e ndocrine vs. n ervous
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Chemical Signals in Animals: Endocrine System and Hormonal Control Campbell Chapter 45 Nancy G. Morris. E ndocrine vs. N ervous. The nervous system brings about immediate responses, but the endocrine system is slower acting and regulates processes that occur over days or even months. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chemical Signals in Chemical Signals in Animals:Animals:
Endocrine System and Hormonal Control
Campbell Chapter 45
Nancy G. Morris
Endocrine vs. Nervous
The nervous system brings about immediateimmediate responses, but the endocrine system is slowerslower acting and regulates processes that occur over days or even months.
Hormones
Endocrine systems exert control through the use of hormones.hormones.
HormonesHormones are chemical messengers produced by ductless glands in one part of the body which travel through the bloodstream and exert their influence in another part of the body.
HormonesHormones are secreted into the bloodstream and regulate whole body processes like growth, reproduction, complex behaviors including courtship and migration.
Hormones
HormonesHormones influence the metabolism of their target cells by binding to receptor proteins within the cell or on the surface of the cell. (Figure 45.3)
Hormones
Exocrine systemsExocrine systems have ducts used for transport of substances directly into the body cavities: salivary glands
Endocrine systemsEndocrine systems are ductless and secrete hormones directly into body fluids: pituitary gland
Exocrine vs. EndocrineExocrine vs. Endocrine
The endocrine and the nervous systems are related
1) structurally 2) chemically 3) functionally
simultaneously maintaining homeostasis, physiology and other body processes.
Hormones
Neurosecretory cells: specialized nerve cells that secrete hormones located within endocrine organs and tissues. Figure 45.3
Hormones
Hormones
Several chemicals serve as both neurotransmitters and hormones.
Epinephrine, produced by the adrenal medulla, acts as the “fight or flight hormone” and a neurotransmitter.
Control
Positive and Negative Feedback regulate mechanisms of both systems
Positive feed back: output intensifies and increases the likelihood of a response
Mammal milk production and release
Control:- Antagonistic hormones work
in opposition to one other.- Insulin and glucagon
Hormonal ControlHormonal Control In Hydra, one hormone stimulates
growth and budding while inhibiting sexual reproduction.
Invertebrates exhibit a diversity of hormones which function in
1) homeostasis, 2)reproduction, 3)development, and 4)behavior.
Hormonal ControlHormonal Control
Chemical signals operate at virtually all levels of organization:
Local regulators– Intracellular– Cell to cell
Tissue to tissue regulators Organ to organ regulators Organism to organism (pheromones)
Hormonal Control
Local regulators affect neighboring target cells
Histamine -- immune and regulatory responses
Interlukins – immune response Growth factors – peptides and proteins
that regulate the behavior of cells in growing and developing tissues
Prostaglandins – modified fatty acids released into interstitial fluid
Hormonal Control
Binding of a chemical signal to a specific receptor protein triggers chemical events in the target cell that result in a change in that cell.
The response to a chemical signal depends on the number and affinity of the receptor proteins.
Chemical Signals
Chemical signals often bind to a specific protein receptor on the plasma membrane of the target cell
Because of their chemical nature, most signal molecules (peptides, proteins, glycoproteins) are unable to diffuse through the plasma membrane
Chemical SignalsChemical Signals
The binding of the signal molecule to a plasma membrane receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway, a series of events that converts the signal into a specific cellular response.
Chemical Signals
A specific example is the binding on the polypeptide hormone insulin to the insulin receptor:
Insulin binding initiates a chain of events that accounts for the blood sugar lowering effects of insulin.
Vertebrate Endocrine Vertebrate Endocrine SystemSystem
Coordinates:1)metabolism,2)growth,3)development, and 4)reproduction.
Major Endocrine Organs
Functions of Vertebrate Hormones Some hormones have a
single action while other have multiple functions
Tropic hormones act on other endocrine glands
Functions of vertebrate hormones:
Table 45.1
Functions of vertebrate hormones:
Table 45.1
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Region of the lower brain Receives information from
nerves throughout the body and brain
Initiates endocrine signals appropriate to the environmental conditions
Regulates the Pituitary Gland
Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
- Located at the base of the hypothalamus
-Two lobes: anterior & posterior; numerous functions
- Figure 45.6
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Produces many different hormones
Regulated by factors of the hypothalamus
Four are tropic hormones that Four are tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands stimulate other endocrine glands to synthesize and release their to synthesize and release their hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LHhormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Stimulates ovulation and corpus Stimulates ovulation and corpus
luteum formation in females luteum formation in females Stimulates spermatogenesis in Stimulates spermatogenesis in
malesmales
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Tropic hormone that affects the gonads In males, necessary for spermatogenesis In females, it stimulates ovarian follicle
growth
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone (GH) Promotes growth
directly Stimulates production of
growth factors
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and secrete its own hormone
Anterior Pituitary GlandAnterior Pituitary Gland
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its steroid hormones
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) regulates the activity of pigment-containing skin cells
Endorphins inhibit pain perception
Posterior Pituitary GlandPosterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary GlandPosterior Pituitary Gland
Synthesized in hypothalamus Secreted from posterior pituitary Oxytocin – Oxytocin – induces uterine muscle induces uterine muscle
contraction; induces lactationcontraction; induces lactation Antidiuretic Hormone Antidiuretic Hormone – acts on – acts on
kidneys to increase water retention kidneys to increase water retention thus reducing urine volumethus reducing urine volume
Pineal gland
small mass near the center of the brain
produces melatonin – modified amino acid that modulates
skin pigmentation– secreted only at night; larger
amounts secreted in winter– Involved in regulation of biorhythms
Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones function in: 1) development 2) bioenergetics 3) homeostasis
ThyroidThyroid is on the ventral side of the trachea.
plays a major role in vertebrate development: participates in embryonic development
control metamorphosis in amphibians
blood pressure heart rate muscle tone digestion reproductive functions rate of O2 consumption &
metabolism (increases)
Thyroid gland maintains homeostasis in mammals including:
Hyperthyroidism - high body temperature, sweating, weight loss, irritability, high blood pressure
Hypothyroidism – can cause cretinism in infants and weight gain, lethargy, and cold-intolerance in adults
Goiter - enlarged thyroid caused by a deficiency in iodine
SSerious metabolic disorders result from deficiency or excess of thyroid hormones.
Negative Feedback System Figure 45.9 Hypothalamus secretes TRH Anterior Pituitary stimulated to produce
TSH TSH binds to receptors & T3 and T4
High levels of T3, T4, and TSH inhibit TRH
TThyroid hormonehyroid hormone secretion is regulated by hypothalamus and pituitary.
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH)(PTH)
balances blood calcium needs vitamin D to
function
Pancreas Endocrine Pancreas Endocrine TissuesTissues
Islets of Langerhans: Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells secrete insulin antagonistic hormones that
regulate blood glucose
If glucose homeostasis is unbalanced:
Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes)
Type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes)
Both types untreated will result in high blood sugar:– Kidneys excrete glucose– More water is excreted– Fat is the major source of fuel for cell
respiration.
Adrenal glands:Adrenal glands: located on top of kidneys Adrenal medula synthesizes
catecholamines:– epinepherine – norepinepherine
Glucose is mobilized Heart rate is increased Bronchioles dilate
Adrenal glands:Adrenal glands: Adrenal cortex synthesizes and
secretes corticosteroids as directed by ACTH from the anterior pituitary
– Mineralocorticoids affect salt and water balance
– Aldosterone stimulates kidney cells to reabsorb sodium ions and water
– Glucocorticoids – promote glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrate substances such as proteins
SteroidsSteroids
Androgens: male sex hormones Testosterone:
– Stimulate the development & maintenance of male reproductive systems
– responsible for secondary male sex characteristics
SteroidsSteroids Estrogens: female sex hormones
– Maintain the female reproductive system
– responsible for secondary sex characteristics
Progestins (Progesterone)– Preparation & maintainace of uterus
for reproduction Gonadotropins from anterior
pituitary (FSH and LH) control the synthesis of both androgens & estrogens