First generation Textiles

First generation TextilesSpinningWeavingProcessing

They have come a long way!

Cotton hand-pickingHand spinningBackstrap-weaving

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Second generation textileinvention of synthetic fibers

Where would you like to go today?

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Third generation textilesinclude technical textiles, smart fabrics, performance textiles, etc. Electronic textiles, also known as e-textiles is one such new field of textile

New ParadigmSince the 19th Century, revolutionary changes have been occurring at an unprecedented rate in science and technology with a profound impact on our livesInventions of ICs, computers, the Internet, discovery and complete mapping of the human genome, and many more have transformed the entire worldWe have also learnt a lot from nature!

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Textiles Materials for Every NeedOptimized moisture managementBetter heat flow controlImproved thermal insulationBreathabilityHigh performance in hazard protectionEnvironmental friendlyIncreased abrasion resistanceHealth control and healing aidBody controlEasy careHigh aesthetic appealEnhanced handleHigh/low visibility

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Smart textile materialsThe different types of Smart textile materials are:1) Phase Change Material,2) Chromic Colors,3) Shape memory materials,4) Auxetic material, 5) Electronic textile

E-Textiles"Electronic textiles (e-textiles) are fabrics that have electronics and interconnections woven into them,with physical flexibility and size that cannot be achieved with existing electronic manufacturing techniques.

ADVANTAGES OF e-TEXTILES

Flexible No wires to snag environment Large surface area for sensing Invisible to others Cheap manufacturing

Engineered/Smart Textile Materials

HIGH PERFORMANCE

ComfortDurabilityProtectionAppearance RetentionSustainable ResourceNo Environmental HarmSafe Human Use

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Smart/interactive textiles (SIT) are materials and structures that sense and react to environmental conditions or stimuli, such as those from mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, magnetic or other sources.SIT are no longer a science-fiction fantasy. For example, there are in the market self-cleaning carpets, memory-shaped and environment-responsive textiles, and anti-insomniac micro-fibers.

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According to the manner of reaction, SIT can be divided into:Passive smart materials, which can only sense the environmental condition or stimuli,Active smart materials, which sense and react to the condition or stimuli,Very smart materials, which can sense, react and adapt themselves accordingly, andIntelligent materials, which are those capable of responding or activated to perform a function in a manual or pre-programmed manner

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ProcessingTrigger or StimuliSensing

ActuationResponse or Action

CONTROLLING

The sensors provide a nerve system to detect signalsThe processor analyzes and evaluates the signalsThe actuators act upon the detected and evaluated signal either directly or from a central control unitHow Intelligent Material works

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Fundamental building blocks of e-textile systemInterconnected ArchitectureHardware IntegrationPlatform SoftwarePerformance metrix

Areas of R & DFor sensors - actuators:photo-sensitive materialsfibre opticsconductive polymersthermal sensitive materialsshape memory materialsintelligent coating materialschemical responsive materialsmicro-capsulesmicro- and nano-materials

Areas of R & D (2)For signal transmission, processing and control:neural networks and control systemscognition theory and systemsFor integrated processes and products:wearable electronics and photonicsadaptive and responsive structuresbio-mimicstissue engineeringchemical/drug releasing

Conductive Textile MaterialsThe conductive fibres are of two types, viz. electrical conductive fibresoptical conductive fibre

electrical conductive fibres Naturally conductive fibresdevelopedfrom electrically conductive metals such as ferrous alloys, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, aluminium, copper and carbon.diameter ranging from 1 to 80 microns.

very expensivetheir brittle characteristics can damage spinning machinery over timeHeavier than most textile fibres making homogenous blend difficult to produce.

optical conductive fibresoptical conductive fibres use perfloro polymers120 microns in diametercarry signals in the form of pulseof light.Conductive fibres used for the development of military clothing, motion capturing and in tracking of objects

Properties of optical conductive fibresexcellent strengthsunlight resistancerelatively stiff possessing poor flexibilitydrapability and abrasion resistance

usesfibres can be woven in to fabricsto form radiation shields,Optical filtersbar codes.

SPEEDO FABRIC (SHARK SKIN)polyamide and Lycra fibre coated with Teflonknitted with 3-dimenssional V-shaped groove with 3-D knitting principal.

the friction between water and swimmer is negligible and drag up to zeroIncreases the efficiency of the swimmer by 8-10%

SMART INTERIORSSOFT switch allows switching and pressure sensing to be incorporated invisibly into interior textiles to control lighting, security, temperature or other electronic appliances n homes and offices

Light switches/dimmers can be integrated into seating upholstery or carpetsAudio-visual remote controls can be incorporated into soft furnishings

GEORGIA TECH WEARABLE MOTHERBOARD (SMART SHIRT)

SMART MILITARY UNIFORMuniform is equipped with optical fibersdetect an injury such as by bullet and send information to the concerned center.signals magnitude would depend on the force applied on the fiberHelp in reaching or locating injured soldiers in the battlefield or rescue operation.

US militaryUniform contains protective gear and body armor and computer.headgear shows battle plans soldier position transmitted over a wireless LAN.The radio cum computer on the back or on the arms is powered by lithium batteryAt chest, another strap contains Solider Control Unit for interfacing with computer.

MP3 PLAYER WOVEN INTO THE FABRICMP3 player are directly integrated in the fabric of clothingwithstand even a washing of the clothing without being damagedintegrated components are encapsulated in robust plastic enclosures

SMART SCREENflexible fibre-optic screen that can be woven into clothesscreen is like a simple fabric, onto which users can download all kinds of visuals from the Internet or computers

flexible remote control hidden in a lapel could trigger the displaysuse in bags, scarves and furnishings

MUSICAL FABRICSfabric pianos or wearable percussions pads provide new ways of interacting and creating sound.

Bio-mimicsFibers have been developed that can quickly change their color, hue, depth of shade or optical transparency by application of an electrical or magnetic field could have applications in coatings,additives or stand alone fibers.

The change in color is due to the absence of specific wavelengths of light; it varies due to structural changes with the application of an electromagnetic field.Varying the electrical or magnetic field changes the optical properties of certain oligomeric and molecular moieties by altering their absorption coefficients in the visible spectrum as a result of changes in their molecular structure.

Implications for ResearchProtective textile materials benefit from the development of a myriad of high-performance, thermal-stable fibers, and woven composites (passive systems)Protective clothing can greatly improve performance by adding smart/interactive featuresSmart thermal protective clothing:Detection of vital signalsGlobal Positioning System (GPS)Wireless, hands-free communicationCooling warming systemIncorporated warning signaling

Detection of Vital Signals

Sensatex is developing a SmartShirt System specifically for the protection of public safety personnel, namely firefighters, police officers, and rescue teams. Used in conjunction with a wireless-enabled radio system, the SmartShirt can monitor the health and safety of public safety personnel/victims trapped in a building or underneath rubble with the ability to detect the exact location of victims through positioning capability. In addition to monitoring vital signs, the system can detect the extent of falls, and the presence of hazardous gases; it also offers two-way voice communication

Smart ShirtMedical monitoringMaintaining a healthy lifestyle Individual Athletes/Team sports Continuous home monitoring Remote patient examination Infant vital sign monitoring Sleep studies monitoring Vital sign monitoring for mentally ill patients Protecting public Safety Officers Battlefield combat care solutions

micro-encapsulation techniquenext generation Smart fibrous materials

Sensors positioned on e-textiles

Some innovative Biomedical E-textilesLife-ShirtMamagoose pyjamasSmart Socks:Smart Bra

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Textiles integrated with sensory devices driven by a GPS can detect a users exact location anytime and in any weather. Interactive electronic textiles with integrated GPS enhance safety by quickly locating the wearer and allowing the suit to be heated. GPS can provide added safety for firefighters and emergency personnel by facilitating offsite monitoring of vitals

Wireless, hands-free communication

Fabric area networks (FANs) enable electronic devices to exchange digital information, power, and control signals within the users personal space and remote locations. FANs use wireless RF communication links using currents measuring one nanoamp; these currents can transmit data at speed equivalent to a 2400-baud modem

Cooling Warming SystemA new high-tech vest has been developed to help keep soldiers, firefighters, etc. alive in the searing temperatures of deserts, mines and major fires. The vest uses a personal cooling system (PCS), which is based on heat pipe technology which works by collecting body heat through vapor filled cavities in a vest worn on the body. The heat is then transferred via a flexible heat pipe to the atmosphere with the help of an evaporative cooling heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is similar in principle to a bush fridge where a cold cloth is put over a container and the temperature drop caused by evaporation keeps the food cool. It is designed to be worn by personnel underneath NBC (nuclear, biological and chemical) clothing, body armor and other protective clothing.

Warning Signaling

A combination of sensors and small flexible light emitting displays (FLED) can receive and respond to stimuli from the body, enabling a warning signal to be displayed or sent. The sensors can monitor EKG, heart rate, respiration, temperature, and pulse oximetry readings. If vital signals were below critical values, a FLED would automatically display, for example, a flashing red light, and a wireless communication system could send a distress signal to a remote location.

Chromic MaterialsChange their colour reversibly according to external environmental conditionsPhotochromic: external stimulus is light. Thermochromic: external stimulus is heat. Electrochromic: external stimulus is electricity. Piezorochromic: external stimulus is pressure. Solvatechromic: external stimulus is liquid or gas.

Luminescent MaterialsEmits lights according to external environmental conditionsPhotoluminescence: external stimulus is lightElectroluminescence: external stimulus is electricityChemioluminescence: external stimulus is a chemical reactionTriboluminescence: external stimulus is friction

Voltaic materialsStorage of energy for electronic partsUse of solar cellsPhotovoltaic materials possess the property to generate electric current by means of a light excitation. Research underway to produce and store electricity from body movements and wrist rotation

Reflective TechnologyA technology has been created to convert proprietary materials into miniature reflectors that, when imbedded into fabric by the millions, reflect oncoming light, such as automobile headlights, in a way that illuminates the full silhouette of a person, bicycle or any other object.The reflectors are smaller than a grain of sand and finer than a human hair. They can be imbedded into the weave of almost any fabric. The end result is a fabric that remains soft to the touch and retains its function and fashion. During the day, the treated fabrics are indistinguishable from untreated fabrics.

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SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS (SMM)SMMs can deform from the current shape to a previously set shape, usually due to the action of heatSSMs are activated (at a certain activation temperature)air gaps between close layers of clothing are increased

This gives better insulation and protection against extremes of heat or coldActivated temprature should be near body tempraturesSM Polymers are more flexible than the alloys

Thermoplastic polyurethane filmsPlaced in between layers of clothingThis creates micro pores and membrane permeability that allow vapor and body heat to escape.

Phase Change MaterialsChange their phase from solid to liquid upon heating and back to solid from liquid when temperature is drop down

First stagephase change from Solid to liquidthey absorb, distribute and store the heat

2nd StagePhase change from liquid to solidrelease heat when going a phase change from liquid to solid

Features of PCMSwearer skins temperature constantAbsorbs the excess heat and release it when required PCM possesses the ability to change their phase with a certain temperature range

Outlast Phase Change Jacketmaintain the wearer skin temperature in a comfortable zone.

Working Principle of PCM

BENEFITS OF PCMA cooling effect, caused by absorption of heat by the PCM.b) A heating effect, caused by release of heat from the PCM.c) A thermo-regulating effect, resulting from either absorption of heat or release of heat by the PCM which keeps the temperature of wearer constant in the comfort zone.d) An active thermal barrier effect resulting from either heat absorption or heat emission of the PCM and creating a thermal barrier in surrounding substrate, which, regulates through the substrate and adapts the heat flux to thermal needs.e) The cross-linked PEG treated fabric have antibacterial activity, resiliency/antiwrinkling, wear, toughness, absorbency and exsorbency of liquids, improved abrasion and linting resistance, decreased static propensity and increased oily soil releas

TYPES OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALSHydrated Inorganic SaltHydrocarbonsPolyethylene glycolFatty acids and Vegetable oils

Hydrated Inorganic Saltinorganic salt crystal with n water moleculesheat-absorbing and -releasing temperature interval of about 20 to 40 Cused in the manufacture of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing

HydrocarbonsPhase Change Temperature (PCT) or Melting temperature for the hydrocarbons can be manipulated by selecting no. of carbon atomsPCT can be achieved from -5c to 60c by having no. of carbon atoms from 13-28

Polyethylene glycolParaffin waxes have the heat storage capacity of 150-200kj/kgPCT or melting temperature ranges from 35 C to 63 CThe melting temperature for polyethylene glycol increases with increase in molecular weigh

Fatty acids and Vegetable oilsFatty acid and mineral oils their heat Storage capacity range 153-182 kj/kgPhase change temperature range(PCT)/Melting temperature of 30-60c

INCORPORATION OF PCM INTO FABRICSFiber technologyCoatingsLaminationMicroencapsulation

Fiber technology

first step in any technology of PCM is MicroencapsulationMicroencapsulation is the process of capturing small amounts of phase change materials in a shell materialprotective polymer shell is very durable and designed to withstand textile production methods used in fiber, yarn spinning, weaving, knitting, and coating applications.

CoatingsThere are various coating processesknife-over-roll, knife-over-air, pad-dry-cure, gravure, dip coating, transfer coating.

Coating processMicrospheres containing phase change material are dispersed in a dispersion ofwater solution containing a surfactant, a dispersant, an antifoam agent a polymer mixture

Laminationmicrocapsules would be mixed into a water-blown polyurethane foam mix and these foams are applied to a fabric in a lamination processwater is taken out of the system by drying process

MicroencapsulationMicroencapsulation is a process in which tiny particles or droplets are surrounded by a coating to give small capsulesmicrocapsule is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it.Microencapsulation is also known as micro packaging of solids and liquids.

The material inside the microcapsule is referred to as the core, internal phase, or fillwall is sometimes called a shell, coating, or membraneMost microcapsules have diameters between a few micrometers and a few millimeters

APPLICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALSLife style apparel - Smart jackets, Vests, Men's and Women's hats, GlovesOutdoor active wear apparel -jackets and jacket lining, boots, golf shoes, trekking shoes, socks, ski and snowboard glovesProtective garments

Automotive TextilesAerospaceMedical Productstarpaulin clothCovering cloth

Life style apparel Smart jackets, Vests, Men'sWomen's hats, Gloves.

Outdoor active wear appareljackets and jacket lining, boots, golf shoes, trekkingshoes, socks, ski and snowboard gloves

Protective garments

Automotive Textiles

AerospacePhase change technology originates from the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administrations) research program of the 1970s

Medical Products

Tarpaulin cloth Covering cloth

LIMITATIONa) The limitation with phase change materials is that this phenomenon only occurs over a specific temperature or temperature range for any specific PCM and When the Latent heat of the PCM is fully absorbed or released the thermo regulating effect stops.b) The clothing structure should be carefully engineered otherwise it can release the absorbed heat to the environment rather than to the wearers body.c) If the amount of PCM presence is more to get higher heat storage, the fabric become very stiff because of higher amount of PCM

What Lies Ahead?The range and variety of high performance textiles that have been developed to meet present and future requirements are now considerableTextile materials are now combined, modified and tailored in ways far beyond the performance limit of fibers drawn from the silkworm cocoon, grown in the fields, or spun from the fleece of animalsAnd the future promises even more!What new capacities should we expect as a result of future developments in smart/interactive textiles?

They should include tera and nano scale magnitudes, complexity, cognition and holismThe new capability of tera scale takes us three orders of magnitude beyond the present general-purpose and generally accessible computing capabilities. The technology of nano scale takes us three orders of magnitude below the size of most of todays human-made devicesIt allows to arrange molecules inexpensively in most of the ways permitted by physical lawsIt lets make supercomputers that fit on the head of a fiber, and fleets of medical nano-robots smaller than a human cell to eliminate cancers, infections, clogged arteries

Fibers are relentlessly replacing traditional materials in many more applications. From super-absorbent diapers, to artificial organs, to construction materials for moon-based space stationsHeat generating/storing fibers/fabrics are now being used in skiwear, shoes, helmets, etcFabrics and composites integrated with optical fibers sensors are used to monitor bridges and buildingsGarments integrated with sensors and motherboards can detect and transmit injury and health information of the wearer

Clothing with its own senses and brain are integrated with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and mobile phone technology to provide the position of the wearer and directionsBiological tissues and organs, like ears and noses, are grown from textile scaffolds made from bio-degradable fibersIntegrated with nano-materials, textiles are imparted with very high energy absorption capacity and other functions such as stain proofing, abrasion resistance, light emission, etc.

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