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Reform Through Revolution

Students will be able to define the following terms:

Young Turks

Pancho Villa

Constitution of 1917

Sun Yat-Sen

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Unable to achievereform through

peaceful means,reformers in

Turkey, Mexico,and China wantedto overthrow their

existing governmentsthrough revolution.

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Sultan Abdulhamid II, the ruler of the Ottoman empire, used secret police

against potential opponents.

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The Sultan also ordered the brutal massacre of Armenians in eastern

Turkey in 1894-1896. Armenians inTurkey were massacred for

allegedly resisting the Ottomangovernment.

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Young educated members of the Turkishelite, known as the Young Turks,

demanded reform. The Sultan wasoverthrown. The new government

encouraged industrialization, education, andimproved treatment of women.

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From 1877 to 1910, Mexico was governedby the dictator, Porfirio Diaz. The Mexicanrevolution of 1910 was a reaction against

Diaz’s rule.

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Initially led by Francisco Madero, a wealthyliberal, the revolt soon faced oppositionfrom peasant leaders, including PanchoVilla and Emiliano Zapata. Madero wasassassinated and a civil war followed.

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Eventually, the forces of reform

won. As a result,large estates werebroken up, Churchlands were seized,

and millions of acres of land were

transferred topeasants.

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The Constitution of 1917 led to greaterdemocracy in Mexico. It established

an 8-hour work day. It also gaveworkers the right to strike.

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China’s educatedelite was troubledby China’s defeatby Japan in 1894,

foreign interventionagainst the BoxerRebellion, and the

failure of the Manchu government

to change.

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In 1911, an uprising began among soldiers.It quickly spread to cities throughout China.China’s five-year-old emperor was forcedto abdicate. After 2,500 years of rule by

emperors, China became a republic in 1912.

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Sun Yat-Sen, a revolutionary leader,gained control of China’s government

in 1916. He introduced his three principles: “Democracy, Nationalism,

and the People’s Livelihood.”

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Unfortunately, Sun was never able tofully bring all of China under his control.

In many parts of China, warlords orpowerful military commanders remainedtoo great. Rival armies battled for control

of China bringing hardship to millions.

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Questions for Reflection:

• What was the Armenian genocide and why did it occur?

• Who were the Young Turks and why were they dissatisfied with the Sultan?

• Why did Pancho Villa rebel?

• What was the Constitution of 1917?

• Who was Sun Yat-Sen and what did he want for the people of China?