1 Mark Questions

1. What is stimulation? A: Stimulation is an event that causes a

specific functional reaction in an organism.2. What is the conclusion by Galen after his

observations?A: According to Galen, a greek physiologist

nerves are of two kinds. i) For sensation ii) For action

3. What is synapse? Where they found on?A: It is the functional region of contact

between two neurons. They found on thebrain, spinal cord and around the spinalcord.

4. What are cranial nerves? How manycranial nerves are present?

A: Nerves originate from the brain are calledcranial nerves. There are 12 pairs ofcranial nerves.

5. What is autonomous nervous system?A: The peripheral nervous system that control

the involuntary actions of the body is calledautonomous nervous system.

6. What are the functions of Adrenaline?A: H Increase in heart beat.

H Rise in blood sugar.

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Coordination - The linking system

Target-2020

TenthBiology

100100

H Dilation of the coronary artery and pupilof the eye.

7. What is thigmotropism?A: The type of response to make contact (or)

touch is called thigmotropism.8. What are the main cells of nervous system?A: The main cells of the nervous system are

the neuron besides the neurons thenervous system also consists of glial cells.

9. What is abscission?A: Detachment of leaves and fruits from the

plant is called Abscission.10. What is the function of cortisol?A: Cortisol regulates the metabolism of

carbohydrates, proteins and fats.11. What is action potential?A: The electrical potential that is generated

when stimulus is applied to the neuron iscalled action potential.

1. What happens if all the functions of thehuman body is controlled only by brain?

A: H We will be in deep trouble in facing thedangerous situations.

H Especially in the reflex actions, there will beno time to send the impulses to the brainand to receive the orders.

H Spinal card gives the orders for an automat-ic response to the dangerous stimulus. e.g.: Touching a red hot plate.

H The coordination of all activities in the livingorganisms and their growth will be disturbed.

2. What is reflex action? Give examples.A: Reflex action is a quick involuntary

response to stimulus by an effector.e.g.: Withdraw our hand from an hot object,blinking the eye lids when a moving objectapproaches the eye.

3. Write briefly on axon?A: 1) Axon is very long projection from cell

body.2) Each neuron has only one axon.3) Unlike dendrites, axons are very long and

are usually unbranched structures.4. How does phototropism occurs in plants?A: H The bending of a plant stem towards

2 Marks Questions

light is an example of phototropism.H This is

due to theaction ofauxin hor-mone.

H The auxinhormoneis presentin the tipof thestem. Itprefers tostay inshadeaway from sunlight.

H When sunlight falls on the stem from oneside, auxin hormones get concentrated onthe side of the stem which is away from thelight. Auxin promote growth.

H Due to more auxin the shady side of thestem grow to be longer than the side of thestem which is facing light and makes thestem bend towards light.

5. How does a neuron differ from an ordinarycell in structure? Write notes.

A: H Neuron is the largest cell in the body.H It contains the same basic part as any other

animal cell. But their structure is speciallyadopted to be able to carry messages overlong distances in the body quickly.

H Each neuron has 3 components, cell body,dendrites and axon.

H It also contains cytoplasm, nucleus,lysosome, golgi complex.

H The short nerve fibres are dendrites andlongest nerve fibres known as axon. Theyarise from cell body.

H The axon has myelin sheath around it.

1. Suggest an experiment to show how rootsgrow away from light in most plants.

A: Aim: To prove that roots show positivegeotropism.

Materials required: Potted plant.Procedure: i) Take a potted plant.ii) Break the lower part of the pot carefully so

that only the end part of the root is visibleafter removing the soil.

iii) Observe the growth of the roots before youplace the pot horizontally and note yourobservation.

iv) Turn the pot and place it horizontally.vi) Observe the roots and shoots after a

week.Observation: The roots which were horizon-tal at the start of experiment growing towardsthe soil by taking a curvature.Inference: Roots always show negativephototropism and shoots always showpositive phototropism.2. What is reflex arc? Name the components

of it.A: H A single pathway going upto spinal cord

from detectors and returning toeffecters is called reflex arc.

H Reflex was understood in terms of pathways.H Picking up information of a stimulus to

generate a response involves pathwayfrom detectors to brain or spinal cord

H A set of nerve cells heads near spinal cordto the effecters.

H Reflex arc consists of a receptor; asensory nerve an association nerve, motarnerve and a effector organ.

3. Who discovered insulin? Write a short noteon it.

A: H In latin insula means island.H In 1868 Paul Langerhans of Germany

working on the structure of pancreas foundislets of langerhans specialised cells whichare richly supplied with blood vessels.

H But their function remain unknown.H Many other worked on it and found that its

removal from the body of an experimentalanimal would lead to the development ofdiseases. Similar to well-known humanailment sugar diabetes.

H This is a condition in which the amount offree sugar in the blood and in the urine isabnormally high.

H Later is found that typing up the pancreaticduct that emerged from the duodenumwould cause the pancreas to degeneratebut the Islets of langerhans would remainnormal.

H Moreover, an animal so treated would notdevelop diabetes.

H That was really a strong evidence that thelevel of blood sugar is linked with the Isletcells.

H By 1912, workers were convinced that theIslets produced a secretion which directlyliberated into the blood.

H Ten years later in Toronto; Best andmacleod finally succeed in extractinginsulin from degenerate animal pancreas-es whose ducts to the intestine had beentied.

H Insulin is now produced in large quantitiesfor the treatment of human suffers fromsugar diabetes to whom it is administeredby injection into the skin.

4. Draw a neat labelled diagram of brain andwrite a few points how it is protected?

A: H The brain is present in the hard bonybox like structure called cranium whichis made up of skull bone.

H Cranium protects brain from injuries.H Brain is also covered by the membranes

dura matter, Archanoid membrane, and piamatter. They give protection to the brain.

H The cerebro spinal fluid which flowsbetween the other and middle membranesalso protect the brain from injuries.

4 Marks Questions 12

Mark Questions

1. What is meant by Response?A: A Reaction to something work done.2. What are the major parts of Neuron?A: Cell body (or) cyton, dendrites and axon.3. What are the two types of projections

that extend from the cell body?A: The small projections are dendrites

while the long one is axon.4. The nerves are classified into how many

types?A: Nerves or neurons are of 3 types.

i) Afferent nervesii) Efferent nervesiii) Association nerves

5. What is the importance of Reflex action?A: They save us from painful (or) danger-

ous stimuli.6. Write the two types of nervous system.A: i) Central nervous system

ii) Peripheral nervous system7. Write the parts of central nervous

system.A: Brain and Spinal cord.8. Grey matter of brain is formed by?A: The nerve cell bodies together with

capillaries form grey matter.9. Write the three major divisions in Brain.A: i) Fore brain ii) Mid brain iii) Hind brain

cerebral hemisphere

brain cavity

mid brain

cerebellum

spinal cord

pituitary gland

medulla

Brain

What is Action Potential?Poul

Stem is

positively

Roots are positivelygeotrophic (or) negatively

phototrophic

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1. What is the secondarymetabolite producedfrom the plant given inthe picture? A) Gums B) TanninsC) Resins D) Latex

2. Identify the process ofdiagram A) Single circulation B) Multiple circulationC) Double circulation D) Lymphatic system

3. After learning about the Excretion chapterwhat is your modified habit? A) Walking/ jogging and taking sufficient

water B) Taking junk food and soupsC) Sleeping less time and talking moreD) Taking more medicines

4. Identify the picture

A) Respiratory roots B) Fungal colony C) Deforested areaD) Sapling plantation.

5. Aim of this experiment is

A) CO2 is essential to photosynthesis B) Water is essential to photosynthesis C) Sunlight is essential to photosynthesis D) Oxygen is released in photosynthesis

6. If homozygous yellow coloured seeds andgreen coloured seeds are the parents, whatis the progeny in the F1 generation? A) All green seeded plants B) Some yellow and some Green seeded

plantsC) All yellow seeded plants D) Mixed colour seeded plants

7. Who had given the animalin the picture as an exam-ple for his principle? A) Mendel B) Darwin C) Lamarck D) Weisman

8. Who is responsible for the sex determina-tion in human beings? A) Mother B) Father C) Both D) Grand parents

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12

Mark Questions

1. How do you prove that Carbon dioxide isreleased during anaerobic respiration?

A: Aim: to prove that Carbon dioxide isreleased during anaerobic respiration.

Apparatus: widemouthed transpar-ent bottle, Bengalgram seeds, cork,lime water solution,small beaker andVaseline. Procedure:Arrange the appa-ratus as shown inthe figure.

Insert small beaker with lime water in thewide mouthed bottle.

Pour a hand full of soaked Bengal gramseeds in the wide mouthed bottle. Fit the corkand apply Vaseline. Leave the experiment for3-4 hours. Observation: the lime water present in thesmall beaker is turned in to milky white colour. Result: This proves that carbon dioxide isevolved from the respiration. Precautions: tight the corks carefully, applythe Vaseline around the cork. Ensure thisexperiment is in the room temperature. 2. Chandana Sri stated that secondary

metabolites of plants are useful to humanbeings. How do you justify the statement?

A: Yes. The materials which do not require fornormal growth and development are sec-ondary metabolites. Secondary metabolitesproduced by the plants are useful to humanbeings. Plants produce these chemical fortheir own use. We are using these chemi-cals for our benefits. Alkaloids, Tannins,Resins, Gums, and Latex are some exam-

ples of secondary metabolites produced bythe plants. e.g.: Quinine, Nicotine, Morphine, Cocaine,Reserpine, Caffeine, Nimbin andScopolamine are some Alkaloids used fordifferent purposes in the medicinal field.Chemicals extracted from the Acacia andCassia plants are used for the Tanningpurpose and called as Tannins. Latex likeRubber, and Gums also extracted from theplants by different procedures and areuseful for different purposes.

3. How do you prove root pressure in theplants? How is it useful to the plants?

A: Aim: To show root pressure in plants. Apparatus: Potted plant, Glass tube, clamp,rubber tube. Procedure: Take a regularly watered pottedplant and cut the stem portion 1 cm above theground level. Then connect a glass tube bymeans of strong rubber tubing as shown in thefigure.

The size of glass tube should be equal to thesize of the stem. Take care while joining tubeand stem being bound tightly, so that watercannot escape from the tube. Now, pour somewater in the glass tube until water level can beseen above the rubber tube. Mark the level ofwater (M1) in the tube. Keep your arrangementaside for 2 to 3 hours. Then observe and markthe water level (M2) in the tube. Observation: Water levelincreases from M1 to M2Inference: Pressure in theXylem vessels made themovement of water fromroot hair to xylem vesselsthrough the root cells. Thispressure is known as Rootpressure. This Pressure forces thewater upward in theplants. 4. What is sustainable development? How is it

useful us? A: Development and conservation can coexist

in harmony. When we use the environmentin ways that ensure we have resourcesfor the future, it is called sustainabledevelopment. In other terms when we usethe environmentin ways thatensure we haveresources for thefuture, it is calledsustainabledevelopment.There are manydifferentresources we need to manage andconserve to live sustainably. The earth’snatural resources include air, water, soil,minerals, fuels, plants and animals i.e.,all the things we need to survive such asfood, water, air and shelter. Conservationis the practice of caring for these naturalresources, so all living things canbe benefited from them now and in thefuture.

Target-2020

TenthBiology

100100

4 Marks Questions

4 Marks Questions

H Write the materials, procedure and theobservations of internal structure of thekidney by dissection.

A: Materials required:Freshly collected speci-men of sheep/goat’s kid-ney, sharp blade/scalpel,tray and a jug of waterProcedure for observa-tion: Collect a kidneyfrom the butcher andbefore coming to theclass wash the kidneythoroughly so that, blood is completelydrained from it. Put the kidney in the trayand observe it carefully. With the help ofsharp blade take a longitudinal sectionhere you are advised to do this activitycarefully by taking certain precautionsand observe the internal structure.Observations: Kidneys are beanshaped and Reddish brown in colour, acap like structure (Adrenal gland) and alarge tube called Ureter is found.

H Write the procedure, materials and theprecautions do you taken in the processof the observation of Rhizopous andpreparing the slide?

Some More Questions

1. Write two slogans about Organ donation? A: i) Your organs to others- is a gift to god.

ii) Donate your organs –and feel that youare reborn.

2. Identify thegiven dia-gram?

A: Sensory Neuron 3. Write two slogans about stop female

foeticide? A: H A girl child brings happiness and joy,

she is far better than a boy. H Respect life; say no to female foeticide

One Mark Questions

A: Aim: observation of Rhizopous andpreparing the slide.

Apparatus: Mold sample, plain glass slide,cover slip, water, disposable gloves. Procedure: Place a drop of water in the cen-tre of the slide. Using a toothpick, scrap verylittle of the mold and place it on the drop ofwater. Take the cover slip and set it at anangle to the slide so that one edge of it touch-es the water drop, then carefully lower it overthe drop so that the cover slip covers thespecimen without trapping air bubbles under-neath. Use the corner of a tissue paper orblotting paper to blot up any excess water atthe edges of the cover slip. Views the slidewith a compound microscope first observesunder low power. Precautions: This should not be done bythose with allergies to mold or with severeasthma. Use gloves, wash hands afteractivity. H Explain with suitable activity that shows

how our stomach gets protected from itsown acids secretions?

A: Aim: To prove that how our stomach getsprotected from its own acids secretions.

Apparatus: Two similar green leaves, vaselineor petroleum jelly, weak acid, glass dropper.Procedure: Take two similar green leaves.Apply vaseline or petroleum jelly or grease onone leaf leave the other free. Add 1 or 2 dropsof some weak acid on both the leaves.

Observe them after one hour. Observation: After one hour the leaf withvaseline is same in colour and the leaf withoutvaseline turned in to black. Conclusion: imagine leaf as stomach, vase-line as mucus produced by our stomach, andacid is secreted from the gastric juice. Sobecause of mucus our stomach is protectedfrom the acids.

Answers: 1-B 2-C 3-A 4-A 5-C 6-C 7-C 8-B

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Apparatus arrangementfor root pressure

experiment

Stomach gets protected by?Lamark

1. -- C4H9Br Í-éª-ðƧ-ô¢ªtö° Ñìo ú£î¶ªt-üŒ-û¦-EÚ¨ þ§ëÅ]u-÷ªó¶ªu šúÚÛÙ-è[K, çËμJ{-óŸªK öËμj-èÂ-õìª ô¦óŸªÙè….-

á:- H3C CH2 CH CH3Br

sšúÚÛÙ-è[K ñªuçËμjöËÀ öËμjèÂzBr

H3C C CH3 sçËμJ{-óŸªK ñªuçËμjöËÀ vò˺îμªièÂzCH3

2. -Óû¦-E{-óμ«-÷ª-ôÂõª ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á:- Íëůu-ôÁ-í‡êŸÙ Ú¥E GÙñ, ví£A-GÙñ ë]”Ú ú£ë]”-øŒ-Ú¥õ

áÙå.-

3. -- þ§yôÂd¬q àŸô¢u ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á:- ÎöËμj¬\öËÀ öËμj-èÂ-ö˺E Cl

öË¶ë¯ BrêÁ ö˺Ùö˺Ñìo FE ÷«Jpè… à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªû¶ àŸô¢u.-

CH3 Br + Ag F CH3F + Ag Br

ð»è… ÐëÇ]ô H2O4. -- C2H5Br + Mg A B.

Ð àŸô¢uö˺ A, B õìª ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÙè…. -

ð»è… ÐëÇ]ô H2Oá:- C2H5Br + Mg C2H5MgBr

(A)C2H6 + MgsOH) Br

(B)

5. -- ÑôÂdâËÀ n- íƇæ¨dÞ àŸô¢u ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á:- ÎöËμj¬\öËÀ öËμjèÂ, Ó·ôjöËÀ öËμj-èÂõª þ¼è…óŸªÙ, ð»è…

ÐëÇ]-ôÂõ ú£÷ª¤ÛÙö˺ àŸô¢u áJ-í‡ê¶ ÎöËμj¬\öËÀ ÓKûÂÔô¢p-è[ª-꟪ÙC.-

ð»è… C6H5 Cl + 2Na + Cl C2H5 C6H5C2H5

ÐëÇ]ôÂ+ 2NaCl

6. -- -cÚ¥·ôj¬(öËÀ ÓOªû àŸô¢ue- ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á: ÓL-ðƧ-æ¨Ú öË¶ë¯ ÓôÁ-÷«-æ¨Ú wšíj÷ªK ÓOª-ûÂìª

CHCl3, ÏëÇ]-ûÁ-LÚ KOH î�¶è…-ඛúh ë]ªô¦y-ú£-ì-ÞœõÚ¥·ôj¬(öËÀ Íîμªiû (NC) Ôô¢p-è[ª-꟪ÙC.-C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH sÎõ\--LÚÂz C6H5NC + 3KCl + 3H2O

7. -- þ§Ùè óŸªô àŸô¢u ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á:- è[óŸª-â˺-EóŸªÙ õ÷-éÙö˺ ÑÙè˶ è[óŸª-â˺-EóŸªÙ

ú£÷´-Eo Cl öË¶ë¯ Br öË¶ë¯ CNêÁ

ÚÛ«uví£úà ÍóŸ«ìªx, ú£ÙñÙ-CÅêŸ ï£„ö˺-áû Î÷ªxú£÷ª¤ÛÙö˺ ví£A-¸¤-í‡ÙචàŸô¢u.-

HClC6H5N2Cl C6H5Cl + N2

Cu2Cl28. -- -c-Þ¥å-ôÂ-÷ªû àŸô¢ue- ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á: è[óŸª-â˺-EóŸªÙ õ÷-éÙö˺ ÑÙè˶ è[óŸª-â˺-EóŸªÙ

ú£÷´-Eo Cl öË¶ë¯ Br êÁ Ú¥í£ô ð»è…,

ú£ÙñÙ-CÅêŸ ï£„ö˺-áû Î÷ªx ú£÷ª¤ÛÙö˺ ê¶LÞ¥_ ví£A-¸¤-í‡ÙචàŸô¢u.-

CuC6H5N2Cl C6H5Cl + N2 + CuCl

HCl

9. -- --cvTÞÂû¦ô“ Ú¥ô¢ÚÛÙe-- ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨? Óö° êŸóŸ«ô¢ªà¶þ§hô¢ª?

á: ÎöËμj¬\öËÀ îμªUo-ù‡óŸªÙ öËμj-èÂE vTÞÂ-û¦ô“ Ú¥ô¢ÚÛÙ

ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.- RX E Mg êÁ ð»è… ÐëÇ]ô ú£÷ª¤ÛÙö˺DEo êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶þ§hô¢ª.-

ð»è… ÐëÇ]ôÂC2H5Br + Mg C2H5MgBr

10. -- Ú¨ÙC ú£î¶ªt-üŒ-û¦õ ¤¥ô¢êŸy vÚÛ÷«Eo 1z î¦óŸ³óŸ«ì-ÚÛÙö˺ 2z áõ-óŸ«-ì-ÚÛÙö˺ šíJ¸Þ vÚÛ÷ªÙö˺Í÷ª-ô¢aÙè….-

CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, NH3

á:- î¦óŸ³-óŸ«-ì-ÚÛÙö˺ H3N < CH3NH2 < (CH3)2NH < (CH3)3N

á-õ-óŸ«-ì-ÚÛÙö˺ H3N < (CH3)3N < CH3NH2

< (CH3)2NH

11. -- - -cè[óŸ«-â˹-æ©-ÚÛ-ô¢éÙe- ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨?á: ÓE-Mû ö°Ùæ¨ wšíj÷ªK ÓôÁ-÷«-æ¨Ú ÓOªûÂ

0 5C ÷ë]Ì ûμjvåúà Î÷ªxÙêÁ àŸô¢u áJí‡òËμÙ@û è[óŸª-â˺-E-óŸªîª ÚÁx·ôjèÂìª Ôô¢p-JචàŸô¢u

HCl + NaNO2C6H5NH2 C6H5N2Cl +

0 5CNaCl + 2H2O

12. -- Ú¨ÙC ÷«Jp-è[ª-õìª í£²JÙ-àŸÙè….

i) CH3NC + HgO ?ii) ? + 2H2O CH3NH2 + HCOOH

á: i) CH3NC + HgO CH3NCO + Hg

H3O+

ii) CH3NC + 2H2O CH3NH2 + HCOOHOH

1. ÚÁöËÀ-ô¦ùà ÍóŸ«-ûÂõ ú£yêŸÙ-vBóŸª ÍGÅ-Þœ-÷ª-û¦õEóŸª-÷«Eo, ë¯E Íìª-÷-ô¢h-û¦-õìª êμõ-í£Ùè….-

á:- ÖÚÛ Në]ªuê NøË™x-ù£uÚÛÙ Í÷-CÅ-ÚÛÛ îμ«ö°ô Në]ªuêÂî¦ï£°-ÚÛêŸyÙ, DEö˺ Ñìo îμ³êŸhÙ Ú¥å-óŸ«ìx, Îì-óŸ«ìx ÷uÚ¨h-ÞœêŸ îμ«ö°ô Në]ªuê î¦ï£°-ÚÛ-ê¦y-õÚÛªú£÷«ìÙ.- m = v+ + + v

Í-ìª-÷-ô¢h-û¦õª:- F Í-ìÙêŸ NMìÙ ÷ë]Ì ë]ªô¢(Äõ Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£u-Ú¥õ m ìª öËμÚ¨\Ù-àŸè[Ù.- F ë]ªô¢(Äõ Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£u-Ú¥õ NíÆ£ª-åì Í÷CÅ sz E öËμÚ¨\Ù-àŸè[Ù.- 2. ðƧô¢è˶ Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£é ÖÚÛæ˺ EóŸª-÷«Eo êμõ-í£Ùè….-

1.-5 ÎÙí‡-óŸªô¢x ÚÛ·ôÙ-åªêÁ CuSO4 vë¯-÷-é°Eo 10ENª-ÿ§õª Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£é٠ඛúh Ú¥ëÇÁè ÷ë]Ì E¤¨-í£h-÷ªó¶ªu Ú¥í£ô ö˺ vë]÷u-ô¦P ÓÙêŸ?

á: Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£é ví£vÚ¨-óŸªö˺ Óõ-vÚÁdè ÷ë]Ì E¤¨-í£h-÷ªó¶ªu/-î�μõª-÷è˶/-ÚÛJ¸Þ í£ë¯ô¢– vë]÷u-ô¦P Në]ªu-Cy-øË™x-ù£uÚÛ í£ë¯ô¢–Ù ÞœªÙè¯ ví£þ§-ô¢-÷ªó¶ªu Në]ªuê í£J-÷«-é°-EÚ¨ Íìª-ö˺-÷«-ìª-ð§-êŸÙö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.-m Q m = e . Q m = c. e . t

1.5 63.5 10 60m = c. e . t =

2 96487

= 0.296 vÞ¥.-

3. -- XeF2 , XeF4 õ êŸóŸ«K, Eô¦t-é°-õìª N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè….-á:- XeF2, XeF4 õìª Ú¨ÙC-N-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥ êŸóŸ«-ô¢ª-à¶-þ§hô¢ª.-

673 KXe + F2 XeF21 ò°-ôÂ

873 KXe + 2F2 XeF47 ò°-ôÂ

4. -- ò°·Új¬qæÀ ìªÙ# Íõ«u-Nª-EóŸªÙ Eù£\-ô¢{-éìªÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè….-

á:- ò°·Új¬q-æÀÚ¨ Þ¥èÅ[, î�¶è… NaOHE ÚÛL-í‡ê¶ ÷à¶aþ¼è…óŸªÙ Íõ«u-Nª-û¶-æÀE CO2êÁ êŸå-úˆ–-ÚÛ-ô¢éÙà¶þ§hô¢ª.-

500 KAl2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O

35 ò°-ôÂ-2Na [Al(OH)4]

2Na [Al(OH)4] + CO2 2 NaHCO3 + Al2O3.XH2O

Í-÷-¸¤-í‡êŸ þ§wô¢Ì Íõ«u-Nª-û¦ìª ÷è[-ò˺ú‡, î�¶è…-à¶ú‡øŒ‰ë]ÌÄ Al2O3 E ð»Ùë]ª-ê¦ô¢ª.-

1470 KAl2O3, XH2O Al2O3 + XH2O

øŒ‰ë]ÌÄ Al2O3 Ú¨ ðƼxôÂ-þ§pôÂ, vÚÛóμ³-öËμj-åxìª ÚÛLí‡ î¦ï£°-ÚÛ-êŸìª šíÙ#, Þœõì Ñÿ¼g-vÞœ-êŸìª êŸT_-þ§hô¢ª.- Ð NªvøŒ-÷«Eo s1200 K 1300 Kz ÷ªëÅ]u Ú¥ô¢(ûÂ í£²êŸî�¶ú‡ì úd̂õª-ð§vêŸ sÚ¥ëÇÁèÂzö˺, vÞ¥šíÆj-æÀE ÎûÁ-èÂÞ¥Bú£ª-Ú•E Në]ªuê NøË™x-ù£é٠ඛúh øŒ‰ë]ÌÄ Al ÷-ú£ªhÙC.-2Al2O3 + 3C 4Al + 3CO2

Ú¥-ëÇÁè ÷ë]Ì:- Al+3 + 3e Al

Î-ûÁè ÷ë]Ì:- C + O2 CO + 2e

C + 2O2 CO2 + 4e

5. àŸô¢u -cÍéªêŸe- ÍÙç˶ ÔNªæ¨? DEÚ¨, àŸô¦u-vÚÛ-÷«Ù-Ú¥-EÚ¨ Þœõ òÅ˶ë¯Eo êμõ-í£Ùè….- CyÍ-éªêŸ, vAÚÛ ÍéªêŸ

î¦óŸ³ àŸô¢u-õìª êμõ-í£Ùè….-

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