dyeing man-made fibers and properties that can be achieveddyeing of acrylics with basics dye is...
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OBJECTIVES I N DYEING SYNTHETIC FIBERS
D Y E F I B E R TO THE DESIRED SHADE
M A I N T A I N NECESSARY FASTNESS PROPERTIES
O B T A I N A LEVEL U N I F O R M D Y E I N G
PREVENT DESTRUCTION OF THE F A B R I C OR F I B E R S
M A I N T A I N COST LEVELS
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POLYAMIDES -
MAJOR SYNTHETIC FIBERS
NYLON 6, N Y L O N 6, 6
POLYACRYLONITRILES - A C R Y L I C S M O D A C R Y L I C S
POLYESTERS (DISPERSE DYEABLE) (BASIC DYEABLE)
MODIFIED CELLULOSICS - t E \ f TRIACETATE.
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DYES FOR A C R Y L I C FIBERS
CATIONIC DYES
DISPERSE DYES
A C I D DYES
FOR A C I D DYEABLE TYPE
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POLYACRY LON I TR I LE F I BERS
I CN
ACRY LON I TR I LE
100% POLYACRYLONITRILE IS DIFFICULT TO DYE
ACRYLIC FIBERS
MODACRY LI C F I BERS
AT LEAST &SX ACRYLONITRILE
35 - 85% ACRYLONITRILE
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SOURCES OF BARRE I N NYLON _ _ -
a CHEMICAL END GROUPS
O R I E N T A T I O N AND C R Y S T A L L I N I T Y
X-SECTION, SURFACE ROUGHNESS
NON-UNIFORM TEXTURING
NON-UNIFORM KNITTING TENSION
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FACTORS I N SELECTING DYES FOR NYLON
ECONOMY
SHADE ( BRIGHTNESS OR DULLNESS)
FASTNESS REQU I REMENTS
LEVEL DYEING PROPERTIES
BARRE CONTROL
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LEVELING ACID DYES ON NYLON
REQUIRES ACETIC OR F O R M I C A C I D FOR D Y E I N G
EXHAUSTED W I T H A D D I T I O N A L F O R M I C A C I D
G O O D LEVELING PROPERTIES
GOOD B A R R E COVERAGE
POOR WETFASTNESS P R O P E R T I E S
LIGHTFASTNESS V A R I E S
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NEUTRAL DYEING ACID DYES
D Y E D FROM NEUTRAL SOLUTION
COMPLETE EXHAUSTION WITH AMMONIUM SULFATE
* LEVEL WELL
GOOD BARR: COVERAGE
- GOOD L1 GHTFASTNESS
a WETFASTNESS PROPERTl ES
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M I L L I N G ACID DYES ON NYLON
REQUIRES ACETIC ACID FOR DYEING
EXHAUSTED WITH ADDIT IONAL ACETIC OR FORMIC
DO NOT COVER BARRE
LIGHTFASTNESS VARIES
WETFASTNESS GENERALLY GOOD
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NEUTRAL DYEING ACID DYES
DYED FROM NEUTRAL SOLUTION
COMPLETE EXHAUSTlON WITH AMMONIUM s SULFATE
LEVEL WELL
GOOD BARRE COVERAGE.
GOOD LIGHTFASTNESS
LIMITED WETFASTNESS PROPERTIES
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A C I D METALIZED DYES ON NYLON
DULL SHADES
EXHAUSTED WITH F O R M I C A C I D
POOR LEVEL1 NG PROPERTIES
s
L l GHTFASTNESS GENERALLY GOOD
WETFASTNESS GENERALLY GOOD
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- h q - 5 USE OF R E T A R D E R S TO I M P R O V E L E V E L I N G - hcr13\:L5
Compounds which
low tempera ture combine -
w i th
They a r e r e l e a s e d a t h i g h
p lace .
Reduce. t h e r a t e o f
May be c r i t i c a l i n
dyeings -
dye ing
p a s t e l
e i t h e r
temp. and
b e l o w the
shades t o
dye or
dye ing
b o i l -
o b t a i n
f i b e r a t
takes
l e v e l
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NEUTRAL METALIZED DYES ON NYLON
DULL SHADES
DYED NEUTRAL OR SLIGHTLY ALKALINE
FAST STRIKE
:POOR' LEVELING '
L I GHTFASTNESS GOOD
NETFASTNESS G O O D .
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CHROME DYES ON NYLON .
FOR EXCELLENT WETFASTNESS I N HEAVY SHADES
APPLY SAME AS A C I D DYES
AFTER - CYROME
TREAT DYED GOODS WITH FORMIC ACID SOD1 UM DICHROMATE SOD - I UM TH I OSULFATE
CHROME COMPLEXES WITH DYE MOLECULES
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RETARDING SYSTE S FOR NYLuN I
AN I ON I C SURFACTANT
CATIONIC/NONIONIC SURFACTANT
SALTS
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DYEING NYLON AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
FOR SELECTED DYES DYEING AT 235 - 250 F IMPROVES
1, SHADE BUILDUP
2 , PENETRATION
3 , LEVELING
4, BARR:
5 FASTNESS PROPERTIES
- 6, FAULTY DYEINGS MADE AT THE BOIL
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DISPERSE DYES ON NYLON
APPLY SAME AS ON ACETATE
DO NOT BUILD AS GOOD AS ON ACETATE
LEVEL WELL
FASTNESS PROPERT I ES ARE POOR
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H2N - NYLON - COOH
+ 1, ;,w, - . '.̂ I p HA (ACID)
J- + H ~ N - NYLON - COOH
+ NA+ DYE-
D Y E - H ~ N - NYLON - COOH + NAA
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DYES F O R NYLON
ACID DYES
ACID METALIZED DYES
NEUTRAL METALIZED DYES
CHROME DYES
DISPERSE DYES
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BASIC DYE PROPERTI~S
t - I o n i c Dyes D n e t p o s i t i v e charge
- A S a c lass - h i g h c o l o r v a l u e - among t h e b r i g h t e s t dyes a v a i l a b l e - -
- Almost u n l i m i t e d shade r a n g e
- Many h a v e f l u o r e s e n c e p r o p e r t i e s
- L i g h t f a s t n e s s on ac ry l i c s v a r i e s f r o m poor t o g o o d . On o t h e r f ibers i t c a n be very p o o r .
- W a s h f a s t n e s s i s g e n e r a l l y g o o d
- C h l o r i n e f a s t n e s s is p o o r
- H i g h s t r i k e r a t e
- P o o r l e v e l i n g
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B A S I C D Y E S ON A C R Y L I C S
DYEING MECHANISM
so 3 - ACRYLIC _ - SO? a +
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D Y E
STRONG IONIC BONDS . L.
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DYEING OF ACRYLICS WITH B A S I C S
Dye i s mixed w i t h :
.25% EDTA
10.0 % S o d i u m s u l f a t e ( g l a u b e r s s a l t )
. 5 % Nonionic s u r f a c t a n t
1 .5 - 3.0 % Reta rde r
0.5 - 1.0 % Acet ic a c i d ( 5 6 % )
Raise dyebath 8 3" F / m i n t o 180" F , then s l o w l y
1" F / m i n or l e s s t o 212" F. Run for 1 . 0 - 1 . 5 h r .
Make any adds a f t e r coo l ing t o 170" F , then r a i s e
slowly back t o 212" F , run 20 m i n .
- Note. Always c o o l ba th slowly t o avoid c rack and c r e a s e marks i n t h e f a b r i c .
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COMBINATION SHADES
CATIONIC DYES EXHAUST AT VARIOUS RATES
I N COMBINATIONS, ONE DYE MAY EXHAUST F I R S T AND BLOCK OTHER DYES.
RESULTS :
SHADE DOES NOT BUILD ON TONE
MAY NOT OBTAIN DESIRED SHADE
K - Values 1 - Fas tes t Exhaust ion ,
5 - Slowest Exhaust ion
FOR COMBINATION SHADES, USE DYES W I T H I N ONE U N I T OF
EACH OTHER.
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DISPERSE DYES ON ACRYLICS -
FOR LIGHT AND MEDIUM SHADES ONLY
LEVEL WELL
DYE AT BOIL FOR 14 - 2 HOURS
SELECTED DISPERSE DYES HAVE GOOD FASTNESS PROPERTIES
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GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MODACRYLICS
SHRINK SEVERLY ABOVE A CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
DELUSTER IN DYEBATH
MUST COOL DYEBATH SLOWLY
SENSITIVE TO DRY HEAT
DYEABLE WITH SELECTIVE CATIONIC DYES
DYEABLE WITH SELECTIVE DISPERSE DYES
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ACID DYEABLE ACRYLICS
DYEABLE WITH ACID, CATIONIC, AND DISPERSE DYES
NOT WIDELY USED
DYED AT BOIL AT VERY LOW PH
SELECTED ACID DYES HAVE GOOD FASTNESS PROPERTIES
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PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
MORE HYDROPHOB I c THAN TR I ACETE
DYED WITH DISPERSE DYES
CAN BE DYED WITH AZOIC DYES
* REQUIRE CARRIER OR PRESSURE TO DYE
CATIONIC DYEABLE TYPE
CAN BE HEAT SET
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DYES FOR POLYESTER
DISPERSE
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PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE DYES
INSOLUBLE I N WATER
WATER D I SPERS IBLE
N O N I O N I C
DYES ALL SYNTHETIC FIBERS
SUBLIME WHEN HEATED
STAINS CELLULOSE FIBERS
STAINS PROTEIN FIBERS
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DYEING SYSTEMS FOR POLYESTER
NORMAL AQUEOUS SYSTEM
\ PRESSURE SYSTEM 0 L
THERMOSOL SYST
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DYEING MECHANISM
PARTITIONING OF A SOLID BETWEEN TWO IMMISCIBLE SOLVENTS
DYE FORMS A SOLID SOLUTION IN THE FIBER
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PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL CARRIER
1. HIGH EFFICIENCY, NEN WHEN APPLIED AT MINIMUM CONCENTRATION, AND INDEPENDENT Of THE CONSTITUTION OF THE DISPERSE DYE.
2. RAPID EMULSIFIABILITY AND GOOD STABILITY Of THE CARRIER EMULSION UNDER DYEING CONDITIONS.
3. LOW VOLATILITY IN STEAM.
4. NO OBJECTIONABLE ODOR.
5. MINIMUM SWELLING OF THE FIBER, AND MINIMUM INFLUENCE ON THE F IBER SHRINKAGE .
6. NO PROMOTION OF THE UPTAKE OF DISPERSE DYES BY OTHER FIBERS IN BLENDS.
READILY REMOVED FROM THE FIBROUS MATERIAL. 7.
8. NO INFLUENCE ON THE FASTNESS TO LIGHT AND HEAT -SETTING OF THE DYED SHADES. --
9. LOW TOXICITY.
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FACTORS I N SELECTING DYES FOR POLYESTER
ECONOMY
FASTNESS REQUIREMENTS
LEVEL DYEING OR BARRE CONTROL
STABILITY AT H I G H TEMPERATURE
DISPERSION (ESPECIALLY PACKAGE DYEING)
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TRIMERS
CONGLOMERATE ON AND CLOG MACHINES
RESTRICT FLOGI I N PACKAGE DYEING
GIVE DYEING DULL OR SPOm APPEARANCE
TO ELIMINATE TRIMER PROBLEMS
1- USE CARRIER THAT CONTROLS TRIMER RELEASE
2. DROP BATH WHILE HOT
3. AFTER SCOUR GOODS GIITH CAUSTIC AND HYDRO
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FACTORS IN SELECTING CARRIERS FOR POLYESTER .
ECONOMY
USE IN ATMOSPHERIC OR HIGH TWERATURE DYEING
LEVELLING AND BAR& COVERAGE
EFFECT ON LIGHT FASTNESS
RESISTANCE TO SPOTTING
EASE W REHOVAL
TOXICITY
ODOR DURING AND AFTF3 DYEING
CONTROL OF STAIN GlHEN DYEING BLENDS
COMPATIBILITY AND FOAMING IN JET DYEING
TRIMER CONTROL
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C A T I O N I C DYEABLE POLYESTER
POLYESTER WITH SULPHONIC A C I D GROUP
DYED WITH C A T I O N I C OR D ISPERSE DYES
REQUIWES CARRIER FOR DYEING
P.EQUIRES G L R U B E V S SALT I F DYED UPJEEP. PRESSURE
LIGHTFASTNESS OF MOST C A T I O N I C DYES NOT GOOD
OTHER FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF C A T I O N I C DYES ARE GOOD
USUALLY I N BLENDS
RESERVE
CROSS - DYEING
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SUBLIMATION OF DISPERSE DYES
PROCESS OF DYE GOING FROM SOLID TO VAPOR WHEN HEATED
SUBLIMATION DECREASES WITH AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF DYE MOLECULE
LEVEL DYEING PROPERTIES DECREASE WITH AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF DYE MOLECULE
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u - ' DYEING ACETATE WITH DISPERSE DYES
WET OUT GOODS
ADD SURFACTANT OR DISPERSING AGENT AT 100 - 120F
ADD DYE IN PORTIONS OVER 10 - 15 MINUTES
RAISE BATH SLOWLY TO 160 - 185 F ( 212' F)
DYE 30 - 60 MINUTES
RINSE AT 100 - 120 F
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PROPERTIES OF ACETATE
HYDROPHOB I C
WILL NOT DYE WITH WATER SOLUBLE DYES
WILL SAPONIFY I N CAUSTIC SOLUTION
MAY DELUSTER
USUALLY DYED WITH LOW ENERGY DISPERSE DYES
CAN EE DYED WITH AZOIC DYES
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PROPERTIES OF TRIACETATE
MORE HYDROPHOB I C THAN ACETATE
WILL NOT SAPONIFY EASILY
WILL NOT DELUSTER IN BOILING WATER
USUALLY DYED WITH DISPERSE DYES
LIGHT AND MEDIUFJ: SHADES DYES
3 - 6 HOURS AT BOIL
HEAVY SHADES DYES 3 - 6 HOURS AT BOIL WITH CARRIER (TRIPROPYLPHOSPHATE TYPE)
CAN BE DYED UNDER PRESSURE AT 265 F
CAN BE HEAT SET (10 - 15 SEC AT 425 - 450 F)
FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF DYES GENERALLY BETTER THAN ON
ACETATE
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FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF DISPERSE DYES ON ACETATE (GENERAL)
LIGHTFASTNESS - GOOD
WASHFASTNESS - FAIR
CROCKFASTNESS - GOOD
PERSPIRATION -- FAIR
GAS FADING
OZONE AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN (GAS FUMES) 1 CAUSE SOME DYES (ESPECIALLY BLUES) TO FADE, REDUCED BY TREATING WITH GAS FADING INHIBITOR BEFORE OR DURING DYEING,
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DY ESTUF? PROPERTIES
Wash f a s t nes s L i g h t f a s tnes s
Dyes I
Crock f a s t n e s s Fas tness Ease of
Reactive IGpensiIe Fairly Average- Hard 1
1 E t Application Acid Average Average
S u l f u r I Cheap I Fa i r ly Hard 1
I I 1 I
Basic
D i rect
Disperse
Average- Averagg Fa i r ly Hard
Cheap Easy
Average Fa i r ly Hard
'aphtho' IAveragd
Poor-Good
Hard
r a i r-Good Wet -Poor Poor-Good Dry-Good
Good
Good
Good Fai r-Good Fa i r-Good
Good Fair-Good Fai r-Good
Vat Average+
Fair-Good I
Fai r ly Hard
I r
Good
Good - Excel 1 ent
I Good I * Good
Good Good - Excel 1 ent
1 I I
I Poor-Good I Poor-Good 1 Fair-Good I Fair-Good .
I I I I I I
G-E I . Good I F a i r-Good 1 Fair-Goo ( if soaped) I I I I I I
Good I Fair-Good I Good 1 Good Good
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DYES ON FIBER
Type of Fiber Dyes tuf fs
Natural X X X Cotton
Acid Ba*c Direct Disperse Naphthol Reac t ive S u l f u r
X
. Wool X
X X
X
Syn the t i c Rayon
Acetate X
. x * X
Pol y e s t e r * X
Nylon X
Acryl i c X X
X
X
Vat
X
X '
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DY ESTUFP PROPERTIES
Lightfastness
Good
Poor-Good
Dyes I
Crockfastness
Good
Fai r-Good
Ease of I
Disperse
Nap h t h o 1
Average
Average
P r o p e r t i e s
Fa i r ly Hard Good
Hard Good
1 zt Application I Washfastness Acid Average Average Fai r-Good
SUI fur I Cheap I Fa i r ly Hard 1 Good ~
I I I I I
1 I I 1
t Average- Fa i r ly Hard Poor-Good Bas i c
I I I I
I Poor-Good
Fai r ly Hard Vat Good -
Excellent
I I I I
Expens’ e Fa i r ly Har Reactive I .I Average-
I Wet-Poor
Dry -Good f a i r-Good
Good I Fair-Good Good
Good Fai r-Good
Fa i r-Good 1 Good Good Good - Excel 1 ent
Perspi r a t i o n Fastness
- Good
Fair-Good .
Poor-Good ~~~~
F a i r-Good
Fa i r -Good
Fai r-Goo
AC
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