E-PRTR

Session 4: Monitoring/Measuring,

calculation and estimation of emissions

PART 1 : INTRODUCTION

Iksan van der Putte

Accidents & chemicalsMinamata -MeHg

Bhopal- MIC

Seveso- TCP/Dioxins

Basel (Sandoz)- pesticides

US/Europe/World - DES

SO2, NOx,particulate matter (PM10) – LCP Directive

World Health Organisation 2005

Change in pulmonary function:respiratory effects- asthmatic

Increase in all-age daily mortality rate: relation with PM10?

World Health Organisation 2005

Reduced lung function growth in children – also related to other combustion products ?

Direct effect pulmonary function in asthmatics

World Health Organisation 2005

Increase in daily mortality

Total cardio-pulmonary and lung cancer mortality

Highlights•Environmental pollution imposes great costs on Europe, the majority from impacts on health.

New Findings•Air pollution currently reduces the average life expectancy of Europeans by 9 to 24 months.

2005 EC Environment Policy Review (COM (2006) 70)

The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (European PRTR) has been adopted on 18 January 2006 and laid down in Regulation (EC) No 166/2006. The PRTR's first edition is expected to be published in the autumn of 2009 and will include data for the first reporting year 2007.The European PRTR implements the UNECE PRTR Protocol, which was signed in May 2003 in Kiev; it further replaces the existing European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER).

EPER PRTR

Reporting Information Flow

Monitoring

RIEW

EC Commission

RIEW

Annual report

(aggregated)

BEEA

Annual report

(aggregated)

Commission IPPC review

EIONet

EPER/PRTR

Art 15.3 IPPC

Art 7 PRTR

Enterprise

annual report

(detailed)

Non IPPC

Registration

Ambient Monitoring

ExEA

MOEW

EC

database

Art 16.1+3

EEA

Example Bulgaria

RIEW: Regional Inspectorate for Environment and WaterMOEW: Ministry of Environment and WaterExEA: Executive Environment Agency; EEA: European Environment Agency

What and how to report?Reported releases and off-site transfers are totals of releases and off-site transfers from all•deliberate, •accidental, •routine and •non-routine activities at the site of the facility.

M = measured using standardised or accepted methods (direct monitoring results) CEN and ISO;

C = based on internationally accepted calculation methods (using activity data (fuel used, production rate, etc.) and emission factors or mass balances (ETS/IPCC/CORINAIR);

E = based on non-standardised estimations or expert guesses

Measurement/calculation/estimation of releases and off-site transfers

M =measured using standardised or accepted methods coded with respective

CEN and ISO standards

C =based on internationally accepted calculation methods coded withETS (see Guidelines EU ETS)IPCC (see IPCC Guidelines)UNECE/EMEP (see EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook

“equivalent methodologies”to be coded as

PER: in permit prescribed M, C, E methodNRB: national or regional binding ruleALT: alternative measurement methodology equivalent

to CEN/ISOCRM:equivalent methodology by Certified Reference

Materials according to ISO 17025 and ISO guide 33with acceptance by CA

MAB: mass balance methodology accepted by CASSC: A European wide sector specific calculation method

delivered to EC, EEA and relevant int. organisations

The Importance of Monitoring

E-PRTR

Session 4: Monitoring/Measuring,

calculation and estimation of emissions

PART 2 : MONITORING

Iksan van der Putte

The IPPC Directive requires all Emission Limit Values (ELVs) in permits to be based on the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT). Monitoring the performance of these BAT-based techniques May be necessary for two main reasons:•to check that the emissions are within ELVs, e.g. compliance assessment•to establish the contribution of a particular installation to environmental pollution in general, e.g. periodic environmental reporting to the competent authorities.(ref. E-PRTR)•Other reasons

WHY MONITOR

Who monitors

Compliance monitoring can be carried out by competent authorities, operators, or by third-party contractors acting on their behalf.

Both the authorities and operators are increasingly makinguse of external contractors to undertake monitoring work on their behalf.

However, even when using contractors the ultimate responsibility for the monitoring and its quality remains with the relevant authority or operator and cannot be contracted out.

Who monitors

It is the responsibility of the competent authority to establish and set appropriate quality requirements, and to consider a range of safeguards. For the purpose of compliance assessment use of the following is good practice:

_ standard methods of measurement, where available_ certified instruments_ certification of personnel_ accredited laboratories.

“What” and “How” to monitor

In principle there are various approaches that can be taken to monitor a parameter, although some of them may not be appropriate for particular applications:

• direct measurements• surrogate parameters• mass balances• other calculations• emission factors.

“What” and “How” to monitor

Direct measurements

(a) continuous monitoringfixed in-situ (or in-line) continuous reading instruments (NB regular maintenance/calibration)fixed on-line (or extractive) continuous reading instruments (NB pre-treatment).

(b) discontinuous monitoring.Portable instrumentslaboratory analysis of samples taken by fixed, in-situ samplers,laboratory analysis of spot samples.

“What” and “How” to monitorSurrogate parameters(a) quantitative surrogates

• total VOC instead of the individual components• calculation of the waste gas concentration from the composition and throughput of fuel, raw materials and additives and from the flow rates• continuous dust measurements as a good indication for heavy metal emissions

“What” and “How” to monitorMass balance method

Calculations

Fuel analysis emission calculation

E = Q x C/100 x (MW/EW) x TWhere:E = Annual load of the chemical species emitted (kg/yr)Q = Fuel mass flow rate (kg/h)C = Concentration of the elemental pollutant in fuel (wt%)MW = Molecular weight of the chemical species emitted (kg/kg-mole)EW = Elemental weight of the pollutant in fuel (kg/kg-mole)T = Operating hours (h/yr)

Emission factors

Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Activity Data(mass per time) (mass per unit of throughput) (throughput per time)

Emission factors are obtained from European and American sources (e.g. EPA 42, CORINAIR,UNICE, OECD) and are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the substance (e.g. kilogramsof sulphur dioxide emitted per tonne of fuel burned).

“C” for example CorinairTier 1: a method using readily available statistical data on the intensity of processes(“activity rates”) and default emission factors. These emission factors assume alinear relation between the intensity of the process and the resulting emissions.The Tier 1 default emission factors also assume an average or typical processdescription.

Tier 2: is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on thebasis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditionsthat apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed.

Tier 3: is any method that goes beyond the above methods. These might include theuse of more detailed activity information, specific abatement strategies or otherrelevant technical information.

Corinair : default emission factorsTier 1 (small combustion installations)

Corinair : emission factorsTier 2

“How” to express ELVs and monitoring results

There is a relationship between the way ELVs are expressed and the objective for monitoring these emissions.The following types of units can be applied, either singly or in combination:•_ concentration units (mg/m3)•_ units of load over time (kg/s)•_ specific units and emission factors (kg/t of product)•_ thermal effect units (temperature)•_ other emission value units (m/s exhaust gas)•_ normalised units (ref. oxygen conc.)

Monitoring timing considerations

-time when samples and/or measurements are taken (depend on plant processing conditions)- averaging time (hourly, daily, yearly)-frequency (e.g. from one sample/year to on-line measurements covering 24 hours/day and it is generally divided into continuous and discontinuous monitoring)

In general, the description of the ELV in the permit (in terms of e.g. total amount and peaks), isthe basis to set up the monitoring timing requirements. These requirements and associatedcompliance monitoring must be clearly defined and indicated in the permit so as to avoid ambiguity.

The time when samples are taken is not important since the results are very similar irrespective of when the samples are taken (i.e. in the morning, on Thursdays, etc.).The averaging time is also not so important since whatever time we choose (e.g. half-hour, 2hours, etc.) the mean values are also very similar.The frequency could therefore be discontinuous because the results would be very similar

Whether the ELV should focus on the peaks or on the total amount depends entirely on the nature/potential hazard of the emissions. If harmful effects can occur due to short-termpollutant impacts then it is important to control the peaks rather than the cumulative load.A very short averaging time is used for controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging time for controlling the total amount. A high frequency for controlling the peaks is better (continuous monitoring)

Process 3 represents a typical example of a cyclic or a batch process.The time when samples are taken and the averaging time can be restricted to the periodswhen the batch process is in operation;.The frequency could be either discontinuous or continuous

Again, the nature/potential hazard of the emissions will dictate whether an ELV is to be set for the peaks or for the total amount of emissions. In this case, the time when samples are taken is very important because, due to thevariability of the process, samples taken at different times can give very different results.A very short averaging time is used for controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging time isused for controlling the total amount.In either case a high frequency (e.g. continuous) is likely to be necessary, since a lowerfrequency is likely to produce non-reliable results

DATA VERIFICATION/Validation/Management

MONITORING

Important role for quality requirements/