EXPLORATION EXPLORATION OFOF

HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBONS

Module No 3

DRILLING OPERATIONS

WELL PROFILEWELL PROFILE

FIGURE 3.2: SHOWS A TYPICAL

DRILLING/CASING

PROGRAM

DIFFERENT PHASES OF A WELLDIFFERENT PHASES OF A WELL

PHASE- A

PHASE- B

PHASE- C

SPP & HYDROSTATIC SPP & HYDROSTATIC PRESSUREPRESSURE

FIGURE3.3.1: SHOWS HOW TO CALCULATE THE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND STAND PIPE

PRESSURE

(A) HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Ph= H X d/10

(METRIC)Ph= 0.052 X H X d

(API)H d

(B) STANDPIPE PRESSURESPP= Psurf + Ppipe + Pbit + Pann

MAKING A CONNECTION WITH MAKING A CONNECTION WITH KELLY TO DRILL 17.5” HOLEKELLY TO DRILL 17.5” HOLE

PICKING UP JOINT

JOINT IN MOUSEHOLE

CONNECTING KELLY WITH

JOINT

STABBING THE ADDED JOINT INTO TOP OF DRILL PIPE

JOINT ADDED

AND READY

TO MAKE HOLE

MAKING A CONNECTION WITH MAKING A CONNECTION WITH TOP DRIVETOP DRIVE

POOHPOOH

KELLY IN THE RAT

HOLE

SURFACE CASINGSURFACE CASING1. PREVENT COLLAPSE OF THE

BOREHOLE

2. PROTECT GROUNDWATER

SUPPLIES

3. CONDUCT PRODUCED FLUIDS TO SURFACE

4. SUPPORT SURFACE PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

CASING ACCESSORIESCASING ACCESSORIES

SCRATCHERS STRIP OFF THE

WALL CAKE FORMED BY

DRILLING MUD FOR BETTER

CEMENT BONDING

CENTRALIZERS HAVE A BOWED-

SPRING ARRANGEMENT,

TO KEEP THE CASING

CENTERED IN THE HOLE

FLOAT COLLAR IS DESIGNED TO

SERVE AS A RECEPTACLE FOR CEMENT

PLUGS, AND TO KEEP THE

DRILLING MUD IN THE HOLE

FROM ENTERING THE

CASING

THE GUIDE SHOE HELPS GUIDE THE

CASING PAST SMALL

LEDGES OR DEBRIS IN THE HOLE

CEMENTING OF CEMENTING OF SURFACE CASINGSURFACE CASING

TOP PLUG

CEMENT SLURRY

BOTTOM PLUG

FLOAT COLLAR

CENTRALIZER

GUIDE SHOE

DISPLACEMENT FLUID

CASING WITH CEMENTCASING WITH CEMENT

A TOP VIEW SHOWS CASING CONTACTING THE SIDE OF THE HOLE AND AN EMPTY AREA (VOID) WHERE NO CEMENT EXITS.

THE CASING SHOULD NOT TOUCH THE HOLE, IF IT DOES……

DRILLING 12.25” HOLEDRILLING 12.25” HOLE

1. DRILL WITH 12.25” BIT

2. ELECTRIC LOGS (OPTIONAL)

3. RUNNING AND CEMENTING INTERMEDIATE CASING.

TRIPPING INTRIPPING IN

1. RUN IN HOLE WITH NEW BHA ON DRILL PIPES, WITH ALWAYS SMALL OUTER DIAMETER (OD) THAN CASING ID.

2. WHILE TRIPPING IN DRILLER CAREFULLY OBSERVES THE METAL DISPLACEMENT OF DRILLING MUD.

3. DRILLER FILL THE DRILL STRING AFTER FEW STANDS TO KEEP THE HOLE IN BALANCE CONDITIONS .

LOT(LEAK OFF TEST)LOT(LEAK OFF TEST)

THE PRESSURE INCREASES UNTIL JUST REACHING THE

POINT WHERE EXISTING FRACTURES BEGIN TO

ADMIT FLUID, LEAK OFF PRESSURE

IF PUMPING CONTINEOUS, THE FRACTURES WILL OPEN

FURTHER; TO THE POINT THAT ALL ADDITIONAL MUD

PUMPED ENTERS THE FORMATION AND SURFACE

PRESSURE REMAIN STEADY; INJECTIVITY PRESSURE

RUNNING & CEMENTING RUNNING & CEMENTING INTERMEDIATE CASINGINTERMEDIATE CASING

INTERMEDIATE LINER IS HUNG

IN THE SURFACE CASING

INTERMEDIATE CASING IS RUN

AND CEMENTED IN THE

INTERMEDIATE HOLE

DRILLING TO TOTAL DEPTH DRILLING TO TOTAL DEPTH (8.5” HOLE)(8.5” HOLE)

1. DRILLING WITH 8.5” BIT TO TD (TOTAL DEPTH).

2. ELECTRIC LOGS, NO GOOD RESULT, PLUG AND ABANDON.

3. GOOD RESULTS FROM ELECTRIC LOGS, MAY PROCEED FOR PRODUCTION TESTING, NO GOOD RESULTS MAY PROCEED FOR PLUG AND ABANDON

4.GOOD RESULTS WILL FINALLY END ON COMPLETION.

EVALUATING THE EVALUATING THE FORMATIONFORMATION

1. MUDLOGGING

2. ELECTRIC LOGGING

3. CORING

4. MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING

5. RFT (REPEATER FORMATION TESTER)

6. DRILL STEM TESTING

MUD LOGGINGMUD LOGGING

FIGURE3.5.1.1: SHOWS

DIFFERENT PARAMETERS MONITERED

BY MUD LOGGING

UNIT

ELECTRIC LOGGING ELECTRIC LOGGING (WIRELINE LOGGING)(WIRELINE LOGGING)

EXAMPLE OF A WIRELINE LOGEXAMPLE OF A WIRELINE LOG

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CORINGCORING

1. PROVIDES RELATIVELY UNDAMAGED SAMPLE OF SUBSURFACE ROCKS.

2. PROVIDES RELATIVELY TRUE PICTURE OF FORMATION POROSITY & PERMEABLITY.

3. PROVIDES RELATIVELY TRUE FEATURES OF FORMATIONS.

CONVENTIONAL CORINGCONVENTIONAL CORINGCIRCULATING

THROUGH INNER BARREL BEFORE

CORING

CIRCULATING THROUGH OUTER BARREL DURING

CORING

CONVENTIONAL CORING

WHY WE NEED SIDE WALL CORING?

SIDEWALL CORINGSIDEWALL CORING

BULLETS BEFORE FIRING

AFTER FIRING

BULLETS

WITH

SAMPLE

MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLINGMEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING

FIGURE3.5.1.4: MUD-PULSE MEASUREMENT-WHILE DRILLING (MWD) TOOL

RFT (REPEAT FORMATION RFT (REPEAT FORMATION TESTER)TESTER)

DST (DRILL STEM TESTING)DST (DRILL STEM TESTING)

A-SET PACKER

ABOVE

TEST ZONE, TO

SEAL OFF HOLE ANNULUS B- OPEN TEST

VALVE AND FLOW FOR FIXED PERIOD

C- SHUT IN WELL AT TEST VALVE AND MONITOR PRESSURE BUILD UP

D-RELESE PACKER AND EQUALIZE HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

E- CIRCULATE TO RECOVERED FLUIDS OUT OF HOLE

WELL TESTING SURFACE EQUIPMENTSWELL TESTING SURFACE EQUIPMENTS

WELL COMPLETIONWELL COMPLETION

1. SETTING PRODUCTION CASING

2. PERFORATION.

2. INSTALLING A PRODUCTION WELL HEAD

PERFORATINGPERFORATING

PERFORATING GUNS ARE AVAILABLE IN

SEVERAL SIZES

GUN IN

HOLE TO A DEPTH OPPOSITE THE PRODUCING ZONE

THE SHAPED CHARGES ARE

FIRED

ALLOW RESERVIOR FLUIDS TO FLOW IN WELL

CHRISTMAS TREECHRISTMAS TREE

SPECIAL DRILLING SPECIAL DRILLING OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

1. DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

2. HORIZONTAL DRILLING

3. STUCK PIPE

4. FISHING

DIRECTIONAL DRILLINGDIRECTIONAL DRILLING

SEVERAL DIRECTIONAL WELLS ARE OFTEN DRILLED FROM A SINGLE OFFSHORE PLATFORM

DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Kick-off Point End of Build-

up

Tangent Section

Target Zone

Horizontal Displacement

Total Vertical Depth (TVD) Kick-off

Point (KOP)

End of Build-up

Tangent Section

Drop off Zone Target Zone

Horizontal

Slant Well

‘S’ Well

NOMENCLATURE FOR DIRECTIONAL WELLBORES

DIRECTIONALDIRECTIONAL DRILLING DRILLING

TOOLSTOOLS

MUD MOTOR DEFLECTED WITH BENT SUB

A WHIPSTOCK GIVING DIRECTION TO BIT

MUD MUD MOTORSMOTORS

THE DRILLING FLUIDS THROUGH THE TURBINE BLADES SPINS THE ROTORS, SHAFT AND BIT

DEVIATION SURVEY DEVIATION SURVEY TOOLSTOOLS

SINGLE SHOT MAGNETIC

TOOL

HORIZONTAL DRILLINGHORIZONTAL DRILLING

STUCK PIPE (KEY SEAT)STUCK PIPE (KEY SEAT)

IN A DOGLEG, DRILL STRING TENSIONS FORCES THE PIPE TO RUB AGAINST ONE SIDE OF THE HOLE. EVENTUALLY, THE PIPE MAY WEAR A SLOT (THE KEY SEAT) INTO THE WALL OF THE HOLE.

DIFFERENTIAL STICKINGDIFFERENTIAL STICKING

WHEN DRILL PIPE (DRILL COLLARS ESPECIALLY) RESTS STATIONARY AGAINST A PERMEABLE FORMATION, PART OF THE PIPE BECOMES EMBEDDED IN THE FILTER CAKE. WITH PRESSURE LOWER ON FORMATION SIDE OF THE PIPE, THE PIPE BECOMES STUCK IN PLACE BY DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE.

FISHING TOOLSFISHING TOOLSAN

OVERSHOT GRIPS THE OUTSIDE OF A FISH FOR REMOVAL FROM THE HOLE

A SPEAR GRIPS THE INSIDE OF THE FISH

MILLSMILLS

MILLS SUCH AS THESE ARE USED TO GRIND THE JAGGED TOPS OF FISH TO FACILIATE OVERSHOT OR

SPEAR ATTACHMENT

THANK YOUTHANK YOU