China.The new Canadian factory providesspace for increased production to meetthe burgeoning demand for compressednatural gas (CNG), fuelling equipmentand other alternative energy productsaround the globe. Premier Campbell recognized IMW’scontributions to the growth of CNG useworldwide and cited the significant environmental benefits. “When you havea company that, because of the workyou have done, actually reduced theamount of greenhouse gases by a million tonnes, you are making a difference; and it is a significant difference,” he stated in his address toemployees and local media. Brad Miller added: “We have the technology and the opportunity to makea positive impact today.” He spokeabout IMW's long-term success comingfrom their strong belief in customer support and their willingness to tacklethe global challenges of transportationpollution and air quality. “Clean fuel solutions,like CNG, are one of the building blocksof climate change and pave the way tofuture technologies like hydrogen.” IMW’s new factory includes machining,fabrication, assembly, integration andtesting capabilities for high-pressure gascompressors, dispensers and otheralternative energy equipment. Theirexperience in design, manufacturingand global sales/support has earnedIMW a reputation as a world leader inalternative energy manufacturing solutions. With the opening of anotherfactory in Taicang, China, IMW is poisedto maximize their ability to serve customers in and around the AsiaPacific region.

Contact: IMW Industries Ltd., 43676Progress Way, Chilliwack, BritishColumbia, Canada V2R 0C3Tel: 1-604-795-9491 Ext. 3356, fax: 1-604-792-3806, info@imw.ca,www.imw.ca

BusinessCentreOfficial opening of new IMW factory

Premier Gordon Campbell and the press at the IMW headquarters' grand opening

July 200934

BusinessCentre

Asian NGV Communications was appointedas NGV China 2010 Overseas Agent

Last May, Beijing Qifa Exhibition Services Co.,Ltd had signedan agreement with Asian NGV Communications for the overseas sales and marketing of NGV China 2010. The event,also known as the 11th China International NGV and GasStation Equipment Exhibition and Summit, will be held in ChinaNational Agricultural Exhibition Centre on May 13th-15th, 2010.Beijing Qifa, the organiser of this event, expects to see morethan 260 exhibitors and thousands of visitors from 20 countries around the world, displaying their latest technologyand equipment. This event has been held annually since2000. In the past ten years, 1,300 exhibiting companies and112,860 visitors and conference delegates from China andoverseas joined this event. The exhibition is endorsed by theAsia Pacific Natural Gas Vehicles Association (ANGVA) andsupported by the National Development and ReformCommission, the China National Petroleum Corporation, theNational Cleaner Office, and Sinopec.Next year, Asian NGV communications will act as the overseassales and marketing agent for NGV China 2010. Internationalexhibitors can directly book their participation in this exhibitionand conference through Asian NGV Communications.

Nitin Cylinders Ltd.(NCL) is a 100%

subsidiary of Nitin Fire ProtectionIndustries Ltd. (NFPIL), a group company of Nitin Group of Companies.Since the last two decades, NFPIL isone of the leading organization in thefield of Fire Protection, Safety &Security, Intelligent BuildingManagement Systems (IBMS), etc.

NCL is an ISO 9001: 2000 certifiedCompany.

NCL has set up a world class manufacturing facility with the mostmodern technology and special purpose machines at VisakhapatnamSpecial Economic Zone, AndhraPradesh, India to produce HighPressure Seamless Gas Cylinders, having an annual capacity to manufac-ture 500,000 cylinders from 20 litres to250 litres and diameter of 232 mm to420 mm. The management of NCLcomprises a highly qualified, well experienced and with expertise in thefield of cylinder manufacturing team.

Lately, CNG has become an effectivealternative fuel for automobiles worldwide due to its economic advantage and low pollution

characteristics. Keeping in view thegrowing trend of CNGcylinders’ need in theglobal market, NCLmanufactures cylindersmeant for CNG On-Board storage for allkinds of vehicles. In addition to the CNGcylinders NCL also manufactures cylinders forall the Permanent & Liquefied gases viz.Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Argon,Helium, Air, etc.; fire fighting applications and beverage use.

The other products of NCL are CNGcascades and CNG dispensers. Withhand-on experience in designing andmanufacturing these products, NCL’sengineers produces them as per therequirements of its clients.

The specialty of NCL’s manufacturingprocess is that the entire procedure isbeing carried out in-house with propermonitoring conforming to the relevantNational / International standards likeISO 11439; NZS 5454; ISO 9809 ; EN1964; ECE R110; IS 15490; IS 7285,etc. to ensure the quality of the product.NCL’s products undergo variety of testsstipulated by the national/international

Standards viz. pressurecyclic test, hydrostatic

stretch test, air leakagetest, burst test, etc. to

assess the fatiguestrength, usage life,

safety and reliability forapplication under rough,

tough & extreme climatic conditions. NCL’s cylinders are also

approved by world best Internationaltesting laboratories like Powertech Lab,Canada. Thus NCL ensures to providesquality products to its clients.

NCL caters to the requirement of bothnational & international markets andalso exports to the major markets suchas Bangladesh, Egypt, Iran, Malaysia,Pakistan, Thailand, etc.

NCL believes in “TCS – Total CustomerSatisfaction”. NCL goes all out to meetits customers’ needs with best qualityproducts, and perfect and timely services, thereby achieving its goal.

Contact: 502, Delta, HiranandaniGardens,Technology Street,Mumbai - 400 076 IndiaTel : +91-22-4045 7000 Fax : +91-22-6692 0910 E-mail : cylinders@nitincylinders.com www.nitincylinders.com

For booking and further information, contact: asia@ngvgroup.com http://www.chinaggsshow.com/newsShow.aspx?nid=43

July 2009 35

July 200936

Asian NGV statisticsNGV statistics

Region Total NGVsCars

/LDVsMD/HDBuses

MD/HDTrucks

Othersfuellingstations

Country

Natural Gas Vehicles Refuelling stations

VRAMonthly gasconsumption

(M Nm3)Last update

Total Cars/LDVs MD/HDbuses

MD/HDtrucks Others Total Public Private Under

construction

Fuel Prices

Country

Armenia 0,79 0,73 0,71 0,27 0,24 0,28Bangladesh 0,52 0,49 0,34 0,18 0,16 0,18China 0,59 0,56 0,50 0,34 0,30 0,35Egypt 0,24 0,12 0,15 0,06 0,05 0,06India 0,83 0,76 0,53 0,27 0,24 0,28Indonesia 0,55 0,44 0,61 0,23 0,21 0,24Iran 0,110 0,075 0,012 0,015 0,014 0,015Japan 1,39 1,31 1,19 0,68 0,52 0,58Korea 1,07 1,06 0,43 0,39 0,44Kyrgyzstan 0,60 0,70 0,26 0,23 0,27Malaysia 0,51 0,49 0,49 0,19 0,17 0,19Pakistan 1,75 0,62 0,45 0,40 0,46Philippines 0,89 0,87 0,22 0,20 0,23Russia 0,80 0,69 0,70 0,22 0,20 0,23Singapore 1,03 0,92 0,86 0,52 0,46 0,53Tajikistan 0,55 0,45 0,21 0,19 0,22Thailand 0,49 0,47 0,44 0,17 0,15 0,17Turkey 1,70 1,60 1,26 0,78 0,68 0,76Uzbekistan 0,49 0,34 0,34 0,11 0,10 0,11

PremiumGasoline(Euro/litre)

RegularGasoline(Euro/litre)

Diesel(Euro/litre)

CNG(Euro/Nm3)

CNG price equivalent perlitre gasoline

CNG price equivalent per

litre diesel

World review

Asia Worldwide

7042.389

Cities with stations

Pakistan 2.000.000 1.949.960 40 50.000 2.718 2.718 April 2009Iran 1.215.593 1.209.381 6.200 12 764 703 61 1.003 February 2009India 700.000 315.200 12.000 715 372.085 500 181 319 52,00 April 2009China 400.000 231.685 112.755 1.100 54.460 1.336 920 416 230 9 February 2009Bangladesh 180.000 117.229 3.233 8.355 51.183 296 6 290 13 21,36 November 2008Thailand 140.038 114.758 9.066 14.541 1.673 305 280 25 72 February 2009Egypt 108.076 105.419 1.208 708 741 119 115 4 16 35,10 May 2009Uzbekistan 47.000 47.000 43 43 4,25 December 2007Malaysia 40.248 40.067 170 11 101 99 2 10 January 2009Japan 37.117 14.218 1.455 20.155 1.289 344 293 51 672 March 2009Myanmar 22.821 2.902 18.290 4 1.625 37 37 October 2008Korea 20.283 776 19.078 429 130 130 2 13 43,94 April 2009Tajikistan 10.600 10.600 53 53 4,13 December 2007Kyrgyzstan 6.000 6.000 6 6 0,60 December 2007Singapore 3.609 3.570 30 9 3 3 April 2009Indonesia 2.550 1.755 335 210 250 9 9 December 2008Australia 2.453 130 1.263 1.060 146 127 19 130 March 2007United Arab Emirates 305 305 0 0 2 1 1 1 March 2007New Zealand 283 180 66 37 14 14 March 2007Philippines 36 11 25 3 1 2 February 2006Taiwan 4 4 1 1 April 2005Vietnam 2 2 1 1 January 2009Russia 103.000 18.000 8.000 35.000 42.000 226 201 25 12 26,79 December 2008Armenia 101.352 69.971 9.831 19.626 1.924 214 9 205 23,80 March 2008Turkey 3.056 2.564 492 9 5 4 35 0,40 July 2008Georgia 3.000 3.000 4 4 December 2007ASIA+EURASIA 5.147.426 4.258.681 203.543 101.935 583.267 7.384 5.945 1.439 1.323 895 212,37 May 2009WORLD 9.934.727 8.786.303 269.299 150.828 728.297 15.255 13.396 1.858 1.490 12.963 866

Asia 4.937.018 4.165.146 185.220 47.309 539.343 6.931

Eurasia 210.408 93.535 18.323 54.626 43.924 453

Africa 226 220 6 0 0 7

Europe 841.712 710.227 40.690 36.733 54.062 2.631

South America 3.833.223 3.721.175 13.820 9.660 88.568 4.316

North America 112.140 96.000 11.240 2.500 2.400 917

WORLD 9.934.727 8.786.303 269.299 150.828 728.297 15.255