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Hal Draper

The Death of the State in Marx and Engels

(1970)

From Socialist Register 1970, pp.281-307.

The article is available i !DF "ormatat Socialist Register Website.

#tarre$ %&' otes are "oototes, the others (ive so)rces.

Trascribe$ * mar+e$ )p b i$e /alla(ha "or the Marxists

nternet !rchi"e.

T aim o" this essa is to s)rve the thi+i( o" Mar a$ (els

o the $i(-a4a5 o" the state %1&' i socialist 6comm)ist

societ. passi( i revie4 4hat the 4rote o the s)b9ect, to the

etet practical 4itho)t (etti( ito rami"i( iss)es, 4e 4ill also

cosi$er ho4 their )$ersta$i( o" the :)estio $evelope$ thro)(h

three "airl $istict perio$s.

Mar $i$ ot be(i b $e$)ci( the e$ o" the state "rom a theor

o" his o4. I poit o" "act, he "o)$ this cocept rea$-ma$e. Its

relatio to Marism 4ill be clari;e$ b a (lace at its pre-Maria

bac+(ro)$.

1# !nti$statis% as !spiration
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The abolitio o" the state5 is oe o" the ol$est i$eas i the histor

o" social $isset, ol$er a$ more primitive tha either socialism or

aarchism as i$eolo( or movemet. A obvio)s spec)latio is that

ati-statism 4o)l$ at)rall arise 4ith the be(ii(s o" the stateitsel", i reactio to its e4 press)res, a$ that it 4o)l$ lo( s)rvive

as a remiiscece o" a


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Ati-statism appears also i less (eeraliBe$ "orm as bla+et hatre$

a$ $istr)st o" la4s 6eve more o" la4ers a$ la4-me a$ o"

oCcial$om, the represetatives o" the alie state. A4a 4ith la4s,

$o4 4ith o;cials, abolish the state these are the ol$est slo(as ithe class str)((le.

=hile ma states have bee overthro4, the state has ever bee

abolishe$5. From the Marist vie4poit, the reaso is clear@ the

state has bee a social ecessit. !rimitive $iscotet is )able to

oer a s)bstit)te "or the state/s i$ispesable positive ")ctios,

o matter ho4 stro( a mass movemet it (athers or ho4 o"te it

4is. The state co:)ers its co:)erors as lo( as societ caot $o

4itho)t it. 6The so-calle$ iro la4 o" oli(arch5 is a statemet

abo)t most o" the past it has othi( to sa abo)t the ")t)re.

As soo as primitive ati-statism ceases to be merel e(ative, as

soo as it eve raises the :)estio o" 4hat is to replace the state, it

has al4as bee obvio)s that the state, abolishe$5 i "ac, has to

be reitro$)ce$ i some other "orm. It is sometimes am)si( a$al4as istr)ctive to see ho4 tr)e this is eve o" aarchist5

)topias, 4here the poite$ ears o" a ver a)thoritaria state po+e

o)t as soo as there is a hit abo)t the positive or(aiBatio o"

societ.5

The same 4as tr)e to a $e(ree o" the earl socialists. A $eep

aim)s a(aist the state as s)ch 4as commo amo( them, as a

part o" the ol$est ra$ical tra$itio a$ there"ore eve Fo)rier a$

#ait-#imo are $escribe$ b some mo$er 4riters as aarchist5.

Eet the evisio thoro)(hl a)thoritaria states 64itho)t the label

4he the (et $o4 to their o4 alteratives. %2&'Th)s, i a sai(

o"te :)ote$ b both aarchist a$ Marists, #ait-#imo loo+e$

"or4ar$ to the replacemet o" the (overmet o" me b the

a$miistratio o" thi(s. This is )s)all ta+e to be a la)$able

setimet meai( the abolitio o" the r)le o" ma over ma b)t i
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"act #ait #imo/s hi(hl $espotic schemes sho4e$ him to mea, i

his (overmets, somethi( :)ite $ieret@ the a$miistratio o"

me as i" the 4ere thi(s. Th)s 4he Mar a$ (els ;rst became

a4are o" socialism a$ comm)ism i the 180s, the otio o" theabolitio o" the state5 4as the veriest commoplace o" ra$icalism,

eve o" pi+ ra$icalism. !ro)$ho/s &hat s 'ropert6180 ha$

9)st (ive this aciet i$ea a e4 ta(@ aarch5. =ilhelm =eitli(,

the ;rst 4i$el +o4


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)t 4he Mar becomes a socialist i 183. the i$ea o" the

$isappearace o" the state is ta+e "or (rate$ as a staple i$ea. It is

"o)$ alrea$ i Mar/s 183 ma)script otes criticiBi( e(el/s

theor o" the state. %&'

(els i$ee$ 4as coverte$ to socialism 6comm)ism b Moses

ess, 4ho combie$ setimetal Tr)e #ocialism5, essetiall

re"ormist, 4ith a$vocac o" a !ro)$hoist ati-statism. 6e e$e$

li"e as a Gassallea state-socialist. I 183 the $e4-ee$ covert

(els 4as 4riti( a article si(li( o)t !ro)$ho/s aarch5 as

a eample "or socialists the socialists bei( philosophical

itellect)als "rom the e$)cate$ classes5, recr)ite$ "rom the

)iversities a$ "rom the commercial class5, 4ho 9oi beca)se o"

their love o" abstract priciple5 a$ $isre(ar$ o" realit5. %'

ve i mi$-18 Mar 4as still ma+i( o $istictio bet4ee

tras"ormatio i societ a$ elimiatio o" the state. e complais@

Far "rom perceivi( the so)rce o" social $e"ects i the priciple o"

the state, the heroes o" the Frech Hevol)tio rather sa4 the so)rce

o" political evils i social $e"ects. %'

This primac o" the priciple o" the state5, ho4ever, is

accompaie$ b reco(itio that a political revol)tio m)st have a

social so)l5. =e (et the "ollo4i( trasitioal "orm)latio@

Revolution i (eeral the overthrowo" the eisti( r)li( po4era$ the dissolutiono" the ol$ co$itios is apolitical act.=itho)t

revolution, ho4ever, socialismcaot come abo)t. It re:)ires this

politicalact so "ar as it ee$s overthrowa$ dissolution. )t 4here

its organizing activitybe(is, 4here its own aima$ spiritemer(e,

there socialism thro4s thepoliticalh)ll a4a. %J'

I other 4or$s, both Mar a$ (els, i$epe$etl, absorbe$ this

aarchist5 ati-statism "rom their ;rst ac:)aitaceship 4ith
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socialism, a$ brie? accepte$ it )til the ha$ 4or+e$ o)t their

o4 historical metho$ o" )$ersta$i( societ.

the a)t)m o" 18 the ha$ 9)st be() to )$ersta$, as the

4rote i The Hol -a%il, that it is ot the state 4hich creates the

social or$er b)t the social or$er 4hich )$erlies the state. %7'

I The .er%an deolog618-J the ri$ic)le the ol$ i$ea that

the #tate collapses o" itsel" as soo as all its members leave it5 ...

this propositio reveals all the "atas a$ impotece o" pio)s

$esire5. Hather, the comm)ist revol)tio, 4hich removes the

$ivisio o" labo)r, )ltimatel abolishes %beseitigt, removes' politicalistit)tios5. %8'

This is their ;rst clear statemet o" a brea+ 4ith primitive

atistatism 64hich later co(eale$ ito aarchism, a$ its

replacemet b a speci;c ati-state theor o" their o4. The +e

4or$ here is )ltimatel5. Abolitio o" the state5 is o lo(er the

;rst 4or$ o" the revol)tio b)t oe o" its last. This sho)l$ be li+e$

4ith the "act that it is i this 4or+ that Mar a$ (els ;rst clearl

e)ciate$ the thesis that the revol)tioar proletariat m)st see+ to

co:)er political po4er, i.e. establish its o4 4or+ers/ state.

=he, ma ears later, the met the abolitio o" the state// otio

i its late a+)iist icaratio, it 4as ot e4s "or them.

/# The Second 'eriod 127$131

From the be(ii(, the, the 4or+ers/ state5 theor o" Mar a$

(els co:)est o" political po4er b the 4or+i( class as the ;rst

sta(e o" the revol)tio $evelope$ as m)ch i co?ict 4ith

primitive aarchism as 4ith bo)r(eois-$emocratic liberalism.

I$ee$, the t4o latter 4ere ot the as $istict "rom each other as

the )s)all are o4. A"ter The


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vie4 appeare$ i the t4o ma9or 4or+s the 4rote 9)st be"ore the

188 revol)tio.

Mar/s The 'o"ert of 'hilosoph6a criti:)e o" !ro)$ho, 187

e$s o this ote, a"ter ivo+i( the priciple that The

emacipatio o" the oppresse$ class th)s implies ecessaril the

creatio o" a e4 societ5@

Does this mea that a"ter the "all o" the ol$ societ, there 4ill be a

e4 class $omiatio c)lmiati( i a e4 political po4erK Lo.

The co$itio "or the emacipatio o" the 4or+i( class is the

abolitio o" ever class, 9)st as the co$itio "or the liberatio o" the

thir$ estate, o" the bo)r(eois or$er, 4as the abolitio o" all estates

a$ or$ers.

The 4or+i( class, i the co)rse o" its $evelopmet, 4ill s)bstit)te

"or the ol$ civil societ a associatio 4hich 4ill ecl)$e classes a$

their ata(oism, a$ there 4ill be o more political po4er so-

calle$, sice political po4er is precisel the oCcial epressio o"

ata(oism i civil societ. %'

Altho)(h Mar 4as later to re"er bac+ to this more tha oce as

bei( i$etical 4ith his 4or+ers state5 vie4, it is obvio)sl still

ambivalet. The i$ea 4hich i The .er%an deolog ha$ bee

carrie$ b the 4or$ )ltimatel5 is here represete$ b the

:)ali;catio i the co)rse o" its $evelopmet5. It is ot eveetirel clear that this meas i the co)rse o" its $evelopmet//

a"ter the revol)tio b)t it happes that precisel the same phrase is

)se$ i the correspo$i( passa(e i the 4o%%,nist Manifesto,

this time i a clear cotet.

This passa(e comes ri(ht a"ter the Mai"esto/s te-poit

pro(ramme, $isc)ssi( ho4 the proletariat 4ill )se its political

s)premac5@
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=he, i the co)rse o" $evelopmet, class $istictios have

$isappeare$, a$ all pro$)ctio has bee cocetrate$ i the ha$s

o" a vast associatio o" the 4hole atio, the p)blic po4er 4ill lose

its political character. !olitical po4er, properl so calle$, is merelthe or(aiBe$ po4er o" oe class "or oppressi( aother. I" the

proletariat $)ri( its cotest 4ith the bo)r(eoisie is compelle$, b

the "orce o" circ)mstaces, to or(aiBe itsel" as a class i", b meas

o" a revol)tio, it ma+es itsel" the r)li( class, a$, as s)ch, s4eeps

a4a b "orce the ol$ co$itios o" pro$)ctio, the it 4ill, alo(

4ith these co$itios, have s4ept a4a the co$itios "or the

eistece o" class ata(oisms a$ o" classes (eerall, a$ 4ill

thereb have abolishe$ %hebt auf 6aufheben' its o4 s)premac

%Herrschaft, r)le' as a class.

I place o" the ol$ bo)r(eois societ, 4ith its classes a$ class

ata(oisms, 4e shall have a associatio, i 4hich the "ree

$evelopmet o" each is the co$itio "or the "ree $evelopmet o" all.

%10'

Abolitio o" the state5 is o lo(er a slogan it is, a$ 4ill coti)e

to be, pose$ as a )ltimate aim o" the social revol)tio. The, i the

co)rse o" the revol)tio o" 188, Mar/s emphasis is more

imme$iate@ shatteri( the eisti( reactioar state a$

establishi( b revol)tio a e4 $emocratic political po4er.

I his 180 s)mmar o" the revol)tio i Frace, 4lass Str,ggles

in -rance 12$130, %&'he ret)rs to the coectio bet4ee

the imme$iate a$ the )ltimate aim. Hevol)tioar socialism meas

the declaration of the permanence of the revolution, the class

dictatorshipo" the proletariat as the ecessar trasit poit to the

abolition of class distinctions generally, to the abolitio o" all the

relatios o" pro$)ctio o 4hich the rest, to the abolitio o" all the
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social relatios that correspo$ to these relatios o" pro$)ctio, to

the revol)tioiBi( o" all the i$eas that res)lt "rom these social

relatios. %11'

This s)mmar loo+ ito the ")t)re icl)$es abolitio o" classes b)t

$oes ot speci;call metio elimiatio o" the state. %12'

o4ever, at 9)st abo)t the same time Mar p)blishe$ a iteresti(

article o a cotemporar variet o" bo)r(eois ati-statism, i 4hich

he $isc)sse$ both the at)re o" the capitalist state a$ the

perspective o" abolishi( the state. It revie4e$ a boo+ o socialism

a$ taatio b mile $e


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ehi$ the abolitio o" taatio is coceale$ the abolitio

%Abscha#ung' o" the state. The abolitio o" the state has ol oe

meai( to the omm)ists, as the ecessar res)lt o" the abolitio

o" classes, 4here)po o" itsel" the ee$ "or the or(aiBe$ po4er o"oe class "or the s)ppressio o" aother ceases to eist.

I this "orm)latio, the, the state evet)all o" itsel" ... ceases to

eist5 %von selbst... wegfallt, lit., "alls a4a'.5 %7&'

Mar a$ (els ha$ o4 arrive$ at a e4 approach to the ol$

abolitio o" the state5. That the themselves cosi$ere$ it

$istictive is evi$ece$ b a letter o" (els to Mar i 181,commeti( o the e4 boo+ b !ro)$ho, .eneral dea of the

Re"ol,tion in the 19th 4ent,r. Altho)(h !ro)$ho ha$ alrea$

bro)(ht )p the (eeral i$ea o" aarch5 i 180, the social theor

behi$ it 4as le"t va()e. I the e4 boo+ (els "o)$ a more

sophisticate$ theor a$ he tho)(ht he +e4 4here it came "rom@

... I am covice$ that err 4erbec+ has ")rishe$ him %!ro)$ho'

4ith his traslatio %ito Frech' o" the Manifestoa$ perhaps also,

privatel, traslatios o" o)r articles i the Re",e. %8&'A )mber

o" poits are ):)estioabl stole "rom there "or eample, that

the (overemet is othi( b)t the po4er o" oe class "or the

s)ppressio o" the other, a$ $isappears %verschwindet' alo( 4ith

the $isappearace o" class ata(oisms. %1'

This is, I thi+, the last metio o" the abolitio o" the state5 i$ea

"or t4o $eca$es, %&' that is, till the !aris omm)e a$ its

a"termath raise$ the 4hole :)estio a(ai. As it happes, this is 9)st

abo)t the same hiat)s as is eco)tere$ 4ith the $ictatorship o"

the proletariat5 "orm)la-i part "or the same reaso, viB.

$isicliatio to spec)late abo)t ")t)re states )til eperiece set

the a(e$a.
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2# The Third 'eriod %pact of the 'aris 4o%%,ne and

!narchis%

The !aris omm)e re-raise$ all the :)estios abo)t the state i

theor beca)se it raise$ them i practice. F)rthermore, abo)t the

same time a$ a little be"ore, the H)ssia a(itator Michael a+)i

p)t to(ether the three i(re$iets 4hich 4et to ma+e the mo$er

aarchist movemet 64hich starts 4ith a+)i a$ peters o)t b

the First =orl$ =ar.

These three i(re$iets, Ioosel a$ ot al4as cosistetl mie$,

4ere@

1. the aarchist social theor s)((este$ i !ro)$ho, 4ith a $ash

o" #tirer

2. a ecoomic pro(ramme, a versio o" ati-capitalist

collectivism ta+e over "rom socialism, 4ith eclectic

borro4i(s "rom Marism a$

3. i political strate(, the cospiratorial p)tschism o" the le"t-

Nacobi tra$itio pl)s a H)ssia-accete$ terroristic ihilism.

I a case, the ol$ slo(a o" imme$iate abolitio o" the state5 ha$

9)st ta+e o a e4 lease o" li"e 4he Mar a$ (els rec)rre$ to it

"rom 1871 o. %10&'It 4as, the, i their most mat)re perio$ that

the re;e$ their coceptios o the abolitio o" the state5.

Lo theoretical shi"t ca be claime$ b)t, p)she$ ito a closer

eamiatio o" the :)estio a$ co"rote$ b a more $e;ite

aarchist theor a$ practice, the came )p 4ith some e4 aspects

a$ emphases. =e ta+e these )p i the et sectios@

1. The relatio bet4ee the state a$ a a)thorit5.
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2. Istat abolitio or =or+ers #tateK First act o" the revol)tio or

)ltimate e$K

3. =hat is le"t a"ter the state $isappearsK

5 5 5

N)st as aarchism 4as theoreticall hostile to a a)thorit5 i

revol)tio, eve more basicall it re9ecte$ a a)thorit5 i societ

a"ter the revol)tio. He9ectio o" the state is, a"ter all, ol a special

case o" the aarchist total re9ectio o" a)thorit as s)ch, i priciple.

This re9ectio ete$s also eve especiall to the most (e)iel

$emocratic a)thorit that ca be coceive$. I spite o" sta$ar$

rhetoric abo)t cotrol "rom belo45, aarchism is as oppose$ o

priciple to the a)thorit o" a (overmet which is democratically

controlled from below however ideally as it is to a $espotic

(overmet.

That the root :)estio 4as ot ati-statism b)t a)thorit5 became

:)ite clear ol 4ith the a+)iist perio$ o" aarchism. %11&'

There"ore Mar a$ (els ha$ to cosi$er the same $istictio.

the positive si$e, the impact 4ill appear i their $isc)ssio o" =hat

is le"t a"ter the state $isappearsK5

the e(ative si$e, the theoretical $estr)ctio o" the aarchist

positio o a)thorit5 4as ot $iCc)lt. (els (ave it compactl

;rst i a letter@

I this societ %the a+)iist i$eal ")t)re societ' there 4ill above

all be o a)thorit, "or a)thorit O state O absol)te evil. 6o4 these

people propose to r) a "actor, operate a rail4a or steer a ship

4itho)t a 4ill that $eci$es i the last resort, 4itho)t a si(le

maa(emet, the o" co)rse $o ot tell )s. The a)thorit o" the

ma9orit over the miorit also ceases. ver i$ivi$)al a$ ever

comm)it is a)toomo)s b)t as to ho4 a societ o" eve ol t4o
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people is possible )less each (ives )p some o" his a)toom,

a+)i a(ai maitais silece. %17'

#o the aarchist re9ectio o" all a)thorit5 ot ol ma+es societ

)viable b)t $emocrac impossible.

Gater the same ear 61872 (els 4rote a brie" article $n Authority,

4hich $e;itivel $ispose$ o" the aarchist coceptio o" the

:)estio. It 4o)l$ be ;tti(, tho)(h impractical, to :)ote the 4hole

o" it here. e passa(e, ho4ever, is $irectl cocere$ 4ith the

elimiatio o" the state@

=h $o the ati-a)thoritarias ot co;e themselves to cri( o)t

a(aist political a)thorit, the stateK All #ocialists are a(ree$ that

the political state, %12&'a$ 4ith it political a)thorit, 4ill $isappear

%scomparirao' as a res)lt o" the comi( social revol)tio, that is,

that p)blic ")ctios 4ill lose their political character a$ be

tras"orme$ ito the simple a$miistrative ")ctios o" 4atchi(

over the tr)e iterests o" societ. )t the ati-a)thoritarias

$ema$ that the a)thoritaria political state be abolishe$ %abolito&

at oe stro+e, eve be"ore the social co$itios that (ave birth to it

have bee $estroe$. The $ema$ that the ;rst act o" the social

revol)tio shall be the abolitio o" a)thorit. ave these (etleme

ever see a revol)tioK %18'

3# 6nstant !olition8 in Theor and 'ractice

To (els/ rhetorical :)estio, ave these (etleme ever see a

revol)tioK5 oe as4er 4as ot ol that a+)i ha$ see5 the

revol)tios o" 188 a$ 1871 b)t also that i 1870 he ha$

persoall ma$e5 a revol)tio. To be s)re he 4as ot li+el to boast

o" it o the cotrar it 4as Mar a$ (els 4ho bro)(ht it )p as

o"te as possible, sice it oere$ them a tetboo+ ill)stratio i
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aarchist-stle revol)tioism. This 4as the Fiasco at Gos5 o" 28

#eptember, 1870. %13&'

the "all o" Lapoleo III, a (e)ie pop)lar )prisi( ha$ ta+e

place i 4or+i(-class Gos. There)po a+)i r)she$ over to

ta+e persoal comma$ o" his small (ro)p i the cit. The $a he

arrive$, a e4 cit co)cil 4as bei( electe$ )$er the a)spices o"

the ommittee o" !)blic #a"et5, b)t o oe reall +e4 4hat to $o

4ith their cotrol o" cit hall. cept a+)i 6as Mar a$ (els

eplaie$

a+)i istalle$ himsel" there %i cit hall' the came the criticalmomet, the momet a4aite$ "or ma ears, 4he a+)i co)l$

carr o)t the most revol)tioar act the 4orl$ has ever see-he

$ecree$ the Abolition of the State.)t the state, i the "orm a$

at)re o" t4o compaies o" bo)r(eois Latioal


16/47

his poc+ets o" 1J "racs. Th)s e$e$ the ;rst eperimet i istat

abolitio o" the state.

Lo $o)bt it 4as the comic-opera aspect that eplais 4h Mar a$

(els re"erre$ to this ici$et at least si times i letters a$

p)blicatios, %1&'b)t there 4ere serio)s cocl)sios to be $ra4

"or aoe 4ho too+ a+)i serio)sl. Mar a$ (els poite$ o)t,

abo)t the aarchist pro(ramme @

The ;rst act o" the revol)tio m)st the be to $ecree the abolitio o"

the state, as a+)i ha$ $oe o #eptember 28 at Gos, eve

tho)(h this abolitio o" the state is ecessaril a a)thoritaria act.%20'

It 4as a)thoritaria5 i both the aarchist a$ o-aarchist sese.

From the latter vie4poit, oe m)st remember that his p)tsch b a

ha$")l o" a+)i/s ati-a)thoritarias 4as $irecte$ ot a(aist the

ol$ imperial (overmet b)t a(aist the (overmet o" the )prisi(

that ha$ overthro4 the ol$ state. o4ever, the aarchist

cosistetl ob9ects ot ol to bei( bo)$ b the a)thorit5 o"

the people b)t also the a)thorit5 eve o" his o4 or(aiBatio. I"

(els ha$ 4o$ere$ ho4 a societ o" eve ol t4o people is

possible5 )$er cosistet aarchism, a+)i cosistetl prove$

that ot eve t4o people co)l$ (et to(ether "or a p)tsch )less

everoe istataeo)sl a(ree$ to "ollo4 the same a)thorit5,

4hich at)rall ha$ to be his o4.

Istat abolitio o" the state, there"ore, is co)terpose$ to the

perspective o" establishi( a 4or+ers/ state, ot ol 4ith respect to

the :)estio De"ece o" the revol)tio5, b)t also to@ De"ece o"

whoserevol)tioK5

The isistece o" aarchism that the abolitio o" the state ha$ to be

the 'rst acto" the revol)tio 4as also base$ o its )historical vie4o" the relatio bet4ee the state a$ the social or$er. 6This is the
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17/47

same vie4 that Mar ha$ hel$ i mi$-18, as 4e sa4. Altho)(h

the aarchists ha$ o tro)ble repeati( a"ter Mar that the state is

the eec)tive committee o" the r)li( class a$ similar "orm)las,

their theor o" the state 4as the ver reverse o" Marism i a basicrespect as (els eplaie$ i a letter@

a+)i has a pec)liar theor o" his o4, a me$le o" !ro)$hoism

a$ comm)ism. The chie" poit coceri( the "ormer is that he

$oes ot re(ar$ capital, i.e. the class ata(oism bet4ee

capitalists a$ 4a(e 4or+ers 4hich has arise thro)(h social

$evelopmet, b)t the stateas the mai evil to be abolishe$. =hile

the (reat mass o" the #ocial-Democratic 4or+ers hol$ o)r vie4 that

state po4er is othi( more tha the or(aiBatio 4hich the r)li(

classes-la$o4ers a$ capitalists-have provi$e$ "or themselves i

or$er to protect their social privile(es, a+)i maitais that it is

the state 4hich has create$ capital, that the capitalist has his

capital only by the grace of the state. As, there"ore, the state is the

chie" evil, it is above all the state 4hich m)st be $oe a4a 4ith

a$ the capitalism 4ill (o to blaBes o" itsel". =e, o the cotrar,

sa@ Do a4a 4ith capital, the cocetratio o" all meas o"

pro$)ctio i the ha$s o" the "e4, a$ the state 4ill "all o" itsel"

%f(llt von selbst'. The $ierece is a essetial oe@ =itho)t a

previo)s social revol)tio the abolitio %Abscha#ung' o" the state is

osese the abolitio o" capital isprecisel the social revol)tio

a$ ivolves a cha(e i the 4hole mo$e o" pro$)ctio. Lo4 the,

iasm)ch as to a+)i the state is the mai evil, othi( m)st be

$oe 4hich ca +eep the state-that is, a state, 4hether it be a

rep)blic, a moarch or athi( else-alive. ece complete

abstention from all politics. To commit a political act, especiall to

ta+e part i a electio, 4o)l$ be a betraal o" pricipal. %21'

(els state$ the same lie o" tho)(ht, s)mmaril, i a later letter,

4ritte i (lish to a America correspo$et@


18/47

Mar a$ I, ever sice 18 %1&', have hel$ the vie4 that oneo"

the ;al res)lts o" the ")t)re proletaria revol)tio 4ill be the

(ra$)al $issol)tio a$ )ltimate $isappearace o" that political

or(aiBatio calle$ the State a or(aiBatio the mai ob9ect o"4hich has ever bee to sec)re, b arme$ "orce, the ecoomical

s)b9ectio o" the 4or+i( ma9orit to the 4ealth miorit. =ith the

$isappearace o" a 4ealth miorit the ecessit "or a arme$

repressive #tate-"orce $isappears also.

The proletariat m)st ;rst ta+e state po4er itsel", he coti)es. Eet@

The Aarchists reverse the matter. The sa, that the !roletariarevol)tio has to beginb abolishi( the political or(aiBatio o" the

#tate. %22'

Aarchism ot ol reverses the cocl)sio, b)t it $oes so beca)se

its )$erli( social theor o the relatio bet4ee state a$

societ is the reverse o" Marism.

# &hat is :eft !fter the State Disappears

(els/ A)thorit5 alrea$ metioe$ i passi( that, as the

state $isappeare$, p)blic ")ctios 4ill lose their political character

a$ be tras"orme$ ito the simple a$miistrative ")ctios o"

4atchi( over the tr)e iterests o" societ5. The same i$ea

appeare$ 9)st as ici$etall i aother 4or+ o" that ear 61872@

Aarch@ that is the (reat 4ar-horse o" their master a+)i, 4ho

has ta+e "rom the socialist sstems ol the labels. All socialists

)$ersta$ this b Aarch@ oce the aim o" the proletaria

movemet, the abolitio o" classes, has bee attaie$, the state

po4er 4hich serves to +eep the (reat pro$)ctive ma9orit )$er the

o+e o" a eploiti( miorit small i )mbers, $isappears

%disparait', a$ the (overmetal ")ctios are tras"orme$ ito
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19/47

simple a$miistrative ")ctios. The %a+)iist' Alliace t)rs the

thi( )psi$e-$o4. %23'

This recalls #ait-#imo/s sai( abo)t replaci( the state 4ith the

a$miistratio o" thi(s5. %1J&'The state 4o)l$ lose its political

character5, that is, its repressive a$ coercive character, especiall

i terms o" class repressio a$ coercio, b)t there 4o)l$ still be

p)blic ")ctios5 to be or(aiBe$. =hat tpe o" 6o-state social

or(aism 4ill still be ee$e$ to or(aiBe these p)blic ")ctios5K

The :)estio is ")rther hi(hli(hte$ as soo as the state cocept is

separate$ "rom the 4i$er cocept o" a)thorit as s)ch-a separatiobro)(ht to the "ore b the cotrovers 4ith aarchism. For this

meas that the $isappearace o" the state $oes ot et impl the

$isappearace o" all eercise o" a)thorit i societ. This i t)r

implies the coti)e$ eistece o" limite$ or(as o" a)thorit o"

some +i$.

bvio)sl this ivites the +i$ o" semi-;ctioal spec)latio abo)t

the ")t)re 4hich Mar a$ (els resol)tel re")se$ to carr o, a$

still less 4ere the 4illi( to 4or+ o)t prescriptios "or that ")t)re.

#till, there are t4o other thi(s to $o@ $isc)ss the possible (eeral

directiono" a ")t)re $evelopmet iso"ar as s)ch a $irectio ca be

$e$)ce$ "rom real eperiece a$ at least tr to pose the :)estio

itsel" clearl.

The latter is 4hat Mar $i$ c)rsoril i his 4riti;,e of the .otha'rogra%%e. is s)((estio o ho4 to "orm)late the :)estio itsel"

is a ()i$e "or spec)latio.

The :)estio the arises@ 4hat tras"ormatio 4ill the state )$er(o

i comm)ist societK I other 4or$s, 4hat social ")ctios 4ill

remai i eistece there that are aalo(o)s to preset-$a

")ctios o" the stateK %2'
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20/47

Mar ma+es clear he $oes ot ite$ to as4er the :)estio. 6This

passa(e lea$s ri(ht ito his re"erece to the $ictatorship o" the

proletariat5 istea$. )t let )s be s)re 4e )$ersta$ 4hat

:)estio he is posi(.

I the ;rst place, remember that Mar is eplicitl not )si( the

term comm)ist societ5 to mea some ver a$vace$ sta(e o"

the ")t)re social or$er. e ha$ alrea$ re"erre$ to comm)ist

societ ... 9)st as it emerges "rom capitalist societ5. =he,

there"ore, he metios the ")t)re state o" comm)ist societ5,

there is o reaso to be p)BBle$. It is simpl a :)estio o" the

4or+ers/ state that replaces the capitalist state.

)t it is a state 4hich is i the co)rse o" (ra$)al $issol)tio5. I

this coectio, the tra$itioal tal+ o" sta(es 6socialist, comm)ist

ca be mislea$i( i" iterprete$ as compartmetaliBe$ perio$s

opei( a$ closi( accor$i( to some set criteria. It is a (ra$)al

process, tho)(h (ra$)aless $oes ot ecl)$e 9)mps.

I this (ra$)al $issol)tio5, it is clear 4hat is $issolvi( o)t@ the

coercive a$ repressive class ")ctio 65political ")ctio5. =hat is

le"t behi$K #ocial ")ctios5 that are aalo(o)s to preset-$a

")ctios o" the state5.

Mar ha$ sai$ somethi( li+e this be"ore. I The 4i"il &ar in

-rance, he ha$ ma$e a similar remar+ abo)t the e4 tpe o" state

represete$ b the !aris omm)e.

=hile the merel repressive or(as o" the ol$ (overmetal po4er

4ere to be amp)tate$, its le(itimate ")ctios 4ere to be 4reste$

"rom a a)thorit )s)rpi( pre-emiece over societ itsel", a$

restore$ to the resposible a(ets o" #ociet. %2'

ere Mar 6as more tha oce i that 4or+ 4as leapi( ahea$ "rom

the imme$iate eperiece to the )ltimate (oal, leavi( o)t the


21/47

trasitioal complicatios. A"ter the merel repressive or(as5 o"

the state ha$ $isappeare$, there 4ere le(itimate ")ctios5 still le"t

4hich ha$ to be eercise$ b the resposible a(ets o" societ5.

=e ca i$eti" these 4ith the social ")ctios5 that areaalo(o)s to preset-$a ")ctios o" the state5.

=e have, the, o-political ")ctios 4hich are still social

ecessities o" a or(aiBi( a)thorit, 4hich is still ee$e$ a"ter

the $issol)tio o" all state ")ctios, i a a$vace$ "orm o"

socialistPcomm)ist societ 4here coercio a$ repressio o a

social scale have 4ithere$ a4a.

!little be"ore 4riti( the 4riti;,e of the .otha 'rogra%%e i

187 or possibl the be(ii( o" 187 Mar ha$ set $o4 these

i$eas i a rather crptic "orm, 4hich 4e ca o4 )$ersta$ more

easil. This 4as i the privac o" his o4 oteboo+ a$ "or his o4

ees ol, as he 4or+e$ o)t a lo( cospect)s5 6s)mmaries,

paraphrases, :)otatios o" a+)i/s 1873 boo+ Statis% and

!narch.

To4ar$ the e$ he be(a iterpolati( some aci$ commets o" his

o4. Follo4i( is the most relevat sectio o" his otes. %2J'

6a+)i/s part o" the $ialo()e5 is i italics.

class+5

M!R>It meas that the proletariat, istea$ o" str)((li( a(aist

the ecoomicall privile(e$ classes as i$ivi$)als, has (aie$

eo)(h stre(th a$ or(aiBatio to emplo (eeral meas o"

coercio i the str)((le a(aist them b)t it ca emplo ol

ecoomic meas that abolish its o4 character as a salariat%4a(e-

earers' a$ hece as a class there"ore, 4ith its complete victor

its o4 r)le is e$e$ too, sice its class character has $isappeare$.


22/47

government+5

M!R>For eample, i a tra$e-)io $oes the 4hole )io "orm its

eec)tive committeeK =ill all $ivisio o" labo)r i the "actor cease,

a$ %also' the vario)s ")ctios 4hich arise "rom itK A$ i the

a+)iist str)ct)re, "rom belo4 to above5, 4ill everoe be

above5K The there is o belo45. =ill all members o" the

omm)e li+e4ise a$miister the commo iterests o" the He(ioK

I this case, o $ierece bet4ee omm)e a$ He(io.

M!R>@ ertailQ #ice the thi( be(is 4ith the sel"-(overmet

o" the omm)e.

5 5 5

slaves.5

M!R>This simpl meas@ i" class r)le has $isappeare$, a$ there

4ill be o state i the preset political sese.

2y a peoples government they5

M!R> that is, a+)i

small number of administrators selected 3elected4 by the people.5

M!R> ER assQ This %4o)l$ be' $emocratic ri(marole, political

$rivel Q lectio a political "orm, i the smallest H)ssia comm)e


23/47

a$ i the artel. The character o" a electio $oes ot $epe$ o

this ame b)t o the ecoomic "o)$atios, o the ecoomic

iterrelatios o" the voters a$ as soo as the ")ctios have

cease$ to be political, there eists 61 o (overmetal ")ctio 62the $istrib)tio o" (eeral ")ctios has become a b)siessli+e

matter etaili( o r)le 63 the electio has oe o" its preset

political character.

I respose to a+)i/s ar()met that a 4or+er, oce electe$ to a

post, ceases to be a 4or+er a$ becomes ol a b)rea)crat see+i(

his o4 a((ra$iBemet, Mar re"ers to the positio o" a maa(er

i a 4or+ers/ cooperative "actor5, 4hich sho)l$ ri$ him o" his

i(htmares abo)t the $a(ers o" s)ch a electio. I the cotet,

Mar is plail ass)mi( a sit)atio 4here the 4or+ers i this

cooperative "actor elect a$ $epose a$miistrators b their votes.

F)rther $o4, Mar a$$s@

M!R> e sho)l$ have as+e$ himsel"@ 4hat "orm ca the

a$miistrative ")ctios ta+e o the basis o" this 4or+ers/ state%Arbeiterstaat', i" oe 4ats to call it thatK

It seems to me clear that Mar is ot )si( 4or+ers/ state5 4ith its

later cootatio, b)t as a possible term "or this a$miistrative

a)thorit 4hich has lost its political character@ hece his

:)ali;catio, i" oe 4ats to call it5 a state at all. e re")ses to

ar()e abo)t the 4or$.

The Mar (oes o to sa that the class r)le o" the 4or+ers ca last

ol as lo( as the ecoomic basis o" the eistece o" classes ha$

ot bee $estroe$.5 e a$$s@

M!R>#ice, $)ri( the perio$ o" str)((le "or the overthro4 o" the

ol$ societ, the proletariat still acts o the basis o" the ol$ societ,

a$ hece still operates i political "orms 4hich belo( to it %the ol$societ' more or less, it has ot et attaie$ its ;al str)ct)re $)ri(


24/47

this perio$ o" str)((le, a$ emplos meas "or its emacipatio

4hich pass a4a %wegfallen' a"ter its emacipatio.

From all this, 4e see the "ollo4i(. Mar is thi+i( abo)t the

a$miistratio o" social ")ctios 4he there 4ill be o state i the

preset political sese5. ce a(ai, there is o )se iveti( a

state5 4ith some o-political sese i or$er to acco)t "or his

la()a(e. As he p)ts it, oe ca call it aArbeiterstaati" oe isists,

provi$e$ it is )$erstoo$ that this social a)thorit has trasce$e$

the political "orms o" the ol$ societ, viB. class r)le a$ coercio. )t

he himsel" coti)es to )se the "orm)latio that there 4ill be o

(overmetal ")ctio5, o political character5 to the

a$miistratio.

It is especiall clear i these otes that the $isappearace o" the

state i the preset political sese5, o" the (overmetal

")ctio5, o" the political character5 o" the a$miistratio o" social

")ctiosthis $isappearace $oes ot at all etail the $isappearace

o" electios. =h sho)l$ itK To be s)re, electios a$ a othermo$es o" $istrib)ti( social ")ctios i (eeral 4ill ot have their

preset political character5 as "orms o" r)le a$ coercio i "act,

their social role 4ill be "ar simpler b)siessli+e5. I" the 4or+ers i

a "actor elect oe or some o" their )mber to per"orm

a$miistrative ")ctios at a (ive time-i the co-operative

"actor5 4hich Mar ta+es as his eamplethe, i a s)itable societal

cotet, o) have a electio 4hich $oes ot etail r)le, there"orea electio 4hich has oe o" its preset political character5.

!erhaps most )epecte$ is Mar/s respose to a+)i/s loa$e$

:)estio@ ca 0 millio people all be members o" the (overmet5

ertailQ5 sas Mar 6i (lish, b the 4a. N)st be"ore this, he

ha$ alrea$ poite$ o)t that ot ever member o" a bo$ ca or

ee$ be o its eec)tive committee, that is, a member o" its

a$miistrative or(aism. e is ma+i( the poit that the 0


25/47

millio5 participate i the (overmet5 6or (overace o" the

comm)it i the sese that the participate i the sel"-

(overmet o" the omm)e5 4hich lies at the bottom, at the

be(ii(, o" the e4 str)ct)re o" societ. The ;al str)ct)re5be(is 4ith cotrol "rom belo4 as its (overace, havi(

trasce$e$ (overmet "rom the top $o4.

7# 4o%parison 'ri%iti"e Statelessness

This 4a o" posi( the :)estio ties )p $irectl 4ith the aalsis

4hich (els 4as (oi( to p)t "or4ar$ partic)larl i !nti$D?hring,perhaps as a res)lt o" this perio$ o" aother +i$ o" stateless

societ, the oe at the other e$ o" the historical scale. This is the

primitive tpe o" stateless comm)it 4hich prece$es the ;rst class

societ.

I !nti$D?hring(els stresses stro(l eo)(h that the basic a$

$etermii( ")ctio o" the state is its class-$etermie$ ")ctio o"

coercio a$ repressio. )t he also ma+es clear that it $oes ot

arise simpl o)t o" a plot5 b the r)li( class to s)ppress the

4or+i( ma9orit. It $oes ot appear o)t o" othi(, 4ith its special5

bo$ies o" arme$ me5, etc. Its be(ii(s lie i i$ispesable

")ctios o" societ.

A "e4 ears a"ter !nti$D?hring, he ma$e this poit compactl i a

letter@

#ociet (ives rise to certai commo ")ctios 4hich it caot

$ispese 4ith. The persos appoite$ "or this p)rpose "orm a e4

brach o" the $ivisio o" labo)r within society. This (ives them

partic)lar iterests, $istict, too, "rom the iterests o" those 4ho

empo4ere$ them the ma+e themselves i$epe$et o" the latter

a$-the state is i bei(. %27'


26/47

The state, the, arises o)t o" a previo)s $ivisio o" labo)r i societ.

It arises, o" co)rse, ol a"ter the $ivisio o" societ ito classes,

a$ beca)se o" this $ivisio b)t it $oes ot arise o)t o" the 4hole

cloth. It has its roots i activities a$ oCces i o-class societ@

I each s)ch %primitive' comm)it there 4ere "rom the be(ii(

certai commo iterests the sa"e()ar$i( o" 4hich ha$ to be

ha$e$ over to i$ivi$)als, tr)e, )$er the cotrol o" the comm)it

as a 4hole@ a$9)$icatio o" $isp)tes repressio o" ab)se o"

a)thorit b i$ivi$)als cotrol o" 4ater s)pplies, especiall i hot

co)tries a$ ;all, 4he co$itios 4ere still absol)tel

primitive, reli(io)s ")ctios. #)ch oCces are "o)$ i abori(ial

comm)ities o" ever perio$-i the ol$est


27/47

political5 4ith the state. ere (els 4rites that the political

"orce5 %17&'ma+es itsel" i$epe$et o" societ 4ith the comi( o"

class $ivisios, a$ tras"orms itsel" "rom its servat ito its

master5. The proto-political a)thorit 4as a servat o" thecomm)it the state comes "or4ar$ as the master o" societ.

I aother $isc)ssio, (els be(is 4ith a stro( statemet o" the

ori(ial ee$ "or class $ivisios "rom the sta$poit o" "ree time as

a over-all social ee$. There arises a class "ree$ "rom $irectl

pro$)ctive labo)r, 4hich loo+s a"ter the (eeral aairs o" societ@

the $irectio o" labo)r, state b)siess, la4, sciece, art, etc.5 These

are the (eeral aairs o" societ5 eve tho)(h the ca be

per"orme$ as et ol b a r)li( class. )t

)t this $oes ot prevet this $ivisio ito classes "rom bei(

carrie$ o)t b meas o" violece a$ robber, tric+er a$ "ra)$. It

$oes ot prevet the r)li( class, oce havi( the )pper ha$, "rom

cosoli$ati( its po4er at the epese o" the 4or+i( class, "rom

t)ri( its social lea$ership ito eploitatio o" the masses. %31'

ve be"ore the state, there"ore, there 4as the commo ee$ "or

social lea$ership5. I class societ, that ee$ ca be ;lle$ ol b

the state. )t the ee$ eists eve 4here there is o state.

The le(itimate social ")ctios, the, prece$e the eistece o" the

state. As lo( as the state eists, the are carrie$ o)t i a class-

$e"orme$ "ashio 4hich is ite(rate$ ito the state/s speci;c class

role. For Mar, these ")ctios have to be "ree$ "rom the

$e"ormatios impose$ b the state. %18&'

Th)s there is a smmetr bet4ee the 4a (els aalBe$ the

proto-political5 ")ctio i pre-state comm)ities, a$ the 4a

Mar pose$ the :)estio o" the aalo(o)s5 social ")ctios i post-

state comm)ities. At both e$s o" the historical scale, the
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limitatios o" the state cocept become apparet.

# The State &hich is @o :onger a State

Abo)t the same time that Mar 4rote his 4riti;,e of the .otha

'rogra%%e, (els pic+e$ )p the i$ea a$ carrie$ it some4hat

")rther 4ith his characteristic Sla. This 4as i a letter to the lea$er

o" the


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I" the obvio)s polemical ea((eratio abo)t "ree$om5 is ta+e 4ith

mo$eratio %20&', (els is here spelli( o)t i a lar(e ha$ 4hat

Mar $i$ ot set $o4 i so ma 4or$s. It is alrea$ implicitl

cotaie$ i the i$ea that the omm)e state, a (e)ie4or+ers/ state, is ot merel a state 4ith a $ieret class r)le b)t a

new type of state alto(ether. Altho)(h the poit has bee ma$e

be"ore, let )s $ra4 it o)t a little. osi$er the "ollo4i( t4o

propositios@

a. A state represents the rule of one class over others. 0n the

past there have been states ruled by slave"owners the feudal

lords and the capitalists which repressed the wor8ing class.

9We: will establish a state ruled by the wor8ing class which

will repress the e/ploiters. This 3wor8ers4 state is a class rule

;ust li8e every other state"only the guns are turned the other

way. 3However one day this state will disappear4.

b. ot simply 9one day: but imme$iatel there is a 5ualitative

di#erence between this type of state and all previous states.

What happens immediately is not the anarchist 9abolition of

the state: but the 5ualitative change in the type of state.%21&'

This $isti()ishes Marism ot ol "rom aarchism b)t also "rom

the vario)s tpes o" Marism5 4hich limit themselves to repeati(

the cotets o" propositio 6a.

This is the positive cotet o" the s)((estio 4hich (els tosses i@

i or$er to $esi(ate this e4 tpe o" state eve at the ver
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be(ii( o" its eistece, the 4or$ state5 sho)l$ be $roppe$, i

"avo)r o" comm)e5. %22&'The s)((estio 4as probabl i?)ece$

b the )r(e to )$erc)t aarchist $ema(o( abo)t statism5. e

ever "ollo4e$ the s)((estio himsel", as 4e shall see a$ there iso )se :)ibbli( over it. The termiolo(ical cha(e 4o)l$ probabl

have ca)se$ as m)ch e4 co")sio as it save$.

For the e4 4or+ers/ po4er isa tpe o" state. It is a state"which"is"

in"process"of"becoming"a"non"state. There is reall o reaso to

epect the ol$ la()a(e to have a rea$-ma$e term "or this

$ialectical coceptio. That the !aris omm)e 4as o lo(er a

state i the proper sese o" the 4or$5 meas, cocretel, that it 4as

o lo(er a state i the same sese that all previo)s states 4ere i

the past that it 4as o lo(er merel 9)st aother +i$ o" state b)t

alrea$ o the 4a to t)ri( ito somethi( else.

Three ears later, (els p)blishe$ his most ambitio)s s)mmar o"

the Marist theoretical sstem, closel revie4e$ b Mar, !nti$

D?hring. Its mai passa(e o this s)b9ect is clearl a coti)atioo" the 187 $isc)ssio, a$ caot other4ise be )$erstoo$.

It is itro$)ce$ b the statemet that the proletariat seiBes political

po4er a$ t)rs the meas o" pro$)ctio i the ;rst istace ito

state propert5. The es)i( passa(e, 4hich 4e (ive complete i

spite o" its le(th, be(is a$ e$s 4ith the abolitio5 o" the state.

It be(is 4ith this statemet@

)t, i $oi( this, it abolishes itsel" as proletariat, abolishes all class

$istictios a$ class ata(oisms, abolishes also the state as state.

%23&'

=hat is it that abolishes the state as state5K l the "act that a

4or+ers/ state ta+es over the meas o" pro$)ctio, accor$i( to this.

Lot a ver a$vace$ phase o" socialismQ A$ (els soo ma+esclear that he $oes ot mea that the state has alrea$ $ie$ o)t. The
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meai(, there"ore, is simpl the same as the 187 eplaatio

4hich 4e have alrea$ $isc)sse$@ it is o lo(er a state i the

proper %past' sese o" the 4or$5, etc.

The rest coti)es, at ;rst 4ith a revie4 o" the (eeral theor o" the

state@

#ociet th)s "ar, base$ )po class ata(oisms, ha$ ee$ o" the

state, that is, o" a or(aiBatio o" the partic)lar class, 4hich 4as

pro temporethe eploiti( class, "or the maiteace o" its eteral

co$itios o" pro$)ctio, %2&' a$ there"ore, especiall, "or the

p)rpose o" "orcibl +eepi( the eploite$ classes i the co$itio o"oppressio correspo$i( 4ith the (ive mo$e o" pro$)ctio

6slaver, ser"$om, 4a(e-labo)r. The state 4as the oCcial

represetative o" societ as a 4hole the (atheri( o" it to(ether

ito a visible embo$imet. )t it 4as this ol iso"ar as it 4as the

state o" that class 4hich itsel" represete$, "or the time bei(,

societ as a 4hole@ i aciet times, the state o" slave-o4i(

citiBes i the Mi$$le A(es, the "e)$al lor$s i o)r o4 time, thebo)r(eoisie. =he at last it becomes the real represetative o" the

4hole o" societ, it re$ers itsel" )ecessar %?ber6?ssig,

s)per?)o)s'. As soo as there is o lo(er a social class to be

hel$ i s)b9ectio as soo as class r)le, a$ the i$ivi$)al str)((le

"or eistece base$ )po o)r preset aarch i pro$)ctio, 4ith

the collisios a$ ecesses arisi( "rom these, are remove$, othi(

more remais to be represse$, a$ a special repressive "orce, astate, is o lo(er ecessar. The ;rst act b virt)e o" 4hich the

state reall costit)tes itsel" the represetative o" the 4hole o"

societ-the ta+i( possessio o" the meas o" pro$)ctio i the

ame o" the state-this is, at the same time, its last i$epe$et act

as a state. #tate iter"erece i social relatios becomes, i oe

$omai a"ter aother, s)per?)o)s, a$ the 4ithers a4a o" itsel"

%schl(ft von selbst ein, lit., (oes to sleep o" itsel"' the (overmeto" persos is replace$ b the a$miistratio o" thi(s, a$ b the
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co$)ct o" processes o" pro$)ctio. The state is ot abolishe$5

%abgescha#t'. 0t withers away %stirbt ab, lit., $ies a4a, $ies o'.

This (ives the meas)re o" the val)e o" the phrase a "ree people/s

state5, both as to its )ltimate scieti;c is)Cciec a$ also o" the$ema$s o" the so-calle$ aarchists "or the abolitio o" the state o)t

o" ha$. %2&'%3'

=he this sectio o" !nti$D?hring 4as revise$ as Socialis%

Atopian and ScientiBc, (els a$$e$ a e$-s)mmar 4hich

icl)$e$ this@

#ocialiBe$ pro$)ctio )po a pre$etermie$ pla becomeshece"orth possible. The $evelopmet o" pro$)ctio ma+es the

eistece o" $ieret classes o" societ thece"orth a aachroism.

I proportio as aarch i social pro$)ctio vaishes, the political

a)thorit o" the state $ies o)t %schl(ft ein, lit., (oes to sleep'. Ma,

at last the master o" his o4 "orm o" social or(aiBatio, becomes at

the same time the lor$ over at)re, his o4 master "ree. %3'

This act o" )iversal emacipatio5 is the $eath o" the state. It is

ot ecessar to p)BBle over (els/ statemet that the political

a)thorit o" the state5 is 4hat $ies o)t, as i" he ite$e$ to sa

there is somethi( le"t o" the state a"ter its political a)thorit is

(oe. Lothi( more is ivolve$ here tha the $istictio alrea$

see bet4ee the political ")ctios a$ the aalo(o)s5,

le(itimate5 social ")ctios. %2J&'

9# Engels :ast -or%,lations

Lo reall e4 aspect o" the :)estio 4as $evelope$ i (els/

4riti(s a"ter the $eath o" Mar.

There is a peroratorical para(raph i his Crigin of the -a%il

6188@
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The state, the, has ot eiste$ "rom all eterit. There have bee

societies that $i$ 4itho)t it, that ha$ o coceptio o" the state a$

state po4er. At a certai sta(e o" ecoomic $evelopmet, 4hich 4as

ecessaril bo)$ )p 4ith the cleava(e o" societ ito classes, thestate became a ecessit o4i( to this cleava(e. =e are o4

rapi$l approachi( a sta(e i the $evelopmet o" pro$)ctio at

4hich the eistece o" these classes ot ol 4ill have cease$ to be

a ecessit, b)t 4ill become a positive hi$race to pro$)ctio.

The 4ill "all as ievitabl as the arose at a earlier sta(e. Alo(

4ith them the state 4ill ievitabl "all %f(llt'. The societ that 4ill

or(aiBe pro$)ctio o the basis o" a "ree a$ e:)al associatio o"

the pro$)cers 4ill p)t the 4hole machier o" state 4here it 4ill

the belo(@ ito the M)se)m o" Ati:)ities, b the si$e o" the

spii( 4heel a$ the broBe ae. %3J'

ere (els sets si$e b si$e, smmetricall, the stateless societies

o" ester$a a$ tomorro4, as 4e $i$ earlier.

There is a c)rsor passa(e i (els/ 181 itro$)ctio to The 4i"il&ar in -rance

... I realit, ho4ever, the state is othi( b)t a machie "or the

oppressio o" oe class b aother, a$ i$ee$ i the $emocratic

rep)blic o less tha i the moarch a$ at best a evil iherite$

b the proletariat a"ter its victorio)s str)((le "or class s)premac,

4hose 4orst si$es the victorio)s proletariat, 9)st li+e the %!aris'

omm)e, caot avoi$ havi( to lop o at oce as m)ch as

possible )til s)ch time as a (eeratio reare$ i e4, "ree social

co$itios is able to thro4 the etire l)mber o" the state o the

scrap heap. %27&'%37'

This )se")ll re-emphasiBes that 6a eve a 4or+ers/ state is a

evil5, albeit a ecessar evil a sal)tar remi$er 6b that the

revol)tio m)st be(i to $eat)re the state at oce5, b $estroi(
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its 4orst si$es5 imme$iatel a$ 4itho)t 4aiti( "or the bea)ti")l

$a o" the M)se)m o" Ati:)ities 6c that the ;al, complete

9)+i( o" the state m)st ot ol a4ait e4 (eeratios 6se$ ot

to as+ ho4 ma b)t 4ill be possible ol b a (eeratio that hasalreadybee shape$ i e4, "ree social co$itios5.

There is a cotrast@ the )ltimate aim is :)ite a $istace o, b)t

there are $rastic steps to be ta+e at oce5.

Mar $i$ ot believe i tri( to compose the m)sic o" the ")t)re5,

%28&'a$ this m)ch at least is ot cotroversial@ a attempt to

(rasp the :)alit o" li"e i stateless societ eve ;ctioall 6as b=illiam Morris i @es fro% @ohere is taite$ b bei(

coceive$ i the preset b me 4ho are reacti( to past

$e"ormatios a$ ot to a habit)ate$ iteraliBatio o" e4, "ree

social co$itios5. It is a )thi+able social tras"ormatio, 9)st as

all the (reatest social tras"ormatios i the histor o" the 4orl$ ha$

bee )thi+able be"ore bei( merel impossible5.

The cr) o" this )thi+ableess, $espite all the bea)ti")l tho)(hts

s)((este$ b the literat)re o" )topia, is the problem o" ho4 a

comple societ coor$iates itsel" a$ its $ecisio-ma+i(-or 4hat it

s)bstit)tes "or compleit, coor$iatio a$ $ecisio-ma+i(-

4itho)t a "orm o" social r)le, ot eve the r)le o" a soverei(

people i a )ltimate $emocrac. It is i the riti:)e o" the


35/47

... it %the term social-$emocrat5' remais )s)itable "or a part

4hose ecoomic pro(ramme is ot simpl socialist i (eeral, b)t

$irectl comm)ist ...

ere comm)ist5 )$o)bte$l implies to him the )ltimate

$istrib)tive priciple@ From each accor$i( to his abilit, to each

accor$i( to his ee$s.5

... a$ 4hose )ltimate political aim is the overcomi( %2&'o" the

4hole state, hece also o" $emocrac. %3'

ece also o" a "orm o" r)le, o" sociall or(aiBe$ coercio. This is

the aarch5 o" the ")t)re stateless societ 4hich Mar a$ (els

ha$ accepte$ i 1872. Ma becomes his o4 master "ree5. The

;rst co$itio "or this ")ll-?e$(e$ "ree$om is@ "ree$om from the

state, ot o" the state, or merel i the state. As "ar as Mar/s ee

co)l$ see, the state is ot the ()arator o" "ree$om, eve 4hile it is

still a ecessar evil, Its ")ctio is to set the co$itios )$er 4hich

a e4 tpe o" "ree$om ca $evelop.

I 18 (els receive$ a pec)liar re:)est "rom a Italia comra$e

4ho 4ate$ a motto "rom Mar "or a e4lv establishe$ socialist

perio$ical-a motto that 4o)l$ cocisel co)terpose the spirit o" the

e4 socialist era a(aist the aphorism o" Date/s abo)t the ol$

4orl$, that some r)le a$ others s)er. %0'The motto that (els

s)((este$ 4as the statemet i the 4o%%,nist Manifestoabo)t

the cose:)ece o" the $eath o" the state@

I place o" the ol$ bo)r(eois societ, 4ith its classes a$ class

ata(oisms, 4e shall have a associatio, i 4hich the "ree

$evelopmet o" each is the co$itio "or the "ree $evelopmet o" all.

Top o" the pa(e
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-ootnotes

1&. More )s)all labelle$ the 4itheri(-a4a5 o" the state, i

(lish. The rea$er 4ill be able to choose his o4 "avo)rite term,

sice 4e shall ote the ori(ial phrase )se$ b Mar a$ (els as

4e (o alo(.

2&.The itereste$ rea$er ca tr this la4 o)t o the specimes o"

ati-state )topias recomme$e$ b the aarchist 4riter Marie

Go)ise ereri 6o,rne Thro,gh Atopia "or eample, that o" De

Foi( b)t it is ecessar to (o to De Foi(, ot to ereri/s

la)$ere$ s)mmar.

3&.This applies i the last aalsis eve to !ro)$ho, 4hose i$eal

4as pettbo)r(eois propert. It certail applies to the e(elia

re"erre$ to above, Ma #tirer 6The Ego and His Cn, 4ho is the

heral$ o" that school o" pro-capitalist aarchism 4hich became most

promiet i the R# 6e9ami T)c+er, Nosiah =arre a$ 4hose

spirit still hovers over a 4i( o" Hep)blica coservatism a$ the

Riversit o" hica(o. The later aarchist movemet sa4 a (ra"ti(

o" ati-capitalism a$ ati-statism to "orm the hbri$ aarcho-

comm)ism5.

&. #ee Mar/s ma)script @riti5ue of Hegels hilosophy of the

Statei &ritings of the Fo,ng Marx6e$. asto *


37/47

a$ o" bo)r(eois societ.5 6.er%an deolog, Mosco4, 1J,

p.J. This s)((ests that Mar still re(ar$e$ )iversal s)ra(e as

ecessaril ati-state, a tpical bo)r(eois-ra$ical vie4 o" the time.-

The i$eti;catio o" the cocept state5 ol 4ith the despoticstater)s thro)(h aarchist i$eolo(, a$ ca be "o)$ eve i a+)i

6see his Statis% and !narch, a$ Mar/s otes o this 4or+ i

ME&1, esp. p.J10. It is a importat li+ bet4ee the aarchist

a$ the re"ormist vie4 o" the state.

&.This 4or+ o" Mar/s 4as revie4e$ the same ear b oe tto

Gi(, e$itor o" the @e,e De,tsche +eit,ng, "rom the sta$poit

o" the setimetal Tr)e #ocialist5 i$eolo( o" the $a. Gi(,

re"erri( to this passa(e, complaie$ that Mar spo+e o" the class

rule o" the proletariat rather tha the abolitiono" all classes. I a

p)blishe$ repl Mar 4rote, I $o ot )$ersta$ this correctio,

a$ poite$ o)t that the ver setece $isc)sse$ also icl)$e$ the

abolitio o" classes he also :)ote$ the passa(es "rom The 'o"ert

of 'hilosoph a$ the 4o%%,nist Manifesto 4hich 4e have

(ive above.5 Abolitio o" the state5 as s)ch $i$ ot ;()re i this

echa(e either.

J&.The m)t)al is)race5 metaphor here is, o" co)rse, ta+e "rom


38/47

o4 4a, ma$e this apparetl 4il$ catch4or$ their o4. All these

te$ecies are i a(reemet o the preservatio o" the eisti(

bo)r(eois societ ...5 e the starts o #tirer, the (o-aarchist

philosopher. 6ME&717-18.

8&. The @e,e Rheinische +eit,ng 'olitisch$Gono%ische

Re",e, the Go$o ma(aBie e$ite$ b Mar i 180 carrie$ his

4lass Str,ggles in -rancea$ also his revie4 o"


39/47

trasitio to the abolitio %Abscha#ung' o" classes a$ 4ith them o"

the state-vie4s s)ch as ha$ alrea$ bee epresse$ i the

4o%%,nist Manifestoa$ sice the o i)merable occasios5.

%1J'

11&.To be s)re, this coceptio is $e;itel preset i !ro)$ho,


40/47

the ")ctios o" the #tate ito a mere s)perite$ece o"

pro$)ctio5. %MES&1J31'

17&.Formall this is a slip b (els, sice it seems to impl that

this political "orce5 alrea$ eiste$ as s)ch be"ore class $ivisios

ma$e it i$epe$et5. )t the lie o" tho)(ht is so obvio)s that it

4o)l$ be :)ibbli( to ma+e athi( o)t o" this lac+ o" ri(o)r i

(els/ la()a(e. #till, there has bee o lac+ o" :)ibbli(,

especiall o (els/ eve more apparet slip i !nti$D?hring,

4here he clearl )ses the term state5 "or the or(aism 4hich the

primitive (ro)ps o" comm)ities o" the same tribe ha$ at ;rst

arrive$ at ol i or$er to sa"e()ar$ their commo iterests 6e.(.

irri(atio i the ast a$ "or protectio a(aist eteral eemies5.

%30'I the cotet, 4here this is a trasitioal cla)se itro$)ci(

the state ")ctio o" class $omiatio, he obvio)sl meas the

or(aiBe$ a)thorit o)t o" 4hich the state arises.

18&.This also spells o)t the cotet o" the earlier phrase i the

4o%%,nist Manifesto, alrea$ :)ote$@ the p)blic po4er 4ill loseits political character5. =hich meas there 4ill still be a p)blic

po4er.

1&.Altho)(h the letter is si(e$ b (els aloe, a$ o $o)bt its

eact "orm)latios are his, it is eplicitl 4ritte i terms o" 4e5

6Mar a$ (els a$ replies to ebel/s i:)ir "or the opiio o"

the t4o o" them 6Eo) as+ me 4hat 4e thi+ ...5. It 4as $o)btlessl

the o)tcome o" their 9oit $isc)ssio, as 4o)l$ be i$icate$ a4a

b its close correspo$ece to the 4riti;,e si(e$ b Mar. A

characteristic $ierece bet4ee the t4o me is evi$et i the t4o

$oc)mets@ o the spec)lative aspects, Mar is more ca)tio)s a$

restraie$, eve crptic (els is more bol$ a$ s4eepi( i his

stro+es, (ivi( a more vivi$ pict)re at the cost o" some carelessess

i "orm)latio.
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20&. (els/ ea((eratio, $)e to his $is()st 4ith the Gassallea

hoc)s-poc)s o "ree5 is p)tti( the matter as i" there are ol t4o

possible co$itios@ "ree$om either eists or it $oes ot eist. )t

this is a 4oo$e a$ mechaical "orm)latio, 4hich moreover is(aisai$ i $oBes o" passa(es i Mar a$ (els. =hatever oe

meas b "ree$om, it mai"ests itsel" historicall a$ cocretel i

degrees o" "ree$om@ (reater "ree$om or less "ree$om i a (ive

time, place or co$itio. Free$om $oes ot s)$$el pop ito

eistece at the poit 4here the state ceases to eist5 a$ ot

be"ore. bvio)sl, as the state (ra$)all $issolves5, "ree$om

(ra$)all icreases. F)rthermore, i" 4e appl as sesitive a li()istic

criti:)e as (els $oes to Gassallea la()a(e, it is p)re osese5

to ?atl counterpose the )se o" the state i the iterests o"

"ree$om5 a(aist its )se to hol$ $o4 its a$versaries5. For clearl

(els 4o)l$ have to a(ree that, "rom his vie4poit, the state m)st

be )se$ to hol$ $o4 its a$versaries5 precisely only 9in the

interests of freedom:. Far "rom bei( co)terpose$ as

icompatibilities, the "ormer is 9)sti;able ol as the ecessar

meas to the latter, a$ the latter is the preco$itio "or the

socialist meai( o" the "ormer. I "act, this is the mai poit o" the

rest o" (els/ passa(e it is ol obsc)re$ a$ co")se$ b the

ea((erate$ reactio to Gassallea verbia(e.

21&. Gei p)t this i State and Re"ol,tionI the ;rst place,

accor$i( to Mar, the proletariat ee$s ol a state 4hich is

4itheri( a4a, i.e. a state so costit)te$ that it be(is to 4ither

a4a imme$iatel, a$ caot b)t 4ither a4a.5 %33'The :)estio

o" 4hat this costit)tio is ca be cocretiBe$ i three 4as@ 61 b

st)$i( Mar a$ (els o the omm)e state 62 i State and

Re"ol,tion, 4hose (reat cotrib)tio is its elaboratio ee(esis,

i" o) 4ill o" this :)estio 63 last b)t ot least, o matters li+e

these@ everoe his o4 theoreticia5 the preset-$a aalo()e

o" ever coo+ a statesma5. ere 4e have the revol)tioar so)l5
https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#fthttps://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#fuhttps://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#n33https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#fthttps://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#fuhttps://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html#n33


42/47

o" State and Re"ol,tion4hich the omit, obsc)re or $istort5, as

Gei sas o" Mar/s tho)(ht.

22&. (els is ver clear that his ca$i$ate is the Frech 4or$

commune, a$ so it is i$le to spec)late abo)t the eact "orce o" his

s)((este$


43/47

the Vabolitio o" the state/, abo)t 4hich recetl there has bee so

m)ch oise5 6p.3J.

27&.This phrase rea$s@ den ganzen Staatsplunder von sich abzutun,

lit., (et ri$ o" all the state-9)+ 6or ol$ l)mber.

28&. Lor $i$ (els, )s)all. )t apparetl i coectio 4ith

4riti( The Crigin of the -a%il, i 188, he le"t a "ra(met

4hich mi(ht or mi(ht ot be the be(ii( o" a $isc)ssio o" the

social or(aiBatio o" the ")t)re. 6The title Dber die Assoziation der

Eu8unftis co"erre$ o it b the e$itors o" ME& *131. Its "e4

lies e$ 4ith the poit that the associatio o" the ")t)re5 4illcombie the sober reasoableess %>?chternheit' o" the bo)r(eois

era 4ith the care "or the commo social 4el"are5 4hich

characteriBe$ previo)s societies.

2&. Dberwindung, i.e. s)rmo)ti(, o)tmo$i( the meai( ca

reach to $i(-o5, b)t abolitio5 4o)l$ be mislea$i(.

Top o" the pa(e

@otes

=herever possible, passa(es "rom Mar a$ (els are cite$ i

(lish traslatio "rom the "ollo4i( collectios@

Mar-(els@ Selected &ors in To Kol,%es, Mosco4,

Forei( Ga()a(es !)b. o)se, 1. 6Abbrev. MES&.

Mar-(els@ Selected 4orrespondence, Mosco4, F.G.!..,

.$. 6Abbrev. MES4.

=here o s)itable (lish traslatio eists, traslatios "rom the


44/47

Mar-(els@ &ere, erli, DietB, 1J1-J8. 6Abbrev. ME&.

I all other cases, the e$itio )se$ "or citatio is (ive the ;rst time

the re"erece occ)rs.

Uol)me a$ pa(e )mber have o"te bee abbreviate$ th)s *3J3

O Uol.2, p.3J3.

1.4lass Str,ggles in -rance 12$130i MES&1213.

2. Getter to arlo a;ero, 1 N)l, 1871, i Mar-(els,

4orrispondenLa di Marx e Engels con italiani 12$193

6Mila, Feltrielli, 1J, p.21.

3.The @entralisation Fuestioni &ritings of the Fo,ng Marx on

philosoph and societ, e$. asto a$


45/47

11.I MES&1223.

12.For the $oc)mets a$ re"ereces, see m article Mar a$ the

$ictatorship o" the proletariat5, i t,des de Marxologie 6!aris,

Lo.J, #eptember, 1J2, pp.38-1.

13. Mar, %Review of& Le socialisme et limpbt par Emile de

Girardin, Paris 18!, i ME&728-8J.

1.id#, 7@288. The brac+ete$ italics are a$$e$ b me.

1.Getter, (els to Mar, 21 A)()st, 181, i ME&*7318.

1J.(els, The Ho,sing I,estioni MES&1J12.

17.Getter, (els to T. )o, 2 Na)ar, 1872, i MES433J.

18. I MES&1J38 Italia tet i Marx$Engels Scritti italiani

6Mila-Home, $. Avati, 1, p.7.

1. (els, Ga"ar()e * Mar, :!lliance de la De%ocratieSocialiste et l!ssociation nternationale des Tra"aille,rs

6Go$o, Darso amb)r(, Meisser, 1873, p.21. 6Act)all,

a+)i sea+e$ o)t o" to4 to Marseilles, ot


46/47

2J.I ME&1J3-3J.

27.Getter, (els to #chmi$t, 27 ctober, 180, i MES403.

28.(els, !nti$D?hring6Mosco4, F.G.!.., 1, 2$ e$., p.27.

2.id#, p.22.

30.id#, p.20.

31.id#, p.388.

32.Getter, (els to ebel, 18-28 March, 187, i MES43J-7.

33. I Gei, 4ollected &ors, Uol.2 6Mosco4, !ro(ress !)b.,

1J, p.02.

3.!nti$D?hring, pp.38J-87.

3.id#, p.33.

3J.I MES&*321.

37.I MES&18.

38.I MES&*31.

3. (els, Boreword to the pamphlet "nternationales aus dem

#ol$sstaat %18&1'&(, i ME&**1J.

0.Getter, (els to


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draper marx state

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