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DraftRegulationsforHazardousChemicalAgents(2018)

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1. Definitions

InthisScheduleawordorexpressiontowhichameaninghasbeenassignedintheActshallbearthemeaningsoassignedtoitandunlessthecontextother-wiseindicates–“airmonitoring”meansthemonitoringoftheconcentrationsofairbornehazardouschemicalagents;“AsbestosRegulations”meanstheAsbestosRegulationspublishedbyGovernmentGazetteNo.R.155of10February2002undersection43(1)oftheAct;“assessment”meansaprogrammetodetermineanyriskfromexposuretoahazardouschemicalagentassociatedwithanyhazardthereofattheworkplaceinordertoidentifythestepsneededtobetakentoremove,reduceorcontrolsuchhazard;“BEI”or“biologicalexposureindex”"‘BEIor“biologicalexposureindex”isareferencevalueforassessingbiologicalmonitoringresults,intendedasaguidelineforthelikelihoodofadversehealtheffectsandgenerallyrepresentsthelevelofdeterminantsthataremostlikelytobeobservedinspecimenscollectedfromhealthyemployeeswhohavebeenexposedtochemicalswithinhalationexposureattheOccupationalExposureLimit,aslistedinTable4ofAnnexure2herebyasrevisedfromtimetotimeandlistedintheGovernmentGazette;“CASnumber”or“chemicalidentity”meansanamethatwilluniquelyidentifyachemical,giveninaccordancewiththenomenclaturesystemsoftheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryortheChemicalAbstractsService,oratechnicalname;“carcinogen”or“carc”meansanyagentormixturewhichinducescancerorincreasesitsincidence,classifiedbyGHSas:

(a) Category1:knownorpresumedhumancarcinogens;(b) Category2:suspectedhumancarcinogens;

“chemicalagent”meansaGHSalignedagentormixture;“chiefdirector,provincialoperations”meansthechiefdirector,provincialoperationsasdefinedintheGeneralAdministrativeRegulations;“consumerproduct”meansaproductcontaininganHCAthat:

(a) ispackedorrepackedprimarilyforusebyahouseholdconsumerorforuseinanoffice;and

(b) iftheproductispackedorrepackedprimarilyforusebyahouseholdconsumer,ispackedinthewayandquantityinwhichitisintendedtobeusedbyahouseholdconsumer;and

(c) iftheproductispackedorrepackedprimarilyforuseinanoffice,ispackedinthewayandquantityinwhichitisintendedtobeusedforofficework;

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“container”meansinrelationtoanHCA,anythinginorbywhichanHCAis,orhasbeen,whollyorpartlycovered,enclosedorpacked,includinganythingnecessaryforthecontainertoperformitsfunctionasacontainer;“engineeringcontrolmeasures”meanscontrolmeasuresthatremoveorreducetheexposureofpersonsattheworkplacebymeansofengineeringmethods;

“exposed”meansexposedtoahazardouschemicalagentwhilstattheworkplaceand“exposure”hasacorrespondingmeaning;“GHSclassification”meanstheGHShazardclassesandhazardcategoriesassignedtoahazardouschemicalagent;“hazardcategory”meansadivisionofcriteriawithinahazardclassintheGHS,wherethesecategoriescomparehazardseveritywithinahazardclassandshouldnotbetakenasacomparisonofhazardcategoriesmoregenerally;

“hazardclass”meansthenatureofaphysical,healthorenvironmentalhazardundertheGHS; “hazardpictogram”meansagraphicalcomposition,includingasymbolplusothergraphicalelements,suchasaboarder,backgroundpatternorcolourthatisintendedtoconveyspecificinformation,thatisassignedintheGHStoahazardclassorhazardcategory;“hazardstatement”meansastatementassignedintheGHStoahazardclassorhazardcategorydescribingthenatureofthehazardsofahazardouschemicalincluding,ifappropriate,thedegreeofhazard;“HCA”or“hazardouschemicalagent”meansaGHSalignedchemicalagentasprovidedinAnnexure1;“HSG173”meanstheGuidanceNoteEH42oftheHealthandSafetyExecutiveoftheUnitedKingdom:Monitoringstrategiesfortoxicsubstances2006HSEISBN9780717661886asrevisedfromtimetotimeandpublishedintheGovernmentGazette;“importer”meansanemployerorself-employedpersonwhoimportsanHCAintotherepublicbyanymeans,thatistobeused,orcouldreasonablybeexpectedtobeusedataworkplace;“intransit”meansinrelationtoanHCAthat:

(a) issuppliedto,orstoredat,aworkplaceincontainersthatarenotopenedattheworkplace;and

(b) isnotusedattheworkplace;

“LeadRegulations”meanstheLeadRegulationspublishedbyGovernmentNoticeNo.R.586of22March1991undersection43(5)oftheAct;“manufacturer”meansanemployerorself-employedpersonmanufacturinganHCAthatistobeused,orcouldreasonablybeexpectedtobeused,ataworkplace;“measurementprogramme”meansaprogrammeaccordingtothemonitoringstrategyascontemplatedinHSG173;“monitoring”meanstheplanning,carryingoutandrecordingoftheresultsofameasurementprogramme;

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“OEL”or“occupationalexposurelimit”meansalimitvaluesetbytheMinister,whichrepresentstheairborneconcentrationforanHCAandwheretheexposurestandardcanbeofthreeforms:

(a) 8-hourTime-weightedAverage;(b) ceilinglimit;and(c) shorttermexposurelimit.

“OELceilinglimit”or“ceilinglimit”or“C"meansamaximumorpeakairborneconcentrationofanHCAdeterminedovertheshortestanalyticallypracticableperiodoftimewhichdoesnotexceed15minutes;“OEL-ML”or“occupationalexposurelimit-maximumlimit”meansanHCAaslistedinTable2ofAnnexure2;“OEL-RL”or“occupationalexposurelimit-restrictedlimit”meansanHCAaslistedinTable3ofAnnexure2;“OEL-ShortTermExposureLimit”or“STEL”meansthetime-weightedaveragemaximumairborneconcentrationofanHCAcalculatedoverafifteen-minuteperiod;“OEL8-hourTime-weightedaverage”or“TWA”meansthemaximumaverageairborneconcentrationofanHCAwhencalculatedoveraneight-hourworkingday,forafive-dayworkingweek;“OESSM”meanstheOccupationalExposureSamplingStrategyManual,publishedbytheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH),PublicationNo.77-173of1977,UnitedStatesofAmerica:DepartmentofHealth,EducationandWelfare;“precautionarystatement”meansaphraseprescribedbytheGHSthatdescribesrecommendedmeasuresthatshouldbetakentominimiseorprevent:

(a) adverseeffectsresultingfromexposuretoanHCA;or(b) improperstorageorhandlingofanHCA.

“prohibitedagent”meansahazardouschemicalagentprohibitedbytheMinisterandlistedinTable1ofAnnexure2,wheretheagentsprohibitedmayberevisedfromtimetotime,bynoticeintheGovernmentGazette;

“retailer”meansanemployerorself-employedpersonwhosuppliesconsumerproducts,containingHCA,tomembersofthepublic,whoarenotprimarilyengagedinthefurthersupplyofthoseproducts;

“respiratoryprotectiveequipment”meansadevicewhichiswornoveratleastthemouthandnosetopreventtheinhalationofairbornehazardouschemicalagentsandwhichisofatype,orconformstoastandardapprovedbytheMinister;“respiratorzone”meansanareawheretheconcentrationofanairborneHCAduringnormaloperationsexceedstheOEL-RLforthatHCA;

“SDS”or“SafetyDataSheet”meansadocumentalignedtoGHS,thatprovidesinformationonthehazardclassification,propertiesofhazardouschemicalsandproceduresforhandlingorworkingwithhazardouschemicalsinasafemannerandhowtheyaffectthehealthandsafetyintheworkplace,preparedinaccordancewithregulation14A;

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“sensitizer”including:“DSENandRSEN”anHCAthatcausesasubstantialproportionofexposedpeopletodevelopanallergicreactioninnormaltissueafterrepeatedexposure,whichincludesDermalSensitizer(DSEN),RespiratorySensitizer(RSEN);

“signalword”meanstheword"danger"or"warning"usedonaGHSalignedlabel,toindicatetothereadertoapotentialhazardaswellastherelativeseveritylevelofahazard;

“skin”meansthattheHCAmightbeabsorbedintoxicologicallysignificantamountsthroughdirectcontactwithskin,ormucousmembranesandeyesfromairborneexposuretogases,vapour,orliquid,sothatconclusionsaboutexposureandhealtheffectsbasedsolelyonairborneconcentrationlimitsmaybeincomplete;

“supplier”meansanemployerorself-employedpersonwhoconductsabusinessorundertakingofsupplyinganyHCA,includingsupplytoaretailer;

“theAct”meanstheOccupationalHealthandSafetyAct,1993(ActNo.85of1993);

“UNIMOInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode”meanstheInternationalMaritimeOrganisation,InternationalMaritimeDangerousGoods(IMDG)Code,whichwasdevelopedasaninternationalcode,asanagencyoftheUnitedNations,forthemaritimetransportofdangerousgoodsinpackagedandbulkform,withparticularreferencetothesegregationofincompatiblesubstances,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime;

“UNGloballyHarmonizedSystem”or“GHS”meanstheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofclassificationandlabellingofchemicals,aguidancedocumentdevelopedbytheUnitedNationsforstandardizingandharmonizingtheclassificationandlabellingofchemicalsglobally,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime,commonlyknownastheUNPurpleBook;

“UNNumber”meanstheHCAfourfigureidentificationnumberintheUNTransportofDangerousGoodsModelregulations,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime;

“UNProperShippingName”meanstheHCAnameintheUNTransportofDangerousGoodsModelregulations,mostaccuratelydescribingthegoods,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime;

“UNTransportofDangerousGoods”meanstheUNRecommendationsontheTransportofDangerousGoodsModelregulationsVolumes1and2and,whichareguidancedocumentsdevelopedbytheUnitedNationstoharmonizedangerousgoodstransportregulations,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime,commonlyknownastheUNOrangeBook;

2. Scopeofapplication

(1) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubregulation(2),theseregulationsshallapplyto:

(a) anemployeroraself-employedpersonwhocarriesoutworkataworkplacewhichmayexposeanypersontoanHCAattheworkplace;and

(b) amanufacturer,importer,supplierorretailerofchemicalsthatareintendedforuseataworkplace;

(2) Theprovisionsofregulations3(1),6and7shallnotapplyto:

(a)aself-employedperson;or

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(b)apersonwhovisitsaworkplaceascontemplatedinsubregulation(1).

(3) TheprovisionsoftheseregulationsshallnotapplyinthecasewheretheLeadRegulationsandAsbestosAbatementRegulationsapply.

3. Information,instructionandtraining

(1) EveryemployerwhoundertakesworkwhichisliabletoexposeanemployeetoanHCAshall,beforeanyemployeeisexposedormaybeexposed,afterconsultationwiththehealthandsafetycommitteeestablishedforthatsectionoftheworkplace,providethatemployeewithsuitableandsufficientinformation,andtraining,aswellasthereafterinformedandtrainedatintervalsasmayberecommendedbythathealthandsafetycommittee.

(2) Theinformationandtrainingshallinclude:

(a) inregardtotheHCAregulations:

(i) thatchemicalregulationsareinplacewhichgovernallaspectsofHCAuseattheworkplace;

(ii) thatlegislatedOELsareinplace;and(iii) dutiesofpersonswhoarelikelytobeexposedtoanHCA,ascontemplatedin

regulation4;

(b) detailsoftheHCAtowhichtheemployeeislikelytobeexposedattheworkplaceincluding:

(i) thenamesoftheHCAsandwheretheycanbefoundintheworkplace;(ii) informationonthepotentialharmfulnessofHCAsattheworkplace;(iii) thesignificantfindingsoftheHCAexposureassessment,asrequiredbyregulation

5(2);and(iv) howtoaccesstherelevantSDSs;

(c) theinformationthateachpartofanSDSprovides;(d) theinformationthateachpartofthelabeloncontainersprovidesandwhythe

informationisbeingprovided;(e) theworkpracticesandprocedurestobefollowedintheuse,handling,storage,

transportation,spillage,disposal,emergencysituation,goodhousekeepingandpersonalhygieneforHCA;

(f) thenecessityofpersonalairsampling,biologicalmonitoringandmedicalsurveillance;(g) theneedforengineeringcontrolsandhowtouseaswellasmaintainthem;(h) theneedforpersonalprotectiveequipmentincludingrespiratoryprotectiveequipment

aswellastheuseandmaintenance;(i) theprecautionstobetakenbyanemployeetoprotecthimselfagainstthehealthrisks

associatedwithsuchexposure,includingthewearinganduseofprotectiveclothingandrespiratoryprotectiveequipment.

(j) thenecessity,correctuse,maintenanceandpotentialofsafetyequipment,facilitiesandengineeringcontrolmeasuresprovided;and

(k) thenecessityofpersonalairsamplingandmedicalsurveillance;

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(3) Anemployershallgivewritteninstructionsoftheprocedurestobefollowedintheeventofspillages,leakagesoranysimilaremergencysituation,tothedriversofvehiclestransportingtheHCA.

(4) Ascontemplatedinsection37(2)oftheAct,theemployermustagreeinwritingtothearrangements

andproceduresbetweenthemtoensurecompliancebythemandatorytoinformationandtrainingrequirementsofregulation3.

4. Dutiesofpersonswhomaybeexposedtohazardouschemicals

Everypersonwhoisormaybeexposed,shallobeyalawfulinstructiongivenbyoronbehalfoftheemployeroraself-employedperson,regarding:

(a) thepreventionofanHCAfrombeingreleased;(b) thewearingofpersonalprotectiveequipment;(c) thewearingofmonitoringequipmenttomeasurepersonalexposure;(d) thereportingforhealthevaluationsandbiologicaltestsasrequiredbytheseregulations;(e) thecleaningupanddisposalofmaterialscontaininganHCA;(f) housekeepingattheworkplace,personalhygieneandenvironmentalandhealth

practices;and(g) informationandtrainingascontemplatedinregulation3.

5. RiskAssessmentofexposure

(1) Anemployerorself-employedpersonshallafterconsultationwiththerelevanthealthandsafetyrepresentativeorrelevanthealthandsafetycommittee,causeanimmediateassessmenttobemadeandthereafteratintervalsnotexceedingtwoyears,todetermineifanyemployeemaybeexposedbyanyrouteofintake.

(2) Theemployershallinformtherelevanthealthandsafetyrepresentativeorrelevanthealthandsafetycommitteeinwritingofthearrangementsmadefortheassessmentcontemplatedinsubregulation(1),givethemreasonabletimetocommentthereonandensurethattheresultsoftheassessmentaremadeavailabletotherelevantrepresentativesorcommitteeswhomaycommentthereon.

(3) Whenmakingtheassessment,theemployerorself-employedpersonshallkeeparecordoftheassessmentandtakeintoaccountsuchmattersas:

(a) theHCAtowhichanemployeemaybeexposed;(b) whateffectstheHCAcanhaveonanemployee;(c) wheretheHCAmaybepresentandinwhatphysicalformitislikelytobe;(d) therouteofintakebywhichandtheextenttowhichanemployeecanbeexposed;and

(e) thenatureofthework,processandanyreasonabledeteriorationin,orfailureof,anycontrolmeasures.

(4) Iftheassessmentmadeinaccordancewithsubregulation(3)indicatesthatanyemployeemaybeexposed,theemployershallensurethatmonitoringiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofregulations6and7andthattheexposureshallbecontrolledascontemplatedinregulation10.

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(5) Anemployershallreviewtheassessmentrequiredbysubregulation(1)forthwithif:

(a) thereisreasontosuspectthatthepreviousassessmentisnolongervalid;or(b) therehasbeenachangeinaprocessinvolvinganHCAorinthemethods,equipmentor

proceduresintheuse,handling,controlorprocessingoftheHCA,theprovisionsofsubregulations(2)and(3)shallapply.

6. AirMonitoring

(1) WheretheinhalationofanHCAisconcerned,anemployercontemplatedinregulation5(4)shallensurethatthemeasurementprogrammeoftheairborneconcentrationsoftheHCAtowhichanemployeeisexposed,is:

(a) carriedoutinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheseregulations;(b) carriedoutonlyaftertherelevanthealthandsafetyrepresentativeorrelevanthealth

andsafetycommitteehasbeeninformedthereofandgivenareasonableopportunitytocommentthereon;

(c) carriedoutbyanapprovedinspectionauthority;and(d) representativeoftheexposureofemployeestotheairborneHCAinaccordancewiththe

provisionsofsubregulation(2).

(2) Inordertocomplywiththeprovisionsofsubregulation(1)(d)anemployershall;

(a) ensurethatthemeasurementprogramme,inthecaseofagroupmeasurement,makesprovisionfortheselectionofthenumberofpersonsforasampletobedoneascontemplatedinchapters3and4andTechnicalAppendixAoftheOESSM:Providedthatsuchsamplesizeshallbechosenforthetop10%ofthegroupatthe95%confidencelevelforanHCAwithacontrollimitandforthetop10%ofthegroupatthe90%confidencelevelforanHCAwitharecommendedlimit;and

(b) subjecttothecriteriacontainedinregulation6(1),carryoutrepresentativemeasurementsatleastevery24monthsforanHCAwithanOELRLoranOELMLaslistedinTable2and3ofAnnexure2

(3) Inordertocomplywiththeprovisionsofsubregulation(1)(e),anemployershallobtaintheserviceofanapprovedinspectionauthoritywhoshall,atintervalsnotexceeding24months:

(a) verify,byexaminingthemeasurementandanalysisequipmentoftheemployerand

questioningthepersonreferredtoinsubregulation(1)(c),regardingthecarryingoutofthemeasurementprogramme;and

(b) entertheresultsoftheinvestigationandmeasurementsascontemplatedinsubregulation6(2)(a)and6(2)(b)respectively,intherecordrequiredbyregulation9.

7. Medicalsurveillance

(1) Anemployershallensurethatanemployeeisundermedicalsurveillanceif:

(a) theemployeemaybeexposedtoaagentlistedinTable4ofAnnexure2;

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(b) theexposureoftheemployeetoanyagenthazardoustohisorherhealthissuchthatanidentifiablediseaseoradverseeffecttohisorherhealthmayberelatedtotheexposure,thereisareasonablelikelihoodthatthediseaseoreffectmayoccurundertheparticularconditionsofhisorherworkandtherearetechniquestodiagnoseindicationsofthediseaseortheeffectasfarasisreasonablypracticable;or

(c) theoccupationalhealthpractitionerrecommendsthattherelevantemployeeshouldbeundermedicalsurveillanceinwhichcasetheemployermaycallonanoccupationalmedicinepractitionertoratifytheappropriatenessofsuchrecommendation.

(2) Inordertocomplywiththeprovisionsofsubregulation(1)theemployershall,asfarasisreasonablypracticable,ensure:

(a) thataninitialhealthevaluationiscarriedoutbyanoccupationalhealthpractitioner

immediatelybeforeorwithin14daysafterapersoncommencesemployment,whereanyexposureexistsormayexist,whichcomprises:(i) anevaluationoftheemployeesmedicalandoccupationalhistory;(ii) aphysicalexamination;and(iii) anyotheressentialexaminationwhichintheopinionoftheoccupationalhealth

practitionerisdesirableinordertoenablethepractitionertodoaproperevaluation.

(b) thatsubsequenttotheinitialhealthevaluationcontemplatedinsubregulation(a)the

relevantemployeeundergoesexaminationsascontemplatedinsubregulation(a)(ii)and(iii),atintervalsnotexceedingtwoyears,oratintervalsspecifiedbyanoccupationalmedicalpractitioner.

(3) Anemployershallnotpermitanemployeewhohasbeencertifiedunfitforworkbyanoccupational

medicinepractitionertoworkinaworkplaceorpartofaworkplaceinwhichheorshewouldbeexposed:Providedthattherelevantemployeemaybepermittedtoreturntoworkwhichwillexposehimorherifheorsheiscertifiedfitforthatworkbeforehandbyanoccupationalmedicinepractitioner.

(4) Theemployershallrecordandinvestigatetheincidentcontemplatedinsubregulation(3)incompliance

withregulation8oftheGeneralAdministrativeRegulations.

8. Respiratoryzone

Anemployershallensure:

(a) thatanyworkplaceorpartofaworkplaceunderhisorhercontrol,wheretheconcentrationofanHCAintheairisormaybe,suchthattheexposureofemployeesworkinginthatworkplaceexceedstherecommendedlimitwithoutthewearingofrespiratoryprotectiveequipment,iszonedasarespiratorzone;

(b) thatarespiratorzoneisclearlydemarcatedandidentifiedbynoticeindicatingthattherelevantareaisarespiratorzoneandthatpersonalprotectiveequipmentascontemplatedinregulation11mustbewornthere;and

(c) thatnopersonentersorremainsinarespiratorzoneunlessheorsheiswearingtherequiredpersonalprotectiveequipment.

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9. Records

Anemployershall:

(a) keeprecordsoftheresultsofallassessments,airmonitoring,andmedicalsurveillancereportsrequiredbyregulations5,6and7,respectively:Providedthatpersonalmedicalrecordsshallonlybemadeavailabletoanoccupationalhealthpractitioner;

(b) subjecttotheprovisionsofsubregulation(c),maketherecordscontemplatedinsubregulation(a),excludingpersonalmedicalrecords,availableforinspectionbyaninspector.

(c) allowanypersonsubjecttopersonalwrittenconsentofanemployee,toperusetherecordswithrespecttothatparticularemployee;

(d) maketherecordsofallassessmentsandairmonitoringavailableforperusalbytherelevanthealthandsafetyrepresentativesorrelevanthealthandsafetycommittee;

(e) keepallrecordsofassessmentsandairmonitoringforaminimumperiodof30years;(f) minimumperiodof30yearsandiftheemployerceasesactivities,allthoserecordsshall

behandedoverorforwardedbyregisteredposttotherelevantregionaldirector;and(g) keeparecordoftheinvestigationsandtestscarriedoutintermsofregulation12(b)and

ofanyrepairsresultingfromtheseinvestigationsandtests,andtherecordsshallbekeptforatleastthreeyears.

10. ControlofexposuretoHCA

(1) Anemployershallensurethattheexposureofanemployeeiseitherpreventedor,wherethisisnotreasonablypracticableadequatelycontrolled,providedthat:

(a) wherethereisexposureforwhichthereisarestrictedlimit,thecontroloftheexposure

shallberegardedasadequateifthelevelofexposureisbelowthatlimitoriftherelevantareaiszonedandthelevelofexposureisreducedtobelowthatrestrictedlimitbymeansofadequatepersonalprotectiveequipmentonlyafterthelevelhasbeenreducedtoaslowasisreasonablypracticablebyanyothermeansthanpersonalprotectiveequipment;or

(b) wherethereisexposureforwhichthereisamaximumlimit,thecontroloftheexposureshallberegardedasadequateiftheexposureisatalevelaslowasisreasonablypracticablebelowthatmaximumlimit:Providedthatinthecaseoftemporaryexcursionsabovethecontrollimit,theemployershallensure:

(i) thattheexcursioniswithoutasignificantriskfromexposure;(ii) thattheexcursionisnotindicativeofafailuretomaintainadequatecontrol;and

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(iii) thatduringtheexcursion,theareaistemporarilydemarcatedasprescribedinregulation8(b);andtheprovisionsofregulation11arecompliedwith.

(2) Wherereasonablypracticable,theemployershallcontroltheexposureofanemployeeby:

(a) limitingtheamountofanHCAusedwhichmaycontaminatetheworkingenvironment;(b) limitingthenumberofemployeeswhowillbeexposedormaybeexposed;(c) limitingtheperiodduringwhichanemployeewillbeexposedormaybeexposed;(d) usingasubstituteforanHCA;(e) introducingengineeringcontrolmeasuresforthecontrolofexposure,whichmayinclude

thefollowing:

(i) Processseparation,automationorenclosure;(ii) theinstallationoflocalextractionventilationsystemstoprocesses,equipment

andtoolsforthecontrolofemissionsofanairborneHCA;(iii) useofwetmethods;and(iv) separateworkplacesfordifferentprocesses;

(f) byintroducingappropriateworkprocedureswhichanemployeemustfollowwhere

materialsareusedorprocessesarecarriedoutwhichcouldgiverisetoexposureofanemployeeandthatproceduresshallincludewritteninstructionstoensure:

(i) thatanHCAissafelyhandled,usedanddisposedof;(ii) thatprocessmachinery,installations,equipment,toolsandlocalextractionand

generalventilationsystemsaresafelyusedandmaintained;(iii) thatmachineryandworkareasarekeptclean;and(iv) thatearlycorrectiveactioncanbereadilyidentified.

(3) AnemployershallensurethattheemissionofanHCAintotheatmospherecomplywiththeprovisions

oftheAtmosphericPollutionPreventionAct,1965(ActNo.45of1965).

11. Personalprotectiveequipmentandfacilities

(1) Ifitisnotreasonablypracticabletoensurethattheexposureofanemployeeisadequatelycontrolledascontemplatedinregulation10,theemployershall:

(a) inthecaseofanairborneHCA,providetheemployeewithsuitablerespiratoryprotective

equipmentandprotectiveclothing;and(b) inthecaseofanHCAwhichcanbeabsorbedthroughtheskin,providetheemployee

withsuitablenon-HCAimpermeableprotectiveequipment.

(2) An employer or self-employed person shall

(a) provide respiratory protective equipment and protective clothing suitable for protection against regulated asbestos fibres, to all person who may be exposed to asbestos, where respiratory protective equipment is provided to supplement engineering controls as required by regulation 10(2)(d);

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(b) ensure that the respiratory protective equipment provides the appropriate level of protection for the type of asbestos work to be undertaken.

(3) Whererespiratoryprotectiveequipmentisprovided,theemployershallensure:

(a) thattherelevantequipmentiscapableofcontrollingtheexposuretobelowtheOELfortherelevantHCA;

(b) thattherelevantequipmentiscorrectlyselectedandproperlyused;(c) thatinformation,instructions,trainingandsupervisionwhichisnecessarywithregardto

theuseoftheequipmentisknowntotheemployees;and(d) thattheequipmentiskeptingoodconditionandefficientworkingorder.

(4) Anemployershall,asfarasisreasonablypracticable:

(a) issuenousedpersonalprotectiveequipmenttoanemployee,unlesstherelevant

protectionequipmentisdecontaminatedandsterilised;(b) provideseparatecontainersorstoragefacilitiesforpersonalprotectiveequipmentwhen

notinuse;and(c) ensurethatallpersonalprotectiveequipmentnotinuseisstoredonlyintheplace

providedtherefore.

(5) Anemployershallasfarasisreasonablypracticable,ensurethatallcontaminatedpersonalprotectiveequipmentiscleanedandhandledinaccordancewiththefollowingprocedures:

(a) wheretheequipmentiscleanedonthepremisesofanemployer,careshallbetakento

preventcontaminationduringhandling,transportandcleaning;(b) wheretheequipmentissentoffthepremisestoacontractorforcleaningpurposes,the

equipmentshallbepackedinimpermeablecontainers;(c) thecontainersshallbetightlysealedandhaveclearindicationthereonthatthecontents

thereofarecontaminated;and(d) therelevantcontractorshallbefullyinformedoftherequirementsoftheseregulations

andtheprecautionstobetakenforthehandlingofthecontaminatedequipment.

(5) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubregulation(4)(b)anemployershallensurethatnopersonremovesdirtyorcontaminatedpersonalprotectiveequipmentfromthepremises:Providedthatwherecontaminatedpersonalprotectiveequipmenthastobedisposedof,itshallbetreatedasHCAwasteascontemplatedinregulation15.

(6) SubjecttotheprovisionsoftheFacilitiesRegulations,anemployershall,wherereasonablypracticable,

provideemployees,usingpersonalprotectiveequipmentascontemplatedinsubregulation(1),with:

(a) adequatewashingfacilitieswhicharereadilyaccessibleandlocatedinanareawherethefacilitieswillnotbecomecontaminated,inordertoenabletheemployeestomeetastandardofpersonalhygieneconsistentwiththeadequatecontrolofexposure,andtoavoidthespreadofanHCA;

(b) twoseparatelockersseparatelylabelled'protectiveclothing'and'personalclothing',andensurethattheclothingiskeptseparatelyinthelockerconcerned;and

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(c) separate'clean'and'dirty'changeroomsiftheemployerusesorprocessesanHCAtotheextentthattheHCAcouldendangerthehealthofpersonsoutsideoftheworkplace.

12. Maintenanceofcontrolmeasures

Anemployershallensure:

(a) thatallcontrolequipmentandfacilitiesprovidedintermsofregulations10and11aremaintainedingoodworkingorder;and

(b) thatthoroughexaminationsandtestsofengineeringcontrolmeasuresarecarriedoutatintervalsnotexceeding24monthsbyanapprovedinspectionauthority.

13. Prohibitions

Nopersonshallasfarasisreasonablypracticable:

(a) usecompressedairorpermittheuseofcompressedairtoremoveparticlesofanHCAfromanysurfaceorperson;

(b) smoke,eat,drinkorkeepfoodorbeveragesinarespiratorzoneorpermitanyotherpersontosmoke,eat,drinkorkeepfoodorbeveragesinthatzone;

(c) usestatementssuchas‘non-toxic’,‘non-harmful’,‘non-polluting’,‘non-hazardous’orotherstatementsindicatingthattheHCAisnothazardousoranyotherstatementsthatareinconsistentwithitsGHSclassification,shouldnotappearonthelabelorpackagingofanyHCA;and

(d) useanyprohibitedagent,whichmustnotbemanufactured,procured,used,handledorstoredwithintheworkplace;andOELsarenotprovidedinTable2and3ofAnnexure2,forthefollowingHCAs:

(i) prohibitedagents;(ii) OzoneDepletingSubstancescontrolledbytheMontrealProtocol,whichhasbeen

ratifiedbytheRepublicofSouthAfrica;and(iii) PersistentOrganicPollutantsprohibitedbytheProhibitionontheImport,Export,

Possession,Acquisition,Sale,UseandDisposalOfAgriculturalRemedies,undertheFertilizers,FarmFeeds,AgriculturalRemediesAndStockRemediesAct,1947(ActNo.36Of1947),andpublishedunderGovernmentNoticeNo.R.862of29July2016.

14. ClassificationofanHCA

Themanufacturerorimporterofachemicalagentshall,beforeitissuppliedtoaworkplace:

(a) determinewhetherthechemicalagentisanHCA;(b) ensurethatGHSclassificationiscarriedoutfortheHCA;and(c) reviewtheGHSclassification,shouldachangeincompositionbemade.

14A. SafetyDataSheet(SDS)

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(1) Subjecttosection10(3)(b)oftheAct,asafetydatasheet,foranHCAshallbe:

(a) preparedbyanimporteror,manufacturerbeforemanufactureandifnotreasonablypracticable,immediatelyaftermanufacturebutbeforeimport,providedthatthesafetydatasheetis:

(i) GHScompliant;(ii) classifiedfortheHCA,inaccordancewithregulation14;(iii) reviewedatleastonceevery5years;(iv) amendedwhenevernecessarytoensurethatitcontainscorrectandcurrent

information,alignedtoitsGHSclassificationrequiredinregulation14(2),whichincludesnewdataregardingthehazardpresentedbyanHCA,thatchangesitsclassificationinacategoryorsubcategoryofahazardclass,orresultsinitsclassificationinanotherhazardclass;and

(v) giventhemostrecentapplicabledatewhich,maybethedateoffirstissue,revieworamendment

(b) providedbythemanufacturerorimportertoanyperson,ifthepersonis:

(i) likelytobeexposedtotheHCA;(ii) amedicalpractitionerwhoneedstheinformationtotreatapersonwhohas

beenexposedtotheHCA;or(iii) anemergencyserviceprofessionalwhorequirestheinformationtofulfilhisor

herdutiesasanemergencyrespondent;

(c) providedbythesupplier,beforefirstsupplyingittoaworkplace;(d) obtainedbytheemployerbeforetheHCAisfirstsuppliedtotheworkplace;and(e) subregulations(1)(a)and(b)donotapplytoamanufacturerorimporterofanHCAwhohas

notmanufacturedorimportedtheHCAinthepast5years.

(2) TheinformationintheGHScompliantsafetydatasheetshouldbepresentedusingthefollowing16headingsintheordergivenbelow,asmaybeupdatedfromtimetotime:

(a) Section1:identificationofthesubstance/mixtureandofthecompany/undertaking;(b) Section2:hazardsidentification;(c) Section3:composition/informationoningredients;(d) Section4:firstaidmeasures;(e) Section5:firefightingmeasures;(f) Section6:accidentalreleasemeasure;(g) Section7:handlingandstorage;(h) Section8:exposurecontrols/personalprotection;(i) Section9:physicalandchemicalproperties;(j) Section10:stabilityandreactivity;(k) Section11:toxicologicalinformation;(l) Section12:ecologicalinformation;(m) Section13:disposalconsiderations;(n) Section14:transportinformation;(o) Section15:regulatoryinformation;and(p) Section16:otherinformation.

18

14B. LabellingofanHCA

(1) WithregardtolabellingofanHCA:

(a)amanufacturerorimporterofanHCAshallensurethattheHCAiscorrectlylabelledassoonaspracticableaftermanufacturingorimporting;

(b)asupplierofanHCAshallnotsupplyanHCA,ifitisnotcorrectlylabelled;(c)aretailerofanHCAshallnotsupplyconsumerproductscontainingHCAs,tobeused

inaworkplace,iftheyarenotcorrectlylabelled;and(d)anemployershall:

(i) ensurethatanHCAused,handledorstoredattheworkplaceiscorrectlylabelled;

(ii) ensurethatacontainerlabelledforahazardouschemicalisusedonlyfortheuse,handlingorstorageofthathazardouschemical;

(iii)sofarasisreasonablypracticable,ensurethatwhenanHCAistransferredordecantedattheworkplace,fromitsoriginalcontainerintoadestinationcontainer,thedestinationcontaineriscorrectlylabelledforthatHCA;and

(iv)sofarasisreasonablypracticable,thatahazardouschemicalinpipeworkisidentifiedbyalabel,signoranotherwayonornearthepipework.

(2) Subjecttotheprovisionsofsubregulation(1)anHCAiscorrectlylabelled,iftheselectionanduseoflabelelementsisinaccordancewiththeGHSandispackedinacontainerthathasalabel:

(a) whichshallinclude:

(i) wordinginatleasttheEnglishlanguage;(ii) theproductidentifierandwhereapplicabletheUNpropershippingname;(iii) thechemicalidentityofallHCAingredients;(iv) thename,address,businessandtelephonenumberofthemanufacturer;or

theimporter;(v) anemergencytelephonenumber,wheresupportisavailableinatleastthe

Englishlanguage;and(vi) anysignalword,hazardstatement,precautionarystatementandpictogram

consistentwiththeGHSclassificationoftheHCA,madeinaccordancewithRegulation14.

(b) whichmayinclude:

(i) thequantityoftheHCAinthepackage,unlessthisquantityisspecified

elsewhereonthepackage;(ii) thequantityofeachHCAingredient;(iii) anyinformationaboutthehazards,firstaidandemergencyprocedures

relevanttotheHCA,nototherwiseincludedinthehazardstatementorprecautionarystatement;

19

(iv) firstaidmeasures;and(v) anexpirydate.

14C. PackagingofanHCA

(1) PackagingforanHCAshallsatisfytherelevantrequirementsofUNTransportofDangerousGoodsforpackagingandfastenings,orwhereapplicabletheUNIMOInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode,includingthefollowingrequirements:

(a) ThemanufacturerorimporterofanHCAshallensurethattheHCAiscorrectlypacked,assoonasreasonablypracticableaftermanufacturingorimporting,wherecorrectlypackedmeans:

(i) isinsoundcondition;(ii) willsafelycontainthechemicalforthetimethechemicalislikelytobe

packed;(iii) ismadeofmaterialthatiscompatiblewith,andwillnotbeadverselyaffected

by,thechemical;(iv) thepackagingandfasteningsarestrongandsolidthroughout,toensurethat

theywillnotloosenandwillmeetthenormalstressesandstrainsofhandling;and

(v) doesnotusuallycontainfoodorbeveragesandcannotbemistakenlyidentifiedascontainingfoodorbeverages.

(2) Asupplier,shallnotsupplytheHCAifitisnotcorrectlypacked,ascontemplatedinsubregulation(1).

(3) WherearetailersuppliesanHCAinacontainerthatissuppliedbythepersonpurchasingthechemical,thentheretailershallensurethattheHCAiscorrectlypackedascontemplatedinsubregulation(1).

(4) Theemployerorself-employedpersonshallonlyreceive,use,handleorstoreanHCAifitiscorrectly

packed,ascontemplatedinsubregulation(1).

(5) Anemployershallasfarasreasonablypracticable,ensurethatacontaineroravehicleinwhichanHCAistransportedisclearlyidentifiedandincompliancewiththeNationalRoadTrafficAct,1996(ActNo.93of1996).

15. DisposalofHazardousChemicalAgents

Anemployershall,asfarasisreasonablypracticable:

(1) EnsurethatallHCAwasteisclassifiedanddisposedofaswasteintermsofthefollowinglegislation,asupdatedfromtimetotime:

(a) NationalEnvironmentalManagement:WasteAct,no59of2008;(b) Wasteclassificationandmanagementregulations,2013;(c) Nationalnormsandstandardsfortheassessmentofwasteforlandfilldisposal,2013;

and

20

(d) Nationalnormsandstandardsfordisposalofwastetolandfill,2013.

(2) EnsurethatallcollectableHCAwasteisplacedintocontainersthatwillpreventthelikelihoodofexposureduringhandling.

(3) Ensurethatallvehicles,re-usablecontainersandcoverswhichhavebeenincontactwithHCAwastearecleanedanddecontaminatedafteruseinsuchawaythatthevehicles,containersorcoversdonotcauseahazardinsideoroutsidethepremisesconcerned.

(4) Ensurethatallemployeesoccupiedinthecollection,transportanddisposalofHCAwaste,whomaybeexposedtothatwaste,areprovidedwithsuitablepersonalprotectiveequipment.

(5) Ensurethatiftheservicesofawastedisposalcontractorareused,aprovisionisincorporatedintothecontractstatingthatthecontractorshallalsocomplywiththeprovisionsoftheseregulations.

16. Offencesandpenalties

Anypersonwhocontravenesorfailstocomplywithanyprovisionofregulation3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,14A,14B,14Cor15shallbeguiltyofanoffenceandliableonconvictiontoafineortoimprisonmentforaperiodnotexceedingsixmonthsand,inthecaseofacontinuousoffence,toanadditionalfineofR500foreachdayonwhichtheoffencecontinuesoradditionalimprisonmentofonedayforeachdayonwhichtheoffencecontinuous:Providedthattheperiodofsuchadditionalimprisonmentshallinnocaseexceed90days.

17. Shorttitle

TheRegulationsforHazardousChemicalSubstances,1995.publishedunderGovernmentNoticeNo.R.1179of25August1995,areherebyrepealed.TheseregulationsshallbecalledtheRegulationsforHazardousChemicalAgents,2018.

21

ANNEXURE1

Table1:GHSHAZARDCLASSES1–PHYSICALHAZARDS

HAZARDCLASSES CATEGORIES/DIVISIONS/TYPES

Flammablegases Cat1 Cat2

Aerosolsflammableandnon-flammable

Cat1 Cat2

Oxidisinggases Cat1

Gasesunderpressure Cat1Compressedgas Liquefiedgas Refrigeratedliquefiedgas Dissolvedgas

Flammableliquids Cat1 Cat2 Cat3

Flammablesolids Cat1 Cat2 Self-reactiveagentsandmixtures TypeA TypeB TypeC TypeD TypeE TypeF TypeGPyrophoricliquids Cat1

Pyrophoricsolids Cat1Self-heatingofagentsormixtures, Cat1 Cat2 Agentsormixtureswhichincontactwithwateremitflammablegases

Cat1 Cat2 Cat3

Oxidisingliquids Cat1 Cat2 Cat3Oxidisingsolids Cat1 Cat2 Cat3Organicperoxides TypeA TypeB TypeC TypeD TypeE TypeF Corrosivetometals Cat1

22

GHSHAZARDCLASSES2–HEALTHHAZARDS

HAZARDCLASSES CATEGORIES

Acutetoxicity Cat1 Cat2 Cat3 Cat4 Oral Dermal Inhalation

Skincorrosion/irritation Cat1 Cat2 Seriouseyedamage/eyeirritation Cat1 Cat2

Respiratoryorskinsensitisation Cat1

Germcellmutagenicity Cat1 Cat2 Carcinogenicity Cat1 Cat2 Reproductivetoxicity Cat1 Cat2 Lactation SpecificTargetOrganToxicity-Singleexposure

Cat1 Cat2 Cat3

SpecificTargetOrganToxicity-Repeatedexposure

Cat1 Cat2

Aspirationhazard Cat1 Note:wheresubcategoriesexist,theyareincludedwithinthecategory

1,2GHSRev62015

23

ANNEXURE2

Table1.Prohibitedhazardouschemicalagents

CASnumber

Chemical Usecategory Uselimitation

92-67-1 4-AMINOPHENYLanditssalts B92-87-5 BENZIDINEanditssalts B91-59-8 2-NAPHTYLAMINEanditssalts B92-93-3 4-NITROPHENYL B1336-36-3 POLYCHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS(PCB),exceptMONO-andDICHLORINATEDBIPHENYLS I B61788-33-8 POLYCHLORINATEDTERPHENYLS(PCT) I B PREPARATIONSwithaPCBorPCTcontenthigherthan0.01%byweight I BAbbreviations:Usecategory:I:industrialchemicalUselimitation:B:ban

24

Table2.Occupationalexposurelimits-Maximumlimitsforhazardouschemicalagents

AGENT

CASNUMBER

FORMULA

RHCA-OEL

ppm

RHCA-OEL

mg/m'

RHCA-STEL/C

ppm

RHCA-STEL/C

mg/m'

NOTATIONS

A Acrylamide 79-06-1 CH2=CHCONH2 - 0.06 - - CARC,SKINAcrylonitrile 107-13-1 CH2=CHCN 4 - - - SKINArsenic&compounds,exceptArsine[asAs]

7440-38-2 As - 0.02 - - CARC

Asbestos,allforms.SeeAsbestosRegulations

1332-21-4 - - - - - CARC

B Benzene 71-43-2 C6H6 1 - 5 - CARC,SKIN

Bis(chloromethyl)ether[BCME] 542-88-1 (CH2Cl)2O 0.002 - - - CARC

1,3-Butadiene[Buta-1,3-diene] 106-99-0 CH2=(CH)2=CH2 4 - - - CARC

2-Butoxyethanol[EGBE] 111-76-2 - 40 - - -

C

Cadmiumandcompounds[asCd] 7440-43-9(metal) Cd(metal)

CARC(cadmiummetal,cadmiumchloride,fluorideandsulphate)

Respirableparticulate - 0.004 - -

Totalparticulate - 0.02 - - Carbondisulphide 75-15-0 CS2 2 - - - SKINChromium,metalandinorganiccompounds[asCr]

7440-47-3(metal) Cr(metal)

25

WatersolubleCr[VI]compounds

- 0.1 - -CARC,RSEN,SKIN

InsolubleCr[VI]compounds - 0.02 - -CARC,RSEN,SKIN

D

1,2-Dibromoethane 106-93-4 BrCH2CH2Br 0.5 - - - CARC,SKIN

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 CH2Cl2 100 - - - SKIN,CARC2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline[MbOCA]

101-14-4 CH2(C6H3ClNH2)2 0.02 - - - CARC,SKIN

E

2-Ethoxyethanol[EGEE],[Ethyleneglycolmonoethylether]

110-80-5CH3CH2OCH2CH2O

H10 - - - SKIN

2-Ethoxyethylacetate[EGEEA],[Ethyleneglycolmonoethyletheracetate]

111-15-9C2H5OCH2CH2OOC

CH310 - - - SKIN

Ethyleneoxide 75-21-8 CH2CH2O 2 - - - CARCF

Formaldehyde 50-00-0 HCHO - - 0.6 -CARC,DSEN,RSEN

G Graindust(oat,wheat,barley,maize,rye)

- - - 8 - - RSEN

H Hydrogencyanide[asCN] 74-90-8 HCN - - 9.4 - SKIN

I K L

LeadandcompoundsSeeLead

RegulationsPb

SeeLeadRegulations

CARC(Leadcompounds,inorganic)

Tetraethyllead[asPb] 78-00-2 SeeLead

Regulations SKIN

26

Tetramethyllead[asPb] 75-74-1 SeeLead

Regulations SKIN

M N Nickelanditsinorganiccompounds[asNi]

7440-02-0

Solubleinorganiccompounds

- 0.2 - - CARC

Insolubleinorganiccompounds

- 0.4 - - CARC

O P Q R Rubberfume - - - 0.4 - - CARCS *Silica,crystalline,respirableparticulate:

Cristobalite 14464-46-1 SiO - 0.1 - - CARCQuartz 14808-60-7 SiO2 - 0.1 - - CARCTridymite 15468-32-3 SiO2 - 0.1 - - Tripoli 1317-95-9 SiO2 - 0.1 - -

Styrene,monomer 100-42-5 C6H5CH=CH2 40 - 80 - CARCT Talc(containingasbestosfibers),respirableparticulate

14807-96-6 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 SeeAsbestosRegulations

CARC

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 CH3CCl3 700 - 900 - Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 CCl2=CHCl 20 - 50 - CARC,SKINU V **Vinylchloride 75-01-4 H2C=CHCl 2 - - - CARCW

27

Wooddustspecies:oak,beech,birch,mahogany,teakandwalnut

- - - 2 - - CARC,RSEN

X Y Z

Abbreviations:Carc:Denotescarcinogenicity,whichisbasedonIARCcategorisationincludingcategory1A,1BandCategory2;RSEN:Respiratorysensitisation,potentialtoproducerespiratorysensitisationDSEN:Dermalsensitisation,potentialtoproducedermalsensitisationRSENandDSENdonotimplythatsensitisationisthecriticaleffectonwhichtheOELisbased,nordotheyimplythatthiseffectisthesolebasisfortheagentsOEL;Skin:Dangerofcutaneousabsorption.Referstothepotentialsignificantcontributiontotheoverallexposurebythecutaneousrouteincludingmucousmembranesandtheeyesbycontactwithvapours,liquidsandsolids.Overexposuremayalsooccurfollowingdermalcontactwithliquidsandaerosols,evenwhenairborneexposuresatorbelowtheOEL.

Note:*Allindustrieshandling,manufacturingandproducingsilicadustarerequiredtosubmitbi-annualreportsthatincludesthefollowing:§ numberofsamplestakenandanalysed§ compositionofdust§ concentrationoftheconstituentsand§ whethertheemployeriscomplyingwiththeOccupationalExposureLimit,itnot,whatstepsareimplementedtocomplywiththeexposurelimit.

28

Table3.Occupationalexposurelimits-Restrictedlimitsforhazardouschemicalagents

AGENTCAS

NUMBERFORMULA RHCA-OEL

RHCA-OEL

RHCA-STEL/C RHCA-STEL/C NOTATIONS

ppm mg/m' ppm mg/m' A Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 CH3CHO - - 50 - CARCAceticacid 64-19-7 CH3COOH 20 - 30 - Aceticanhydride 108-24-7 (CH3CO)2O 2 - 6 - Acetone 67-64-1 (CH3)2CO 500 - 1000 - Acetonitrile 75-05-8 CH3CN 40 - - - SKIN

Acetylsalicylicacid[Asprin] 50-78-2CH3COOC6H4CO

OH- 10 - -

Acrolein[Acrylaldehyde] 107-02-8 CH2=CHCHO - - 0.2 - SKINAcrylicacid 79-10-7 CH2=CHCOOH 4 - - - SKINAldrin 309-00-2 C12H8Cl6 - 0.1 - - SKINAllylalcohol 107-18-6 CH2=CHCH2OH - 1 - - SKINAllylchloride 107-05-1 CH2=CHCH2Cl 2 - 4 - SKINAllylglycidylether[AGE] 106-92-3 C6H10O2 2 - - - Aluminiummetalandinsolublecompounds[asAl],respirableparticulate:

7429-90-5(metal)

Al(metal) - 2 - -

Aminodimethylbenzene 95-64-7 SeeXylidine

2-Aminoethanol 141-43-5 NH2CH2CH2OH SeeEthanolamine

Ammonia,anhydrous 7664-41-7 NH3 50 - 70 - Ammoniumchloride,fume 12125-02-9 NH4Cl - 20 - 40 Ammoniumsulphamate 7773-06-0 NH2SO3NH4 - 20 - - Aniline 62-53-3 C6H5NH2 4 - - - SKINAnisidines,o-andp-isomers

90-04-0104-94-9

NH2C6H4OCH3 - 1 - - CARC,SKIN

29

Antimony&compounds[asSb]exceptAntimonytrisulphide&Antimonytrioxide&Antimonyhydride

7440-36-0 Sb - 1 - - CARC

Antimonyhydride 7803-52-3 SeeStibine Arsine 7784-42-1 AsH3 0.01 - - - Asphalt,petroleumfumes 8052-42-4 - - 1 - - CARCAtrazine 1912-24-9 C8H14ClN5 - 4 - - Azinphos-methyl 86-50-0 C10H12O3PS2N3 - 0.4 - - DSEN,SKINB

Barium&solublecompounds[asBa]

7440-39-3 - - 1 - -

Bariumsulphate,respirableparticulate:

7727-43-7 BaSO4 - 5 - -

Benomyl 17804-35-2 C14H18N4O3 - 2 - - DSENBenzene-1,2,4,-tricarboxylicacid1,2-anhydride

552-30-7 C9H4O5 - 0.001 - 0.004DSEN,RSEN,SKIN

p-Benzoquinone 106-51-4 C6H4O2 0.2 - - - Benzoylperoxide 94-36-0 (C6H5CO)2O2 - 10 - - Benzylchloride 100-44-7 C6H5CH2Cl 2 - - - CARCBeryllium&compounds[asBe]

7440-41-7 Be - 0.0001 - -DSEN,RSEN,SKIN

Biphenyl 92-52-4 C6H5C6H5 0.4 - - - Bismuthtelluride[asBi2Te3]

Undoped 1304-82-1 Bi2Te3 - 20 - - Selenium-doped - - 10 - - Borates,tetra,sodiumsalts

Anhydrous 1330-43-4 Na2B4O7 - 4 - 12

30

Decahydrate 1303-96-4 Na2B4O7.10H2O - 4 - 12 Pentahydrate 12179-04-3 Na2B4O7.5H2O - 4 - 12

Boronoxide 1303-86-2 B2O3 - 20 - - Borontribromide 10294-33-4 BBr3 - - 1.4 - Borontrifluoride 7637-07-2 BF3 - - 1.4 - Bromacil 314-40-9 C9H13BrN2O2 - 20 - - Bromine 7726-95-6 Br2 0.2 - 0.4 - Brominepentafluoride 7789-30-2 BrF5 0.2 - - - Bromoethane 74-96-4 CH3CH2Br 10 - - - SKINBromoethylene 593-60-2 CH2=CHBr SeeVinylbromide Bromoform 75-25-2 CHBr3 1 - - -

Bromomethane 74-83-9 CH3Br SeeMethylbromide

n-Butane 106-97-8 CH3CH2CH2CH3 - - 2000 - 2-Butanol[sec-Butylalcohol]

78-92-2CH3CH(OH)CH2C

H3200 - - -

tert-Butanol[tert-Butylalcohol]

75-65-0 (CH3)3COH 200 - - -

trans-But-2-enal SeeCrotonaldehyde SKIN

n-Butylacetate 123-86-4CH3COO(CH2)3C

H3100 - 300 -

sec-Butylacetate 105-46-4 C6H12O2 100 - 300 - tert-Butylacetate 540-88-5 CH3COOC(CH3)3 100 - 300 -

Butylacrylate 141-32-2CH2=CHCOOC4H

94 - - - DSEN

n-Butylamine 109-73-9 CH3(CH2)3NH2 - - 10 - SKIN

n-Butylglycidylether[BGE] 2426-08-6C4H9OCH2CHCH

2O6 - - - DSEN,SKIN

n-Butyllactate 138-22-7CH3CH(OH)COOC

4H910 - - -

o-sec-Butylphenol 89-72-5C2H5(CH3)CHC6

H4OH10 - - - SKIN

C Calciumcyanamide 156-62-7 CaNC≡N - 1 - -

31

Calciumhydroxide 1305-62-0 Ca(OH)2 - 10 - - Calciumoxide 1305-78-8 CaO - 4 - - Calciumsilicate,[naturallyoccuringasWollastonite] 1344-95-2 CaSiO3 - 2 - -

Calciumsulphate[includingPlasterofParis&Gypsum]

7778-18-910034-76-110101-41-413397-24-5

CaSO4 - 20 - -

Camphor,synthetic 76-22-2 C10H16O 4 - 6 - Caprolactum

Dustonly 105-60-2 NH(CH2)5CO - 10 - - Vapour - 10 - -

Captafol 2425-06-1 C10H9Cl4NO2S - 0.2 - - CARC,SKINCaptan 133-06-2 C9H8Cl3NO2S - 10 - - DSEN,SKIN

Carbaryl 63-25-2CH3NHCOOC10H

7- 1 - - SKIN

Carbofuran 1563-66-2 C12H15NO3 - 0.2 - - Carbonblack 1333-86-4 C - 6 - - CARCCarbondioxide 124-38-9 CO2 10000 - 60000 - Carbonmonoxide 630-08-0 CO 50 - - - Carbontetrabromide 558-13-4 CBr4 0.2 - 0.6 - Carbontetrachloride 56-23-5 CCl4 10 - 20 - CARC,SKINCatechol 120-80-9 C6H4(OH)2 10 - - - CARC,SKINCellulose 9004-34-6 (C6H10O5)n - 20 - - Cement[Portlandcement],

respirableparticulate- - - 2 - -

Chlordane 57-74-9 C10H6Cl8 - 1 - - CARC,SKINChlorine 7782-50-5 Cl2 1 - 2 - Chlorinedioxide 10049-04-4 ClO2 0.2 - 0.6 - Chlorinetrifluoride 7790-91-2 ClF3 - - 0.2 - 2-Chloroacetophenone 532-27-4 C6H5COCH2Cl 0.1 - - - Chloroacetylchloride 79-04-9 ClCH2COCl 0.1 - 0.3 - SKIN

32

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 C6H5Cl 20 - - - SKINChlorobromomethane 74-97-5 CH2BrCl 400 - - - Chlorodifluoromethane 75-45-6 CHClF2 2000 - - - Chlorodiphenyl[PCBs] - - - - CARC,SKIN

Chlorodiphenyl(42%chlorine)

53469-21-9C6H4ClC6H3Cl2

(Approx)- 2 - - CARC,SKIN

Chlorodiphenyl(54%chlorine)

11097-69-1C6H3Cl2C6H2Cl3

(Approx)- 1 - - CARC,SKIN

1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane

106-89-8 C3H5OCl SeeEpichlorohydrin

Chloroethane 75-00-3 CH3CH2Cl SeeEthylchloride

2-Chloroethanol 107-07-3 CH2ClCH2OH SeeEthylenechlorohydrin

Chloroethylene 75-01-4 H2C=CHCl SeeVinylchloride Chloroform 67-66-3 CHCl3 20 - - - CARC,SKINChloropentafluoroethane 76-15-3 CClF2CF3 2000 - - - Chloropicrin 76-06-2 CCl3NO2 0.2 - - - beta-Chloroprene 126-99-8 CH2=CClCH=CH2 20 - - - CARC,SKINalpha-Chlorotoluene 100-44-7 C6H5CH2Cl SeeBenzylchloride 2-Chlorotoluene[o-Chlorotoluene]

95-49-8 ClC6H4CH3 100 - - -

2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine

1929-82-4 ClC5H3NCCl3 SeeNitrapyrin

Chlorpyrifos

2921-88-2 C9H11Cl3NO3PS 0.2 SKIN

33

Chromium,metalandinorganiccompounds[asCr]

MetalandCr[III]compounds

7440-47-3(metal)

Cr(metal) - 1 - -

Coaldust,respirableparticulate:

- -

Anthracite - 0.8 - - BituminousorLignite - 1.8 - -

Coaltarpitchvolatiles[ascyclohexanesolublefraction]

65996-93-2 - - 0.4 - - CARC

Cobalt&cobaltinorganiccompounds[asCo]

7440-48-4(metal)

Co(metal) - 0.04 - - CARC,RSEN

Copper: Fume(copperoxide)[as

Cu]1317-38-0 CuO - 0.4 - -

Dusts&mists[asCu]7440-50-8(metal)

Cu(metal) - 2 - -

Cottondust,raw,untreated

-

Cottondust(lessfly) - - - - Cottondust(thoracic

fraction) - - 0.2 - -

Cresols,allisomers

95-48-7,106-44-5,

108-39-4,1319-77-3

CH3C6H4OH - 40 - - SKIN

Crotonaldehyde 4170-30-3 CH3CH=CHCHO - - 0.6 - SKIN

Cumene 98-82-8 C6H5CH(CH3)2 100 - - - CARC,SKINCyanamide 420-04-2 NH2CN - 4 - - SKINCyanidesalts[asCN]

34

Calciumcyanide 592-01-8 Ca(CN)2 - - - 10 SKINPotassiumcyanide 151-50-8 KCN - - - 10 SKINSodiumcyanide 143-33-9 NaCN - - - 10 SKINCyanogen 460-19-5 (CN)2 - - 10 - Cyanogenchloride 506-77-4 ClCN - - 0.6 - Cyclohexane 110-82-7 C6H12 200 - - - Cyclohexanol 108-93-0 C6H11OH 100 - - - SKINCyclohexanone 108-94-1 C6H10O 40 - 100 - SKINCyclohexene 110-83-8 C6H10 600 - - - Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 C6H11NH2 20 - - - Cyclonite[RDX] 121-82-4 C3H6N6O6 - 1 - - SKINCyhexatin 13121-70-5 (C6H11)3SnOH - 10 - - SKIND DMDT[p,p'-Dimethoxydiphenyltrichloroethane]

- - See

Methoxychlor

Diacetonealcohol 123-42-2CH3COCH2C(CH3

)2OH100 - - -

Diazinon 333-41-5 C12H21N2O3PS - 0.02 - - CARC,SKINDiazomethane 334-88-3 CH2N2 0.4 - - -

Dibenzoylperoxide 94-36-0 (C6H5CO)2O2 SeeBenzoylperoxide

Diborane 19287-45-7 B2H6 0.2 - - -

Diborontrioxide 1303-86-2 B2O3 SeeBoronoxide

Dibromodifluoromethane[Difluorodibromomethane]

75-61-6 CBr2F2 200 - - -

Dibutylphenylphosphate 2528-36-1 C14H23O4P 0.6 - - - SKINDibutylphosphate 107-66-4 (C4H9O)2(OH)PO - 10 - - SKINDibutylphthalate 84-74-2 C6H4(CO2C4H9)2 - 10 - - Dichloroacetylene 7572-29-4 ClC=CCl - - 0.2 - 1,2-Dichlorobenzene[o-Dichlorobenzene]

95-50-1 C6H4Cl2 50 - 100 - SKIN

35

1,4-Dichlorobenzene[p-Dichlorobenzene]

106-46-7 C6H4Cl2 20 - - - CARC

Dichlorodifluoromethane[Difluorodichloromethane]

75-71-8 CCl2F2 2000 - - -

1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

118-52-5 C5H6Cl2N2O2 - 0.4 - 0.8

1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 CH3CHCl2 200 - - - SKIN1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 ClCH2CH2Cl 20 - - - CARC,SKIN1,1-Dichloroethylene 75-35-4 CH2=CCl2 - 10 - - 1,2Dichloroethylene,cis&transisomers

540-59-0 ClCH=CHCl 400 - - -

Dichlorofluoromethane 75-43-4 CHCl2F 20 - - - 1,3-Dichloropropene(cisandtransisomers)

542-74-6 2 - - - CARC,SKIN

1,3-Dichloropropene,cis&transisomers

542-75-6 ClHC=CHCH2Cl 2 - - - CARC,SKIN

1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

76-14-2 CClF2CClF2 2000 - - -

Dichlorvos[DDVP] 62-73-7(CH3O)2POOCH=

CCl2- 0.2 - -

CARC,DSEN,SKIN

Dicyclopentadiene 77-73-6 C10H12 10 - - - Dicyclopentadienyliron(asFe)

102-54-5 (C5H5)2Fe - 20 - -

Dieldrin 60-57-1 C12H8Cl6O - 0.2 - - SKINDiethanolamine 111-42-2 (CH2CH2OH)2NH - 2 - - CARC,SKINDiethylamine 109-89-7 (C2H5)2NH 10 - 30 - SKIN

2-Diethylaminoethanol 100-37-8(C2H5)2NCH2CH

2OH4 - - - SKIN

1,4-Diethylenediamine 110-85-0 C4H10N2 SeePiperazine

Diethylenetriamine[DETA] 111-40-0(NH2CH2CH2)2N

H2 - - - SKIN

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate[DEHP]

117-81-7C6H4(COOC8H17

)2- 10 - - CARC

36

Diethylketone 96-22-0CH3CH2COCH2C

H3400 - 600 -

Diethylphthalate 84-66-2C6H4(COOC2H5)

2- 10 - -

Diglycidylether[DGE] 2238-07-5 (OCH2CHCH2)2O 0.02 - - - o-Dihydroxybenzene C6H4(OH)2 SeeCatechol m-Dihydroxybenzene 108-46-3 C6H4(OH)2 SeeResorcinol p-Dihydroxybenzene C6H4(OH)2 SeeHydroquinone

Diisobutylketone 108-83-8[(CH3)2CHCH2]2

CO50 - - -

Diisopropylamine 108-18-9(CH3)2CHNHCH(C

H3)210 - - - SKIN

N,N-Dimethylacetamide 127-19-5 CH3CON(CH3)2 20 - - - SKINDimethylamine 124-40-3 (CH3)2NH 10 - 30 - DSENN,N-Dimethylaniline 121-69-7 C6H5N(CH3)2 10 - 20 - SKIN1,3-Dimethylbutylacetate 108-84-9 C8H16O2 100 - - - N,N-Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 HCON(CH3)2 20 - - - CARC,SKINDimethylphthalate 131-11-3 C6H4(COOCH3)2 - 10 - - Dimethylsulphate 77-78-1 (CH3)2SO4 0.2 - - - CARC,SKINDinitolmide 148-01-6 C8H7N3O5 - 2 - - Dinitrobenzene,allisomers 25154-54-5 C6H4(NO2)2 0.3 - - - SKIN

Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1CH3C6H2(OH)(N

O2)2- 0.4 - - SKIN

Dinitrotoluene 25321-14-6 CH3C6H3(NO2)2 - 0.4 - - CARC,SKIN

1,4-Dioxane 123-91-1OCH2CH2OCH2C

H240 - - - CARC,SKIN

Dioxathion 78-34-2 C12H26O6P2S2 - 0.2 - - SKINDiphenylamine 122-39-4 (C6H5)2NH - 20 - -

Diquat[Diquat]85-00-7

2764-72-96385-62-2

C12H12Br2N2 SKIN

Totalparticulate - - - 1 - -

Respirableparticulate - - - 0.2 - -

37

Disulfoton 298-04-4 C8H19O2PS3 - 0.1 - - SKIN6,6-Di-tert-butyl-4,4'-thiodi-m-cresol

96-69-5 C22H30O2S - - - -

Diuron 330-54-1 C9H10Cl2N2O - 20 - - Divinylbenzene[DVB] 1321-74-0 C6H4(HC=CH2)2 20 - - - E Endosulfan 115-29-7 C9H6Cl6O3S - 0.2 - - SKINEndrin 72-20-8 C12H8Cl6O - 0.2 - - SKINEnflurane 13838-16-9 CHFClCF2OCHF2 150 - - - Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 C3H5OCl - 1 - - CARC,SKIN1,2-Epoxy-4-epoxyethyl-cyclo-hexane

106-87-6 C8H12O2 See4-Vinyl

cyclohexenedioxide

2,3-Epoxypropylisopropylether

4016-14-2 C6H12O2 SeeIsopropyl

glycidylether[IGE]

Ethanethiol 75-08-1 CH3CH2SH SeeEthylmercaptan

Ethanol[Ethylalcohol] 64-17-5 CH3CH2OH - - 2000 - Ethanolamine 141-43-5 NH2CH2CH2OH 6 - 24 - Ethylacetate 141-78-6 CH3COOC2H5 800 - - -

Ethylacrylate 140-88-5CH2=CHCOOC2H

510 - 30 - CARC

Ethylamine 75-04-7 CH3CH2NH2 10 - 30 - SKINEthylamylketone 541-85-5 C8H16O 20 - - - Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 CH3CH2C6H5 40 - - - CARC,SKIN

Ethylbromide 74-96-4 CH3CH2Br SeeBromoethane

Ethylbutylketone 106-35-4CH3CH2CO(CH2)

3CH3100 - 150 - SKIN

Ethylchloride 75-00-3 CH3CH2Cl 200 - - - SKINEthylenechlorohydrin 107-07-3 CH2ClCH2OH - - 2 - SKINEthylenediamine 107-15-3 NH2CH2CH2NH2 20 - - -

Ethylenedibromide 106-93-4 BrCH2CH2Br See1,2-

Dibromoethane

38

Ethylenedichloride 107-06-2 ClCH2CH2Cl See1,2-

Dichloroethane

Ethyleneglycol,totalparticulate

107-21-1 - - - 200 SKIN

Ethyleneglycoldinitrate[EGDN]

628-96-6O2NOCH2CH2ON

O20.1 - - - SKIN

Ethyleneglycolmethylether

109-86-4 CH3OCH2CH2OH 0.2 - - -

Ethyleneglycolmonomethyletheracetate[EGMEA]

110-49-6CH3COOCH2CH2

OCH30.2 - - - SKIN

Ethyleneimine 151-56-4 CH2NHCH2 0.1 - 0.2 - CARC,SKIN

Ethylether[Diethylether] 60-29-7 C2H5OC2H5 800 - 1000 -

Ethylformate 109-94-4 CH3CH2OCHO - - 200 - Ethylidenedichloride 75-34-3 CH3CHCl2 - - - - Ethylmercaptan 75-08-1 CH3CH2SH 1 - - - 4-Ethylmorpholine[N-Ethylmorpholine]

100-74-3 C4H8ONCH2CH3 10 - - - SKIN

Ethylsilicate 78-10-4 Si(OC2H5)4 20 - - - F

Fenchlorphos 299-84-3(CH3O)2PSOC6H

2Cl3- 10 - -

Ferbam 14484-64-1 [(CH3)2NCSS]3Fe - 10 - -

Ferrocene 102-54-5 (C5H5)2Fe See

Dicyclopentadienyliron

Fluorides[inorganicasF] 16984-48-8 F - 5 - - Fluorine 7782-41-4 F2 2 - 4 - Formamide 75-12-7 HCONH2 20 - - - SKINFormicacid 64-18-6 HCOOH 10 - 20 - Furfural[2-Furaldehyde] 35796 C5H4O2 4 - - - SKIN

39

Furfurylalcohol 98-00-0OCH=CHCH=CCH

2OH20 - 30 - SKIN

G Germaniumtetrahydride[Germane]

7782-65-2 GeH4 0.4 - - -

Glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 OCH(CH2)3CHO - - 0.1 - DSEN,RSENGraphite,natural&synthetic,respirableparticulate

7782-42-5 C - 4 - -

Guthion 86-50-0 C10H12O3PS2N3 - - - - H Hafnium 7440-58-6 Hf - 1 - - Halothane 151-67-7 CF3CHClBr 100 - - - HeptachlorandHeptachlorepoxide

76-44-81024-57-3

C10H5Cl7 - 0.1 - - CARC,SKIN

Heptane,allisomers

142-82-5142-82-5590-35-2565-59-3108-08-7591-76-4589-34-4

CH3(CH2)5CH3(forn-Heptane)

800 - 1000 -

Heptan-3-one 106-35-4CH3CH2CO(CH2)

3CH3

SeeEthylbutylketone

Hexachloroethanevapour 67-72-1 2 - - - CARC,SKINHexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine

121-82-4 C3H6N6O6 - - - -

Hexamethylenediisocyanate[HDI]

822-06-0 OCN(CH2)6NCO 0.01 - - -

Hexane,allisomersexceptn-Hexane

75-83-2,79-29-8,96-14-0,107-83-

5C6H14 1000 - 2000 -

n-Hexane 110-54-3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 100 - - - SKIN

40

2-Hexanone[Hexan-2-one] 591-78-6CH3CO(CH2)3CH

3

SeeMethyl-n-butylketone

Hexone 108-10-1CH3COCH2CH(CH

3)2

SeeMethylisobutylketone[MIBK]

sec-Hexylacetate 108-84-9 C8H16O2 See1,3-

Dimethylbutylacetate

Hexyleneglycol 107-41-5 C6H14O2 - - 50 - Hydrazine[Diamine] 302-01-2 H2NNH2 0.02 - - - CARC,SKINHydrogenbromide 10035-10-6 HBr - - 4 - Hydrogenchloride(gas&aerosolmists)

7647-01-0 HCl - - 4 -

Hydrogenfluoride[asF] 7664-39-3 HF 1 - 4 - CARC,SKINHydrogenperoxide 7722-84-1 H2O2 2 - - - Hydrogenselenide[asSe] 7783-07-5 H2Se 0.1 - - - Hydrogensulphide 7783-06-4 H2S 2 - 10 - Hydroquinone 123-31-9 C6H4(OH)2 - 2 - - DSEN2-Hydroxypropylacrylate[Propyleneglycolmonoacrylate]

999-61-1 C6H10O3 1 - - - DSEN,SKIN

I Indene[Indonaphthene] 95-13-6 C9H8 10 - - - Indium&compounds[asIn]

7440-74-6 In - 0.2 - -CARC(Indiumphosphide)

Iodine 7553-56-2 I2 0.02 - 0.2 - Iodoform 75-47-8 CHI3 1.2 - - - Iodomethane 74-88-4 CH3I 4 - - - SKINIronoxidefume[asFe] 1309-37-1 Fe2O3 - 10 - - Ironpentacarbonyl[asFe] 13463-40-6 Fe(CO)5 0.2 - 0.4 - Ironsalts[asFe] - - - 2 - -

Isoamylalcohol 123-51-3(CH3)2CHCH2CH

2OH200 - 250 -

Isobutanol[Isobutylalcohol]

78-83-1 (CH3)2CHCH2OH 100 - - -

41

Isooctylalcohol 26952-21-6 C8H17OH 100 - - - SKINIsophorone 78-59-1 C9H14O - - 10 - Isophoronediisocyanate[IPDI]

4098-71-9 C12H18N2O2 0.01 - - -

Isopropylacetate 108-21-4CH3COOCH(CH3)

2200 - 400 -

Isopropylbenzene 98-82-8 C6H5CH(CH3)2 SeeCumene

Isopropylether 108-20-3(CH3)2CHOCH(CH

3)2500 - 620 -

Isopropylglycidylether[IGE]

4016-14-2 C6H12O2 100 - 150 -

J K Ketene 463-51-4 CH2=CO 1 - 3 - L

Liquifiedpetroleumgas[LPG]

68476-85-7Mixture:C3H6;C3H8;C4H10;

C4H8;-

Asphyxiant

- -

Lithiumhydride 7580-67-8 LiH - - - 0.1 M Magnesiumoxide[asMgO],Totalparticulate 1309-48-4 MgO - 10 - -

Malathion 121-75-5 C10H19O6PS2 - 2 - - CARC,SKINMaleicanhydride 108-31-6 C4H2O3 - 0.02 - - DSEN,RSENManganese,elemental,andinorganiccompounds[asMn]

7439-96-5 Mn

Totalparticulate - - - 0.2 - - Respirableparticulateandfume

- - - 0.04 - -

Manganesecyclopentadienyltricarbonyl[asMn]

12079-65-1 C5H5Mn(CO)3 - 0.2 - - SKIN

42

Mercaptoaceticacid 68-11-1 HSCH2COOH 2 - - - SKINMercuryanddivalentinorganicmercurycompoundsincludingmercuricoxideandmercuricchloride[asHg]

7439-97-6 Hg

Alkylcompounds - 0.02 - 0.06 CARC,SKINArylcompounds - 0.2 - - SKINElementalandinorganic

forms - 0.05 - - SKIN

Mesityloxide 141-79-7(CH3)2C=CHCOC

H330 - 50 -

Methacrylicacid 79-41-4CH2=C(CH3)COO

H40 - - -

Methanol[Methylalcohol] 67-56-1 CH3OH 400 - 500 - SKINMethomyl 16752-77-5 C5H10N2O2S - 0.4 - - SKIN

Methoxychlor 72-43-5(C6H4OCH3)2CH

CCl3- 20 - -

1-Methoxypropan-2-ol 107-98-2CH3CHOHCH2OC

H3

SeePropyleneglycolmonomethylether

Methylacetate 79-20-9 CH3COOCH3 400 - 500 - Methylacrylate 96-33-3 CH2=CHCOOCH3 4 - - - DSEN,SKINMethylacrylonitrile[Methacrylonitrile]

126-98-7 CH2=C(CH3)CN 2 - - - SKIN

Methylal 109-87-5 CH2(OCH3)2 2000 - - - Methylamine 74-89-5 CH3NH2 10 - 30 -

Methyln-amylketone 110-43-0CH3CO(CH2)4CH

3100 - - -

N-Methylaniline 100-61-8 C6H5NHCH3 1 - - - SKINMethylbromide 74-83-9 CH3Br 2 - - - SKIN

Methyl-n-butylketone 591-78-6CH3CO(CH2)3CH

310 - 20 - SKIN

Methylchloride 74-87-3 CH3Cl 100 - 200 - SKIN

43

Methylchloroform 71-55-6 CH3CCl3 See1,1,1-

Trichloroethane

Methyl2-cyanoacrylate 137-05-3CH2=C(CN)COOC

H30.4 - - -

Methylethylketone[MEK] 78-93-3 CH2COC2H5 400 - 600 - SKINMethylcyclohexane 108-87-2 CH3C6H11 800 - - - Methylcyclohexanol 25639-42-3 CH3C6H10OH 100 - - -

2-Methylcyclohexanone 583-60-8CH3CHCO(CH2)3

CH2100 - 150 - SKIN

Methylenebis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate)

5124-30-1CH2[(C6H10)NCO

]20.01 - - -

Methylcyclopentadienylmanganesetricarbonyl[asMn]

12108-13-3CH3C5H4Mn(CO)

3- 0.4 - - SKIN

4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)[MbOCA]

101-14-4CH2(C6H4ClNH2)

2

See2,2’-Dichloro-4,4’-methylene

dianiline[MbOCA]

Methylenechloride 75-09-2 See

Dichloromethane

4,4’-Methylenedianiline[MDA]

101-77-9 CH2(C6H4NH2)2 0.2 - - -

4,4’-Methylene-diphenyldiisocyanate[MDI]

101-68-8 CH2(C6H4NCO)2 0.01 - - -

Methylformate 107-31-3 HCOOCH3 100 - 200 - SKINMethylhydrazine 60-34-4 CH3NHNH2 0.02 - - - SKINMethyliodide 74-88-4 CH3I SeeIodomethane Methylisoamylketone 110-12-3 C7H14O 40 - 100 - SKINMethylisobutylcarbinol[4-Methylpentan-2-ol]

108-11-2 C6H14O 50 - 80 - SKIN

Methylisobutylketone[MIBK]

108-10-1CH3COCH2CH(CH

3)240 - 150 - CARC,SKIN

Methylisocyanate[MIC] 624-83-9 CH3NCO 0.04 - 0.12 -DSEN,RSEN,SKIN

Methylmercaptan 74-93-1 CH3SH 1 - - -

44

Methylmethacrylate 80-62-6CH2=C(CH3)COO

CH3100 - 200 - DSEN

Methylparathion 298-00-0 C8H10NO5PS - 0.04 - - SKIN

Methylpropylketone 107-87-9CH3(CH2)2COCH

3- - 300 -

Methylsilicate 681-84-5 (CH3O)4Si 2 - - - alpha-Methylstyrene 98-83-9 C6H5C(CH3)=CH2 20 - - - CARCMevinphos 7786-34-7 C7H13PO6 SeePhosdrin Mica 12001-26-2 - 6 - -

Molybdenumcompounds[asMo]'

7439-98-7 Mo

Solublecompounds,respirableparticulate

- - - 1 - -

Metalandinsolublecompounds,totalparticulate

- - - 10 - -

Metalandinsolublecompounds,respirableparticulate

- - - 5 - -

Monochloroaceticacid 79-11-8 ClCH2CO2H 1 - - - SKINMorpholine 110-91-8 C4H9NO 40 - - - SKINN Naled 300-76-5 C4H7Br2Cl2O4P - 0.2 - - DSEN,SKINNaphthalene 91-20-3 C10H8 20 - - - CARC,SKINNickelanditsinorganiccompounds[asNi]

7440-02-0

Elemental - 3 - - CARC,SKIN

Nickelcarbonyl[asNi] 13463-39-3 Ni(CO)4 - - 0.1 - CARCNickel,subsulphide[asNi] 12035-72-2 Ni3S2 - 0.2 - - CARCNicotine 54-11-5 C10H14N2 - 1 - - SKINNitrapyrin 1929-82-4 ClC5H3NCCl3 - 20 - 40 Nitricacid 7697-37-2 HNO3 4 - 8 - CARC

45

Nitricoxide 10102-43-9 NO SeeNitrogenmonoxide

4-Nitroaniline[p-Nitroaniline]

100-01-6 NO2C6H4NH2 - 6 - - SKIN

Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 C6H5NO2 2 - - - CARC,SKINp-Nitrochlorobenzene 100-00-5 ClC6H4NO2 0.2 - - - Nitroethane 79-24-3 C2H5NO2 200 - - - Nitrogenmonoxide 10102-43-9 NO 50 - - - Nitrogendioxide 10102-44-0 NO2 0.4 - - - Nitrogentrifluoride 7783-54-2 NF3 20 - - -

Nitroglycerine[NG] 55-63-0CH2NO3CHNO3C

H2NO30.1 - - - SKIN

Nitromethane 75-52-5 CH3NO2 40 - - - CARC1-Nitropropane 108-03-2 C3H7NO2 50 - - - 2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 (CH3)2CH(NO2) 20 - - - CARC

Nitrotoluene,allisomers88-72-2;99-08-

1;99-99-0CH3C6H4NO2 4 - - - SKIN

Nitrousoxide 10024-97-2 N2O 100 - - - O Octachloronaphthalene 2234-13-1 C10Cl8 - 0.2 - 0.6 SKINOsmiumtetroxide[asOs] 20816-12-0 OsO4 0.0004 - 0.0012 -

Oxalicacid 144-62-7COOHCOOH.2H2

O- 2 - 4

Ozone 10028-15-6 O3 Heavywork 0.1 - - - Moderatework 0.16 - - - Lightwork 0.2 - - - Heavy,moderateorlightworkloads(<2hrs)

0.4 - - -

P Paraffinwaxfume 8002-74-2 - - 4 - -

Parathion 56-38-2(C2H5O)2PSOC6

H4NO2- 0.1 - - CARC,SKIN

46

Particlesnototherwiseclassified[PNOC] - -

Totalparticulate - - - 10 - -

Respirableparticulate - - - 5 - - Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 C6Cl5OH - 1 - 2 CARC,SKINPentaerythritol 115-77-5 - 20 - -

Pentane,allisomers78-78-4;109-66-

0;463-82-1C5H12 2000 - - -

Pentylacetate,allisomers

628-63-7;626-38-0;123-92-2;625-16-1;624-41-9;620-11-1

CH3COO(CH2)4CH3

100 - 200 -

Perchlorylfluoride 7616-94-6 ClFO3 6 - 12 - Persulphates,aspersulfate SO5/S2O8 - 0.2 - - Phenacylchloride 532-27-4 C6H5COCH2Cl - - - - Phenol 108-95-2 C6H5OH 10 - - - SKINp-Phenylenediamine 106-50-3 C6H4(NH2)2 - 0.2 - - SKINPhenylethervapour 101-84-8 C6H5OC6H5 2 - 4 -

Phenylglycidylether[PGE] 122-60-1C6H5OCH2CHOC

H20.2 - - -

CARC,DSEN,SKIN

Phenylhydrazine 100-63-0 C6H5NHNH2 0.2 - - - SKINPhenylmercaptan 108-98-5 C6H5SH 0.2 - - - SKIN

2-Phenylpropene 98-83-9 C6H5C(CH3)=CH2 Seealpha-Methyl

styrene

Phorate 298-02-2 C7H17O2PS3 - 0.1 - - SKINPhosdrin 7786-34-7 C7H13PO6 - 0.02 - - SKINPhosgene 75-44-5 COCl2 0.2 - - - Phosphine 7803-51-2 PH3 0.6 - 2 - Phosphoricacid 7664-38-2 H3PO4 - 2 - 6 Phosphorusoxychloride 10025-87-3 POCl3 0.2 - - - Phosphoruspentachloride 10026-13-8 PCl5 0.2 - - - Phosphoruspentasulphide 1314-80-3 P2S5/P4S10 - 2 - 6

47

Phosphorustrichloride 7719-12-2 PCl3 0.4 - 1 - Phthalicanhydride 85-44-9 C6H4(CO)2O 2 - - - DSEN,RSENPicloram 1918-02-1 C6H3Cl3N2O2 - 20 - - Picricacid 88-89-1 (NO2)3C6H2OH - 0.2 - - Piperazineandsalts[asPiperazine]

110-85-0 C4H10N2 0.06 - - - DSEN,RSEN

Platinum Metal 7440-06-4 Pt - 2 - - Solublesalts[asPt] - - - 0.004 - - DSEN,RSENPolyvinylchloride[PVC],respirableparticulate - - - 2 - -

Potassiumhydroxide 1310-58-3 KOH - - - 4 n-Propanol[n-Propylalcohol]

71-23-8 CH3CH2CH2OH 200 - - - SKIN

2-Propanol[Propan-2-ol] 67-63-0 (CH3)2CHOH 400 - 800 -

Propargylalcohol[2-Propyn-1-ol]

107-19-7 HC≡CCH2OH 2 - - - SKIN

Propionicacid 79-09-4 CH3CH2COOH 20 - - - Propoxur 114-26-1 C11H15NO3 - 1 - - n-Propylacetate 109-60-4 CH3COOC3H7 400 - - - Propyleneglycoldinitrate[PGDN]

6423-43-4CH3CHONO2CH2

ONO20.1 - - - SKIN

Propyleneglycolmonomethylether

107-98-2CH3CHOHCH2OC

H3100 - 200 - SKIN

Pyrethrum 8003-34-7 - - 10 - - Pyridine 110-86-1 C5H5N 2 - - - Pyrocatechol 120-80-9 C6H4(OH)2 - - - - Q

Quinone 106-51-4 C6H4O2 Seep-Benzoquinone

48

Quintozene 82-68-8 C6Cl5NO2 See

Pentachloronitrobenzene

R Resorcinol 108-46-3 C6H4(OH)2 20 - 40 - SKINRhodium

Metalandinsolublecompounds[asRh]

7440-16-6 Rh - 2 - -

Solublecompounds[asRh] - 0.02 - - DSEN

Rosincoresolderthermaldecompositionproducts[colophony]

8050-09-07 - ExposurebyallroutesshouldbecarefullycontrolledtoALARP

S Selenium&compounds,excepthydrogenselenide[asSe]

7782-49-2 Se - 0.4 - -

Siliconcarbide 409-21-2 SiC

Totalparticulate(nonfibrous)

- - - 10 - - CARC

Respirableparticulate(nonfibrous)

- - - 5 - - CARC

Fibrous(includingwhiskers)

- 0.1f/cc - - CARC

Silicontetrahydride[Silane]

7803-62-5 SiH4 10 - - -

Silver Metal 7440-22-4 Ag - 0.2 - -

Solublecompounds[asAg] - - - 0.02 - -

Sodiumazide 26628-22-8 NaN3 - - - 0.6 SKIN

49

Sodium2,4-dichlorophenoxyethylsulphate[2,4-DES],[Sesone]

136-78-7 C8H7Cl2NaO5S - 20 - - CARC

Sodiumfluoroacetate 62-74-8 CH2FCOONa - 0.1 - - SKINSodiumhydrogensulphite[Sodiumbisulphite]

7631-90-5 NaHSO3 - 10 - -

Sodiumhydroxide 1310-73-2 NaOH - - - 4 Sodiummetabisulphate 7681-57-4 Na2S2O5 - 10 - -

Starch,totalparticulate 9005-25-8 - - 10 - -

Stibine[Antimonyhydride] 7803-52-3 SbH3 0.2 - - -

Strychnine 57-24-9 C21H22N2O2 - 0.3 - - Subtilisins(Proteolyticenzymesas100%purecrystallineenzyme)

1395-21-79014-01-1

- - - - 0.00012 RSEN

Sucrose 57-50-1 C12H22O11 - 20 - -

Sulfotep 3689-24-5[(CH3CH2O)2PS]2

O- 0.2 - - SKIN

Sulphurdioxide 7446-09-5 SO2 - - 0.5 - Sulphurhexafluoride 2551-62-4 SF6 2000 - - - Sulphuricacid(mist) 7664-93-9 H2SO4 - 0.4 - - CARCSulphurmonochloride 10025-67-9 S2Cl2 - - 2 - Sulphurpentafluoride 5714-22-7 S2F10 - - 0.02 - Sulphurtetrafluoride 7783-60-0 SF4 - - 0.2 - Sulphurylfluoride[Sulphuryldifluoride]

2699-79-8 SO2F2 10 - 20 -

Syntheticvitrousfibres[SVF]:

- -

Continuousfilamentglassfibres

- - - 2f/mL - -

Continuousfilamentglassfibres

- 5 - -

50

Glasswoolfibres - - - 2f/mL - - Rockwoolfibres - - - 2f/mL - - Slagwoolfibres - - - 2f/mL - - Specialpurposeglass

fibres - 2f/mL - -

Refractoryceramicfibres

- - - 0.4f/mL - - CARC

T Talc(containingnoasbestosfibers),respirableparticulate

14807-96-6 Mg3Si4O10(OH)1 - 4 - -

Tellurium&compounds,excepthydrogentelluride[asTe]

13494-80-9 Te - 0.2 - -

Terphenyls,allisomers 26140-60-3 C18H14 - - - 10 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 79-27-6 CHBr2CHBr2 0.2 - - - SKINTetracarbonylnickel[asNi] 13463-39-3 Ni(CO)4 SeeNickelcarbonyl 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane

76-12-0 CCl2FCCl2F 100 - - -

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane

76-11-9 CCl3CClF2 200 - - -

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 Cl2C=CCl2 50 - 200 -

Tetrachloronaphthalene 1335-88-2 C10H4Cl4 - 4 - - Tetraethylorthosilicate 78-10-4 Si(OC2H5)4 SeeEthylsilicate Tetraethylpyrophosphate[TEPP]

107-49-3[(CH3CH2O)2PO]

2O- 0.02 - - SKIN

Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 C4H8O 100 - - - SKINTetramethylsuccinonitrile 3333-52-6 C8H12N2 1 - - - SKIN

Tetryl 479-45-8(NO2)3C6H2N(N

O2)CH3- 3 - -

Thallium,solublecompounds[asTl]

- Tl - 0.04 - - SKIN

51

4,4’-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol)

96-69-5 C22H30O2S - 2 - -

Thioglycolicacid 68-11-1 HSCH2COOH SeeMercaptoacetic

acid

Thionylchloride 7719-09-7 SOCl2 - - 0.4 -

Thiram 137-26-8(CH3)2NCS2CS2N

(CH3)2- 0.1 - - DSEN

Tincompounds: -

Tinmetal 744-31-5 - - 4 - - TinoxideandInorganicexceptSnH4[asSn]

- - 4 - - SKIN

OrganicexceptCyhexatin[asSn]

- - - 0.2 - - SKIN

Titaniumdioxide,totalparticulate 13463-67-7 - - - 20 - CARC

Toluene 108-88-3 C6H5CH3 40 - - - SKIN2,4-Toluenediisocyanate[TDI]

584-84-9 CH3C6H3(NCO)2 0.002 - 0.01 -

o-Toluidine 95-53-4 CH3C6H4NH2 4 - - - CARC,SKINm-Toluidine 108-44-1 CH3C6H4NH2 4 - - - SKINp-Toluidine 106-49-0 CH3C6H4NH2 4 - - - SKIN

Tribromomethane 75-25-2 CHBr3 SeeBromoform Tributylphosphate,allisomers

126-73-8 (C4H9)3PO4 - 10 - -

Trichloroaceticacid 76-03-9 CCl3COOH 1 - - - CARC1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 C6H3Cl3 - - 10 - SKIN

52

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 CHCl2CH2Cl 20 - - - SKINTrichlorofluoromethane 75-69-4 CCl3F - - 2000 - Trichloronitromethane 76-06-2 CCl3NO2 SeeChloropicrin

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyaceticacid[2,4,5-T]

93-76-5Cl3C6H2OCH2CO

OH- 20 - - CARC

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 CH2ClCHClCH2Cl 20 - - - CARC1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane[1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane]

76-13-1 CCl2FCClF2 2000 - 2500 -

Tri-o-cresylphosphate[Tri-o-tolylphosphate]

78-30-8(CH3C6H4O)3P=O

- 0.04 - -

Tricyclohexyltinhydroxide 13121-70-5 (C6H11)3SnOH SeeCyhexatin Triethanolamine 102-71-6 (CH2OHCH2)3N - 10 - - Triethylamine 121-44-8 (C2H5)3N 1 - 2 - SKINTrifluorobromomethane 75-63-8 CF3Br 2000 - - -

Trimelliticanhydride 552-30-7 C9H4O5 SeeBenzene-1,2,4,-tricarboxylicacid1,2-

anhydride

Trimethylamine 75-50-3 (CH3)3N 10 - 30 - Trimethylbenzene,allisomersormixtures

25551-13-7 C6H3(CH3)3 50 - - -

Trimethylphosphite 121-45-9 (CH3O)3P 4 - - - 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene[TNT] 118-96-7 CH3C6H2(NO2)3 - 0.2 - - SKINTriphenylphosphate 115-86-6 (C6H5O)3PO4 - 6 - - SKINTungsten

Solublecompounds[asW]

7440-33-7 - 2 - 6

Metal&Insoluble[asW] - 10 - 20 Turpentine 8006-64-2 C10H16(approx) 40 - - - U

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Uranium(natural).Soluble&insolublecompounds[asU]

7440-61-1 - - 0.4 - 1.2

V

Vanadiumpentoxide,totalparticulate

1314-62-1 V2O5 0.1 - - - CARC

Vinylacetate 108-05-4 CH2=CHOOCCH3 20 - 30 - CARC

Vinylbenzene 100-42-5 C6H5CH=CH2 SeeStyrene,monomer

Vinylbromide 593-60-2 CH2=CHBr 1 - - - CARC4-Vinylcyclohexene 100-40-3 C8H12 0.2 - - - CARC4-Vinylcyclohexenedioxide

106-87-6 C8H12O2 0.2 - - - CARC,SKIN

Vinyltoluene 25013-15-4 CH2=CHC6H4CH3 100 - 200 - W Warfarin 81-81-2 C19H16O4 - 0.02 - - SKINWooddust,allspecies,excludingoak,beech,birch,mahogany,teakandwalnut

- - 5 - - CARC,RSEN

X Xylene,o-,m-,p-ormixedisomers

1330-20-7 C6H4(CH3)2 200 - 300 - SKIN

Xylidine,allisomers 1300-73-8 (CH3)2C6H3NH2 1 - - - CARC,SKIN

Y Yttrium&compounds[asY]

7440-65-5 Y - 2 - -

Z Zincchloride,fume 7646-85-7 ZnCl2 - 2 - 4 Zincoxide,fume 1314-13-2 ZnO - 4 - 20 Zirconiumcompounds[asZr]

7440-67-7 Zr - 10 - 20

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Abbreviations:OEL-ML:OccupationalExposureLimit–MaximumLimitOEL-RL:OccupationalExposureLimit–RestrictedLimit

ppm:Partspermillionmg/m3MilligramspercubicmeterCarc:Denotescarcinogenicity,whichisbasedonIARCcategorisationincludingcategory1A,1BandCategory2;RSEN:Respiratorysensitisation,potentialtoproducerespiratorysensitisationDSEN:Dermalsensitisation,potentialtoproducedermalsensitisationRSENandDSENdonotimplythathesensitisationisthecriticaleffectonwhichtheOELisbased,nordotheyimplythatthiseffectisthesolebasisfortheagentsOEL;Skin:Dangerofcutaneousabsorption.Referstothepotentialsignificantcontributiontotheoverallexposurebythecutaneousrouteincludingmucousmembranesandtheeyesbycontactwithvapours,liquidsandsolids.Overexposuremayalsooccurfollowingdermalcontactwithliquidsandaerosols,evenwhenairborneexposuresatorbelowtheOEL.

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Table4.BiologicalExposureIndices(BEI)forhazardouschemicalagents

AGENT/DETERMINANT CASNUMBERSAMPLEMATRIX

SAMPLINGTIME VALUE UNIT NOTATION

A

Acetone 67-64-1

Acetone urine Endofshift 25 mg/L NsAcetylcholinesteraseinhibitors

Cholinesteraseactivityinredcells blood Discretionary 70 %ofbaseline NsAniline 62-53-3

p-Aminophenol urine Endofshift 50 mg/L B,Ns,SqArsenic,Elementalandsolubleinorganiccompounds(excludinggalliumarsenideandarsine)

7440-38-2

Inorganicarsenicplusmethylatedmetabolies urine Endofworkweek 35 µg/L B

B Benzene 71-43-2

S-Phenylmercapturicacid(sPMA) urine Endofshift 25 µg/gcreatinine B

t,t-Muconicacid(ttMA) urine Endofshift 500 µg/gcreatinine B1,3-Butadiene 106-99-0

1,2-Dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl)-butane urine Endofshift 2.5 mg/L B,Sq

MixtureofN-1-andN-2-(hydroxybutenyl)valinehaemoglobin

adducts blood Notcritical 2.5 pmol/gHb Sq

56

2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2

Butoxyaceticacid(BAA) urine Endofshift 200mg/g

creatinine -

C Cadmiumandinorganiccompounds 7440-43-9

Cadmium urine Notcritical 5 µg/gcreatinine B

Cadmium blood Notcritical 5 µg/L BCarbondisulphide 75-15-0

2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxlyicacid(TTCA) urine Endofshift 0.5

mg/gcreatinine B,Ns

Carbonmonoxide 630-08-0

Carboxyhaemoglobin blood Endofshift 3.5 %haemoglobin B,Ns

Carbonmonoxide endexhaled Endofshift 20 ppm B,NsChlorobenzene 108-90-7

4-Chlorocatechol urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 100mg/g

creatinine Ns

p-Chlorophenol urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 20mg/g

creatinine NsChromiumVI(Watersolublefume) 7440-47-3

Totalchromium urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 25 µg/L -

Totalchromium urine Increaseduringshift 10 µg/L -Cobalt&inorganiccompounds,includingcobaltoxidesbutnotcombinedwithTungstencarbide

7440-48-4

Cobalt urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 15 µg/L Ns

Cyclohexanone 108-94-1

1,2-Cyclohexanediol urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 80 mg/L Ns,SqCyclohexanol urine Endofshift 8 mg/L Ns,Sq

D

57

Dichloromethane 75-09-2

Dichloromethane urine Endofshift 0.3 mg/L Sq

N,N-Dimethylacetamide 127-19-5

N-Methylacetamide urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 30mg/g

creatinine -N,N-Dimethylformamide(DMF) 68-12-2

N-methylformamide urine Endofshift 15 mg/L -N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)

cysteine urinePriortolastshiftof

workweek 40 mg/L Sq

E 2-Ethoxyethanol(EGEE)and2-Ethyxyethylacetate(EGEEA)

110-80-5;111-15-9

2-Ethoxyaceticacid urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 100mg/g

creatinine -Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 Sumofmandelicacidandphenlglyoxylic

acid urine Endofshift 0.15 g/gcreatinine Ns

F Fluorides 16984-48-8

Fluoride urine Priortoshift 2 mg/L B,Ns

Fluoride urine Endofshift 3 mg/L B,NsFurfural 98-01-1

Furoicacid urine Endofshift 200 mg/L Ns

G H 1,6-Hexamethylenediisocyanate 822-06-0

1,6-Hexamethylenediamine urine Endofshift 15 µg/gcreatinine Nsn-Hexane 110-54-3

2,5-Hexanedione urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 0.4 mg/L -

58

I

J

K L Lead 7439-92-1

Lead blood NotcriticalSeeLeadRegulations

M Mercury(Elemental) 7439-97-6

Mercury urine Priortoshift 20 µg/gcreatinine -Methanol 67-56-1

Methanol urine Endofshift 15 mg/L B,NsMethaemoglobininducers

Methaemoglobin bloodDuringorendofshift

atendofshift 1.5 %haemoglobin B,Ns,Sq2-Methoxyethanoland2-Methoxyethylacetate

109-86-4;110-49-6

2-Methoxyaceticacid urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 1mg/g

creatinine -Methyln-butylketone 591-78-6

2,5-Hexanedione urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 0.4 mg/L -MethylChloroform 71-55-6

MethylChloroform endexhaledPriortolastshiftof

workweek 40 ppm Trichloroaceticacid urine Endofworkweek 10 mg/L Ns,Sq

Totaltrichloroethanol urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 30 mg/L Ns,Sq

Totaltrichloroethanol bloodEndofshiftatendof

workweek 1 mg/L NsMethylEthylketone(MEK) 78-93-3

Methylethylketone(MEK) urine Endofshift 2 mg/L Ns

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MethylIsobutylKetone(MIBK) 108-10-1

MethylIsobutylKetone(MIBK) urine Endofshift 1 mg/L -

N Nitrobenzene 98-95-3

Methaemoglobin bloodSeeMethemoglobin

inducersBEI

O P Parathion 56-38-2

Totalp-nitrophenol urine Endofshift 0.5mg/g

creatinine NsCholinesteraseactivityinredbloodcells blood Discretionary 70 %ofbaseline B,Ns,SqPhenol 108-95-2

Phenol urine Endofshift 250mg/g

creatinine B,Ns2-Propanol 67-63-0

Acetone urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 40 mg/L B,NsQ

R S Styrene 100-42-5

Mandelicacid+phenylglyoxylicacid urine Endofshift 400mg/g

creatinine NsStyrene urine Endofshift 40 µg/L -

T Tetrachloroethylene(Perchloroethylene)

127-18-4

Tetrachloroethylene endexhaled Priortoshift 3 ppm -Tetrachloroethylene blood Priortoshift 0.5 mg/L -

Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9

60

Tetrahydrofuran urine Endofshift 2 mg/L -Toluene 108-88-3

Toluene bloodPriortolastshiftof

workweek 0.02 mg/L -

Toluene urine Endofshift 0.03 mg/L -

o-Cresol urine Endofshift 0.3mg/g

creatinine BToluenediisocyanate-2,4,orasamixtureofisomers

584-84-9

Toluenediamine urine Endofshift 5 µg/gcreatinine NsTrichloroethylene 79-01-6

Trichloroaceticacid urineEndofshiftatendof

workweek 15 mg/L Ns

Trichloroethanol bloodEndofshiftatendof

workweek 0.5 mg/L NsU Uranium 7440-61-1

Uranium urine Endofshift 200 µg/L -

V

W X

Xylenes

95-47-6:106-42-3;108-38-3;1330-20-7

Methylhippuricacids urine Endofshift 1.5 g/gcreatinine -

Y

Z Notations:B-BackgroundThedeterminantmaybepresentinbiologicalspecimenscollectedfromsubjectswhohavenotbeenoccupationallyexposed,ataconcentrationwhichcouldaffectinterpretationoftheresults.SuchbackgroundconcentrationsareincorporatedintheBEIvalue.

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Nq–Non-quantitativeBiologicalmonitoringshouldbeconsideredforthiscompoundbasedonthereview;however,aspecificBEIcouldnotbedeterminedduetoinsufficientdata.Ns–Non-specificThedeterminantisnonspecific,sinceitisalsoobservedafterexposuretootherchemicals.Sq–Semi-quantitativeThebiologicaldeterminantisanindicatorofexposuretothechemical,butthequantitativeinterpretationofthemeasurementisambiguous.Thesedeterminantsshouldbeusedasascreeningtestifaquantitativetestisnotpractical,orasaconfirmatorytestifthequantitativetestisnotspecificandtheoriginofthedeterminantisinquestion.

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ANNEXURE3

HAZARDOUSCHEMICALAGENTGUIDELINES

Preventionandcontrolofexposure

(1) Exposure of employees to agents hazardous to health should be prevented or, where this is not reasonably practicable, adequately controlled. This is afundamentalrequirementoftheRegulationsforHazardousChemicalAgents(HCA),1995.Exposurecanoccurbyinhalation,ingestionorabsorptionthroughtheskin,butinhalationisusuallythemainrouteofentryintothebody.Tables1and2ofAnnexure1listtheoccupationalexposurelimits,whichshouldbeusedindeterminingtheadequacyofcontrolofexposurebyinhalation,asrequiredbytheHCARegulations.

(2) TheadviceinthisdocumentshouldbetakeninthecontextoftherequirementsoftheHCARegulations,especiallyregulation5(Assessmentofpotentialexposure)regulation10(Controlofexposure),regulation12(Maintenanceofcontrolmeasures)andregulation6(Airmonitoring).Agentshazardoustohealtharedefinedinregulation1.Thereisseparatelegislationforleadandasbestosandtheseagentsarenotcoveredindetailinthisdocument.Thisdocumentalsodoesnotapplytoexposurebelowgroundinminesorexposuretomicro-organisms.

(3) Adequatecontrolofexposure(whenpreventionisnotreasonablypracticable)shouldbeachievedbyoneormoreofarangeofcontrolmeasuresdescribedinregulation10oftheHCARegulations.Controlbypersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldbeappliedonlywhenothermeansarenotreasonablypracticable.Medicalsurveillance

GuidanceonMedicalsurveillanceandbiologicalmonitoring

Importantconcepts

(4) NotwithstandingthedefinitionintheOH&SA,medicalsurveillancehereinreferstotheoverallmonitoringofemployeestoidentifychangesintheirhealthstatusbecauseofexposuretocertainchemicalagents.Thesemonitoringactivitiesarenotlimitedtojust“medicaltesting”;theyalsoimportantlyincludethemonitoringandanalysisoftheindividualandgroupoutcomedata,includinghistoricaldata,derivedfromthemedicaltesting.

(5) Medicaltesting,therefore,isthataspectofmedicalsurveillancethatinvolvestheuseofinterviews,questionnairesandstandardclinicalassessmentstodetectthepresenceofadversehealtheffects.Thiscanalsoincludetestslikespirometry(lungfunction),radiography(e.g.chestX-rays)andlaboratorytests(e.g.fullbloodcounts).

(6) Medicalsurveillanceideallyaimstodetectsymptomsoradiseaseatanearlysubclinicalorpre-symptomaticstagetoenableinterventionsthatmayreversetheseeffectsortoslowtheirprogression.However,medicalsurveillanceisalsodirectedatestablishedoccupationaldiseasewhentheadverseeffectshaveprogressedtoclinicalimpairment.

(7) Medicalsurveillanceandbiologicalmonitoring

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Biologicalmonitoringisdiscussedindetailinsection4.5below.Itisoftenincorrectlycategorisedasatypeofmedicalsurveillance.BiologicalmonitoringprovidesanadditionalmeanstoassesstheexposuretoanHCA,bymeasuringmetabolitesoftheHCA,orothersimilarmarkersofexposure.Therefore,itdoesnotrepresentanadverseeffectoranoccupationaldisease;itonlyreflectsexposure.Apositivefindingduringbiologicalmonitoringdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattherehasbeenabreachofthesafetystandard,butisapositiveindicationofemployee-exposure.

(8) Thedistinctionbetweenearlybiologicaleffectsandestablisheddiseaseisnotalwaysclear;theretendstobeaseveritygradientinwhichoneblendsintotheother.Anoccupationaldiseasemaybesaidtobepresentwhentheadversebiologicaleffectprogressestoclinicallydetectableorgandamagerequiringtreatment,orpermanentimpairedfunction.Thecategorisationoftheconditionisthereforesometimesatthediscretionoftheresponsiblemedicalpractitioner.Thedistinctionbecomesimportantwhenconsideringacaseforstatutoryreporting.Asdescribedbelow,reportingofcasesofestablishedoccupationaldiseaseislegallyprescribed.

(9) Thepresenceofchemicalagentsintheworkplacedoesnotautomaticallyinfertheneedformedicalsurveillance;certaincriteriamustbemetformedicalsurveillancetobewarranted.Thisprincipleisaddressedinsubregulation7(1)(b)andisfurtherelaboratedbelow.

(10) Work-relatedadversehealthfindingsidentifiedbymedicalsurveillancenotonlyaffecttheindividualemployee’smanagementintheworkplacebutmayalsohaveimportantimplicationsregardingtheeffectivenessofexposurecontrolmeasuresintheworkplace,andwarrantfurtherstepsbytheemployer.

Indicationsfordoingmedicalsurveillance

(11) Medicalsurveillancemustbeprovidedifanemployee:

(a) isusing,handling,generatingorstoringanHCAthatisknowntocauseadversehealtheffects,and(b) thelevelofexposureissuchthatanoccupationaldiseaseoradverseeffectmayreasonablybeexpectedtooccur,and(c) validmedicaltestingtechniquesareavailabletodetecttheadverseeffectontheemployee’shealth.

(12) Thismeanstheemployermust,withinputsfromacompetentperson,conductahealthriskassessmenttodeterminethelikelihoodofexposuretoanHCA,in

conjunctionwiththeknownhealtheffectsoftheHCA,todecideifaprogrammeofmedicalsurveillanceisnecessary.ThesestepsareaddressedinRegulation5.(13) Additionally,medicalsurveillanceshouldbeprovidedif,intheopinionofanoccupationalmedicinepractitioneritisnecessary,notwithstandingtheabove

criteriaarenotmet.

Designingandimplementingaprogrammeofmedicalsurveillance

(14) Thefollowingstepsshouldbeincludedinanyprogramme:

(a) Riskassessment.ThiswilldeterminethepotentialexposuretoandroutesofabsorptionofanHCAandidentificationofpotentialtarget-organtoxicity,todirectmedicalsurveillance.

(b) Testselection.Testsshouldhavethedesirableoperatingcharacteristicsofappropriatesensitivity,specificity,reliabilityandpredictivevalue.

64

(c) Testschedule.ThefrequencyoftestingislaiddowningeneraltermsbyRegulation7(2),butshouldinanycasebebasedonanunderstandingofthenatureofthehazardandthenaturalhistoryofanyadverseeffectsthatmaydevelopinspecifictargetorgans.

(d) Developmentofactioncriteria.Criteriaforinterpretingspirometryhavebeenpublishedinthemedicalliterature.However,inmanycases,theoccupationalmedicinepractitionerwillhavetodeveloppragmaticcriteriainthecontextofthespecificworkplace.

(e) Standardisationoftestprocess.Qualitycontrolneedstobeexercisedbothatthetestingsiteandinthelaboratorycontractedtocarryoutanalyses.Consistencyovertimeshouldbesoughttomakelongitudinalmeasurementscomparable.

(f) Ethicalconsiderations

(i) InformationandtrainingofemployeesasrequiredbyRegulation3(1)shouldincludetherationalefordoingmedicalsurveillance,andtheconsequenceofabnormalfindings.

(ii) Writteninformedconsentshouldbeobtainedformedicalteststobeconducted,inaccordancewithrequirementsprescribedbytheHealthProfessions’CouncilofSouthAfrica.Shouldanemployeerefusetogiveconsent,itshouldbeexplainedtotheemployeethatthismeanstheemployeecannotbeofferedtheworkforwhichmedicalsurveillanceisrequired,whichmayimpactonhis/heremployment.

(iii) Anemployeemustbenotifiedoftheresultsandinterpretationofhis/hertestsandanyrecommendationsmade,including,whereappropriate,theneedformedicalreferralforconfirmationofdiagnosisandrelatedactions.

(iv) TheconfidentialityofpersonalmedicalrecordsislaiddownbyRegulation9.

(a) Determinationofstepstobetakenintheeventofidentifyingawork-relatedhealthproblem.Thisiscoveredindetailbelow.Co-operationofemployeescanbebestsecuredbyapolicyofprotectionofconditionsofserviceincaseofmedicalremovalfromaparticularjob.

(b) Evaluationofcontrols.Anabnormalfindinginanemployee,orapatternoffindingsinagroupofemployees,maypointtoinadequateprimarycontrolofexposure(s).Insuchcasestheemployerneedstobenotifiedofsuchdetailsofthemedicalfindingsasarenecessarytoevaluatetheworkplaceproblemandtakeremedialactiontopreventcontinuedexposuretotheworkeraswellasyetunexposedworkers.

(c) Dataanalysis.Theoutcomesofmedicalsurveillancetestsshouldbesubjectedtoanalysismonitoredfortrendsovertime&place,orgroupeffects.

(d) Recordkeeping.Thisincludesbothmedicalrecordsandexposureinformationforeveryemployee.WhiletheemployerisresponsibleforrecordkeepingintermsofRegulation9,thecontentsofpersonalmedicalrecordsmaybeaccessibletotheoccupationalhealthpractitioner,theemployee,andanypersonnominatedbytheemployeeinwriting.

(15) Designingaprogrammeofmedicalsurveillanceshouldbedonebyanexperiencedoccupationalhealthpractitioner;wherethisisanoccupationalnursepractitioneritmustbeinconsultationwithanoccupationalmedicalpractitioner.

(16) Themedicalsurveillanceprogrammeshouldbedescribedinawrittendocument(codeofpractice),inwhichthekeyissueslistedin4.5aboveareaddressed.ThedocumentmustbemadeavailabletotheHealthandSafetyCommittee.

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(17) Theemployermustprovidetheoccupationalhealthpractitionerwiththefollowinginformationabouttheworktobeperformedthathastriggeredtherequirementformedicalsurveillance:

(a) theworktheemployeeis,orwillbe,carryingout(b) iftheemployeehasstartedthatwork,howlongtheemployeehasbeencarryingitout(c) alistofthehazardouschemicalstowhichtheemployeeisorwillbeexposedandtherelevantSDS’soforthechemicals(d) relevantriskassessmentsreports(complianttoregulation5)andresultsofairmonitoringcarriedoutattheworkplace(e) thetypeofPPEbeingusedbytheemployee

Managementofoutcomesofmedicaltesting

Work-relatedversusnonwork-relatedoutcomes

(18) Nonwork-relatedfindingsincludevarioushealthconditionsthatmaybeidentifiedbythemedicaltestingprocess,suchashypertension,diabetes,etc.These

findingsshouldbesharedwiththeemployee(preferablyinwriting)bytheoccupationalhealthpractitionertoenabletheemployeetotakeappropriateactiontoimprovehisorhergeneralhealth.Inaddition,theoccupationalhealthpractitionershouldrefertheemployeetohis/herownhealthcareproviderforfurthertreatment,ifnecessary.

(19) Thepresenceofnon-occupationaldiseasedoesnotrequirenotificationtotheemployer.

Work-relatedfindingsincludetwocategories:

(a) OccupationalDiseaseThisrelatestoadversehealtheffectsconsequentonexposuretoanHCA.Itisalegalrequirementthatthosewhichhaveprogressedtooccupationaldiseasemustbecommunicatedtotheemployee,employerandtheDepartmentofLabour.Thisimportantprocessisfurtherdescribedbelow.

(b) MedicalfitnesstoworkThisrelatestoidentifiedhealthconditionsthatarenotcausedbytheworkplace,butwhichimpactonthevulnerabilityoftheemployeewhomaybeexposedtoanHCA,andwhichmaybeaggravatedbyworkplaceexposures.(forexample,anemployeewhohasasthmasincechildhoodandisperformingworkthatmayresultinexposuretoarespiratoryirritantorallergen).Inthesecircumstances,theoccupationalnursepractitioner,inconsultationwithanoccupationalmedicinepractitioner,mustcarefullyconsidertherisksandconveytheappropriate

66

taskorworkplacerestrictionstotheemployerintheformofawrittencertificateoffitness.Theemployermaynotallowtheemployeetoreturntonormaldutiesuntilclearedbyanoccupationalmedicinepractitioner(seeRegulation7(3))

Importantnotes:(a) Neitheroftheabovework-relatedfindingsarereasontoautomaticallydeclarethattheemployeeismedicallyunfittoperformhisorher

job.Itisanincapacitythatshouldbehandledwithcarefulthought,andalloptionsforaccommodationshouldbeconsidered,asprescribedbytheLabourRelationsAct(66of1995)andEmploymentEquityAct(55of1998).

(b) Informingtheemployerofahealth-relatedrestrictiondoesnotmeanthatdisclosureofthespecificmedicaldiagnosisisrequired;suchdisclosuremayoccasionallybewarranted,butthenshouldbedonewiththeconsentoftheemployee,andwheresuchdisclosureisinthebestinterestsoftheemployee.Shouldtheemployeerefuseconsentdespiteanecessitytoinformtheemployer,theemployeeshouldbetoldthattheemployerwillbeinformedandthedetailsoftheinformationtobeprovided.

Actionsbytheemployerifanoccupationaldiseaseisidentified

(20) Theemployermustinitiateanincidentinvestigationtoidentifythefailuresofcontrolsthatledtothediseaseandputintoplaceappropriatecorrectiveactions(subregulation7(4);alsoRegulation8oftheGeneralAdministrativeRegulations).

(a) Theemployermustprovidetrainingtotheemployee,onwaystomitigatefurtherexposure(b) Theemployerhasastatutorydutytoreporttheincident(c) TheemployermustreportthecaseasprescribedbyRegulation8oftheGeneralAdministrativeRegulations(d) Iftheprescribedcriteriaaremet,theemployermustnotifytheChiefInspectorasprescribedinsection24(1)(a)oftheOccupationalHealth

andSafetyAct.(e) TheemployerhasastatutorydutytosubmitaclaimforcompensationascontemplatedundertheCompensationforOccupationalDiseases

Act(130of1993)bycompletingthenecessaryformsandfollowingtheprocedureprescribedbytheCompensationCommissioner.

Legaldutiesprescribedforamedicalpractitioner*ifanoccupationaldiseaseisidentified

(21) ThemedicalpractitionermustnotifytheChiefInspectorasprescribedinsection25oftheOccupationalHealthandSafetyAct.TheprescribedformatistheuseoftheWCLformsusedforthesubmissionofclaimsforanoccupationaldiseaseundertheCompensationforOccupationalDiseasesAct(130of1993).

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(22) ThemedicalpractitionermustfacilitatethesubmissionofaclaimforcompensationundertheCompensationforOccupationalDiseasesAct(130of1993)bycompletingthenecessarymedicalreportsandfollowingtheprocedureprescribedbytheCompensationCommissioner.Thesearedescribedin“InternalInstruction”documentspublishedbytheCompensationCommissioner.

*Notethatthislegaldutyisplacedonanymedicalpractitioner,notjustanoccupationalmedicinepractitioner.However,giventhetrainingreceivedbyoccupationalpractitioners,theyarebestsuitedtofulfiltheseduties.

Biologicalmonitoring

Distinctionbetweenbiologicalmonitoring,biologicalexposuremonitoringandbiologicaleffectmonitoring.

(23) Thesetermsareoftenconfusedwithoneanother.Intheseregulations,biologicalexposuremonitoringandbiologicaleffectmonitoringaresubsetsoftheoverarchingterm,biologicalmonitoring.

(24) 24.Biologicalexposuremonitoringisthemeasurementandassessmentofchemicalsortheirmetabolites(substancesthebodyconvertsthechemicalinto,forpurposesofelimination)inexposedworkers.Thesemeasurementsaremadeonsamplesofbreath,urine,blood,orotherbiologicalmaterials,oranycombinationofthese.Biologicalmonitoringmeasurementsreflectthetotaluptakeofachemicalbyanindividualbyallroutes(inhalation,ingestion,throughtheskinorbyacombinationoftheseroutes).Biologicalexposuremonitoringthereforedoesnotrepresentanadverseeffectoranoccupationaldisease;itonlyreflectsexposure.Itisoftenincorrectlylistedasatypeofmedicalsurveillance.

(25) Biologicaleffectmonitoringisthemeasurementandassessmentofearlynon-adversereversiblesubclinicalphysiologicaleffectscausedbyabsorptionofchemicals(i.e.priortoestablishedclinicaldisease).Ittypicallyinvolvesmeasuringbiochemicalresponses(forexample,measuringplasmaanderythrocytecholinesteraseactivityinworkersexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides;ormeasuringincreasesinurinaryproteinfollowingexposuretocadmium;orchangesinfunctioningofenzymes.Hencemeasuringforchangesinbloodcellcountsfollowingexposuretobonemarrowtoxinsdoesnotconstitutebiologicaleffectmonitoring;thisismedicaltesting).Theseresponsesmayhavepotentialhealthimplicationsfortheindividual,andmayalsoarisefromcausesotherthanoccupationalexposure.Consequently,biologicaleffectmonitoringshouldalwaysbecarriedoutwiththecloseinvolvementofanoccupationalmedicinepractitioner.

Objectives&usesofbiologicalexposuremonitoring

(26) Themainobjectiveofbiologicalmonitoringistoprovideacomplementarytechniquetoairmonitoringwhenairsamplingtechniquesalonemaynotgiveareliableindicationofexposure.Henceitmaybeparticularlyusefulinthefollowingways:

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(a) todetectanddetermineabsorptionviatheskinorgastrointestinalsystem,inadditiontothatbyinhalation(b) totesttheefficacyofpersonalprotectiveequipmentandmonitorworkpractices(c) tocomplimentairmonitoringincircumstanceswhenworkpracticesarenotnormal,suchasabnormallylongorvariableworkhours,or

verystrenuouswork(highbreathingrates=increasedchemicalintake)(d) todetectnon-occupationalexposures(e) toassesstotalbodyburden(f) toreconstructpastexposureintheabsenceofotherexposuremeasurementsforchemicalswithlonghalf-lives(g) toassesstheeffectivenessofmedicalremovalprocedureswhenindicatedforcertainchemicals(e.g.lead)

Importantconsiderationsinbiologicalexposuremonitoring

(27) Inchoosingatesttomeettheaboveobjectives,itisimportanttounderstandtherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalexposureandtheconcentrationofanHCAinbiologicalsamples.Thisincludesanunderstandingoftheprinciplesofabsorption,biotransformation,distributionandexcretionoftheHCAoritsmetabolites.

(28) Inaddition,thereshouldbeanalyticalmethodsavailableofsufficientsensitivityandspecificitytodetectconcentrationsoftheagentinbiologicalmediaintherangelikelytobeencounteredinindustry.TheHCAslistedinTable4ofAnnexure1arethoseforwhichtheabovecriteriahaveareasonablechanceofbeingmet.

BiologicalExposureIndices(BEIs)

(29) BEIsarereferencevaluesintendedasguidelinesfortheevaluationofpotentialhealthhazardsinthepracticeofindustrialhygiene.Theymustnotbeusedasstatutoryreferencevalues.

(30) ABEIrepresentsintheorythelevelofanHCAormetabolitemostlikelytobeobservedinaspecimencollectedfromahealthyworkerwhohasbeenexposedtoanHCAtothesameextentastheworkerwithinhalationexposuretoanOEL-TWA.BEIsdonotrepresentasharpdistinctionbetweenhazardousandnon-hazardousexposures.Forexample,owingtobiologicalvariability,itispossiblethatanindividual’smeasurementscanexceedtheBEIwithoutincurringanincreasedhealthrisk.Conversely,theremaybesomesusceptibleindividualswhomaybeharmedatlevelsbelowtheBEI.

(31) IfmeasurementsinspecimensobtainedfromaworkerondifferentoccasionspersistentlyexceedtheBEI,orifthemajorityofmeasurementsinspecimensobtainedfromagroupofworkersatthesameworkplaceexceedtheBEI,thecauseoftheexcessivevaluesmustbeinvestigatedandproperactionbetakentoreducetheexposure.

(32) BEIsapplytoeight-hourexposures,fivedaysaweek.However,BEIsfordifferingworkschedulesmaybeextrapolatedonpharmacokineticgrounds.BEIsshouldnotbeappliedeitherdirectlyorthroughaconversionfactor,inthedeterminationofsafelevelsfornon-occupationalexposuretoairandwaterpollutants,orfoodcontaminants.TheBEIsarenotintendedforuseasameasureofadverseeffectsorfordiagnosisofoccupationaldisease.

(33) Actualexposurescanbedeterminedusingsomeoftheabovemethods,butitisimportanttounderstandthelimitationsofresults.Thelevelofahazardouschemicaloritsmetabolitesinthebodydoesnotnecessarilycorrelatewithexposuretothehazardouschemicals,symptomsordamagetohealth.

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Legalbackgroundtoexposurelimits

(34) Twotypesofoccupationalexposurelimitsaredefinedinregulation1oftheHCARegulations.Thetwotypesareoccupationalexposurelimit-controllimit(OEL-ML),andoccupationalexposurelimit-recommendedlimit(OEL-RL),aslistedinTables1and2ofAnnexure1(Table1)(Table2).ThekeydifferencebetweenthetwotypesoflimitsisthatoneOEL-RLissetatalevelatwhichthereisnoindicationofarisktohealth;foranOEL-ML,aresidualriskmayexistandthelevelset,takessocio-economicfactorsintoaccount.Furtherdetailsaregiveninparagraphs8to16.

(35) Regulation10oftheHCARegulationslaysdowntherequirementsfortheuseofanOEL-MLandanOEL-RLforHCAforthepurposeofachievingadequatecontrol.Regulation10(1)requiresthat,wherethereisexposuretoaagentforwhichanOEL-MLisspecifiedinTable1ofAnnexure1,thecontrolofexposureshall,sofarasinhalationofthatagentisconcerned,betreatedasadequateonlyifthelevelofexposureisreducedsofarasisreasonablypracticableandinanycasebelowtheOEL-ML.

(36) Regulation10(1)oftheHCARegulationsrequiresthat,wherethereisexposuretoaagentforwhichanOEL-RLhasbeenapproved,thecontrolofexposureshall,sofarasinhalationofthatagentisconcerned,betreatedasadequateif-

(a) thatOEL-RLisnotexceeded;or

(b) wherethatOEL-RLisexceeded,theemployeridentifiesthereasonsfortheexceedingofthestandardandtakesappropriateactiontoremedythesituationassoonasisreasonablypracticable.

Settingoccupationalexposurelimits

AdvisoryCouncilandStandingTechnicalCommittee

(37) OEL-RL andOEL-MLare set by the chief inspectoron recommendationof theAdvisoryCouncil forOccupationalHealth and Safety (theAdvisoryCouncil),followingassessmentbytheStandingCommitteeNo.7(TC7)oftheAdvisoryCouncilforOccupationalHealthandSafety.

(38) TC7mustfirstconsiderwhattypeoflimitisappropriate,OEL-RL,orOEL-ML,andsecondly,atwhatconcentrationthelimitshouldbeset.SettinganOEL-RListhefirstoptiontobeconsideredandTC7comestoadecisionbasedonascientificjudgmentoftheavailableinformationonhealtheffects,whereTC7mayconsider that an OEL-ML ismore appropriate. Following public consultation, new OEL-MLs and OEL-RLs are listed in Table 2 and Table 3 of Annexure 2respectively.

Theindicativecriteria

(39) ForasubstancetobeassignedanOEL-RLitmustmeetallthefollowingthreecriteria:

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(a) Criterion1Theavailablescientificevidenceallowsfortheidentification,withreasonablecertainty,ofconcentrationsaveraged

overa referenceperiod,atwhich there isno indication that the substance is likely tobe injurious toemployees if theyareexposedbyinhalationdayafterdaytothatconcentration;

(b) Criterion2Exposuretoconcentrationshigherthanthatderivedundercriterion1andwhichcouldreasonablyoccurinpractice,areunlikelytoproduceseriousshortorlongtermeffectsonhealthovertheperiodthatitmightreasonablytaketoidentifyandremedythecauseofexcessiveexposure;

(c) Criterion3TheavailableevidenceindicatesthatcompliancewiththeOEL-RL,asderivedundercriterion1,isreasonablypracticable.

(40) AagentistobeassignedanOEL-MLifitmeetsthefollowingcriterion:

Criterion4Theavailableevidenceonthesubstancedoesnotsatisfycriterion1,or2,orbothforanOEL-RLandexposuretothesubstancehas,orisliabletohave,serioushealthimplicationsforworkers;

SettinganOEL-RL

(41) Criterion1setsoutthefundamentalbasisforestablishingsuchalimit:Theexistenceofathresholdabovewhichtheremaybeevidenceofsignificanteffectsonhealthbutbelowwhich,onexistingknowledge,therearethoughttobenoadverseeffects.

(42) Criterion2isnecessaryinordertotakeaccountofHCARegulation10(1)oftheHCARegulationswherebyexposuresaboveanOEL-RLareallowedprovidedtheemployeridentifiesthereasonsforexceedingthestandardandtakesstepstoreduceexposuretothatOEL-RLassoonasisreasonablypracticable.Clearly,itisnecessarytotakeaccountof the likelihoodandprobableextentofcases indecidingwhetheranOEL-RL isappropriate.Thehealtheffectstobetaken intoaccountincludesensoryandothereffectssuchastheslowingofreflexeswhichmightresultintheimpairmentofsafety.

(43) Criterion3takesaccountofwhetherindustrycanreasonablycomplywiththeexposurelimitderivedunderthefirstcriterion.ThereisnopurposeinsettinganOEL-RLwhichplainlycannotbeachievedinpractice.Notethatindustry'sabilitytocomplyinfluencesthedecisionofwhethertosetanOEL-RL,butdoesnotinfluencethelevelatwhichthatOEL-RLisset.

SettinganOEL-ML

(44) TobeassignedanOEL-RL,anagentmustmeetallthefirstthreecriteria;ifitdoesnot,thenitcanbeconsideredforanOEL-ML.TobeassignedanOEL-ML,thereshouldbeseriousimplicationsforthehealthofworkersexposedtotheagent.Serioushealthimplicationsincludeboththeriskofserioushealtheffectstoasmallpopulationofworkersand the riskof relativelyminorhealtheffects toa largepopulation. Inpractice, anOEL-MLhasbeenmostoftenallocated to

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carcinogensandtootheragentsforwhichnothresholdofeffectcanbeidentifiedandaboutwhichthereisnodoubtabouttheseriousnessoftheeffectsofexposure.

(45) AnOEL-MLandanOEL-RL,therefore,differnotonlyintheirlegalstatus,butalsointhewayinwhichtheyareset.ForanOEL-RLtheonlyconsiderationinsettingthelimitsistheprotectionofthehealthoftheemployee;foranOEL-MLthisisstilltheprimaryconsiderationbutsocio-economicfactorsarealsotakenintoaccount.Theindicativecriteria,providetheframeworkwithinwhichthediscussionsatthevariousstagesoflimit-settingcanbeconducted.

Applyingoccupationalexposurelimits

General

(46) ThelistsofoccupationalexposurelimitsgiveninTable1andTable2ofAnnexure1,unlessotherwisestated,relatetopersonalexposuretoagentshazardoustohealthintheairoftheworkplace.

Unitsofmeasurement

(47) Foroccupationalexposurelimits,concentrationsofgasesandvapoursinairareusuallyexpressedinpartspermillion(ppm),ameasureofconcentrationbyvolume,but,mayalsobeexpressedinmilligramspercubicmetreofair(mg/m³),ameasureofconcentrationbymass.Concentrationsofairborneparticles(fume,dust,etc.)areusuallyexpressed inmg/m³. Inthecaseofairborneparticulates, the limitswhereapplicable inTable2andTable3refer tothetotalairborneparticulatefractionunlessspecificallyindicatedasreferringtotherespirablefraction(seeparagraphs37to40).Inthecaseofman-mademineralfibres,thelimitisexpressedasfibrespermillilitreofair(fibres/ml).

Oftengasesandvapourswillbemeasuredinmilligramspercubicmeterofair(mg/m³),whereastheOELisonlyavailableinppm.Inthesecases,theOELinppmmustbeconvertedtoitsequivalentinmg/m³.ThisistoallowforthemeasuredHCAconcentrationinmg/m³tobecomparedtotheOEL(note:themeasuredHCAconcentrationmustnotbeconvertedtoppm).In order to convert theOEL in ppm to its equivalentOEL inmg/m³ atNTP (Normal Temperature and Pressure,NTP - a temperature of 25°C and anatmosphericpressureof101.325kPa),thefollowingformulaisapplicable:

OELinmg/m3 = OEL(inppm)xmolecularweightoftheHCA 24.45

Occupationalexposurelimits-controllimits:OEL-ML(table2)

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(48) AnOEL-MListhemaximumconcentrationofanairborneagent,averagedoverareferenceperiod,towhichemployeesmaybeexposedbyinhalationunderany

circumstances,andisspecifiedtogetherwiththeappropriatereferenceperiodinTable2ofAnnexure2.(49) Regulation10(1)oftheHCARegulations,whenreadinconjunctionwiththeAct, imposesadutyontheemployertotakeallreasonableprecautionsandto

exerciseallduediligencetoensurethatexposureiskeptasfarbelowanOEL-MLasisreasonablypracticable.(50) Tocomplywiththisduty,inthecaseofagentswitha8-hourreferenceperiod,employersshouldundertakeaprogrammeofmonitoringinaccordancewith

regulation6sothattheycanshow(ifitisthecase),thatanOEL-MLisnotexceeded.Suchamonitoringprogrammeneednotbeundertakeniftheassessmentcarriedoutinaccordancewithregulation5showsthatthelevelofexposureismostunlikelyevertoexceedanOEL-ML.Foragentsassignedashort-termlimit,suchvalueshouldneverbeexceeded.

(51) TheassessmentshouldalsobeusedtodeterminetheextenttowhichitisreasonablypracticabletoreduceexposurefurtherbelowanOEL-MLasrequiredbyregulation10(1)Inassessingreasonablepracticability,thenatureoftheriskpresentedbytheagentinquestionshouldbeweighedagainstthecostandtheeffortinvolvedintakingmeasurestoreducetherisk.(AlsoseethedefinitionofreasonablypracticableasdefinedintheAct.)

Occupationalexposurelimit-recommendedlimit:OEL-RL(Table3)

(52) AnOEL-RListheconcentrationofanairborneagent,averagedoverareferenceperiod,atwhich,accordingtocurrentknowledge,thereisnoevidencethatitislikelytobeinjurioustoemployeesiftheyareexposedbyinhalation,dayafterday,tothatconcentration.

(53) Foranagent,whichhasbeenassignedanOEL-RL,exposurebyinhalationshouldbereducedtothatstandard.However,ifexposurebyinhalationexceedsthe

OEL-RL,thencontrolwillstillbedeemedtobeadequateprovidedthattheemployerhasidentifiedwhytheOEL-RLhasbeenexceededandistakingappropriatestepstocomplywiththeOEL-RLassoonasreasonablypracticable.Insuchacase,theemployersobjectivemustbetoreduceexposuretotheOEL-RL,butthefinalachievementofthisobjectivemaytakesometime.Theassessmentunderregulation5willdeterminetheurgencyofthenecessaryaction,taking intoaccounttheextentandcostoftherequiredmeasuresinrelationtothenatureanddegreeofexposureinvolved.

(54) ControlofanOEL-RLasprescribedinregulation10(1)(a)canalwaysberegardedasadequatecontrolofthatagentforthepurposeoftheHCARegulations,sofarasexposurefrominhalationisconcerned.However,duetothevariationsinprocesscontrolandthefluctuationsinagentconcentrationsintheworkplace,itwillbeprudentforemployerstoreduceexposurebelowanOEL-RLastoensurethattheexposureofallemployeesdoesnotexceedthatOEL-RL.Similarly,itisnotintendedthatthestatutoryrequirementsunderregulation10(1)shoulddiscouragethefurtherapplicationofgoodoccupationalhygieneprinciplesinordertoreduceexposurebelowtheOEL-RL.

Long-termandshort-termexposurelimits

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(55) Effectsofexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthvaryconsiderablydependingonthenatureofthesubstanceandthepatternofexposure.Someeffectsrequireprolongedoraccumulatedexposure.Thelong-term(8-hourTWA)exposurelimitisintendedtocontrolsucheffectsbyrestrictingthetotalintakebyinhalationoveroneormoreworkshifts,dependingonthelengthoftheshift.Othereffectsmaybeseenafterbriefexposures.Short-termexposurelimits(usually15minutes)maybeappliedtocontroltheseeffects.Forthosesubstancesforwhichnoshort-termlimitisspecified,itisrecommendedthatafigureofthreetimesthelong-termlimitbeusedasaguidelineforcontrollingshort-termpeaksinexposure.Someworkplaceactivitiesgiverisetofrequentshort(lessthan15minutes)periodsofhighexposurewhich,ifaveragedovertime,donotexceedeitheran8-hourTWAora15-minuteTWA.Suchexposureshavethepotentialtocauseharmandshouldbesubjecttoreasonablypracticablemeansofcontrolunlessa‘suitableandsufficient’riskassessmentshowsnorisktohealthfromsuchexposures.

(56) Insomesituationssuchasinsubmarinesandsaturationdiving,theoccupationalexposureisessentiallycontinuous.Inthesecases,acontinuousexposurelimitshouldbederivedbydividingthe8-hourTWAexposurelimitbyafactorof5.

(57) Boththelong-termandshort-termexposurelimitsareexpressedasairborneconcentrationsaveragedoveraspecifiedperiodoftime.Theperiodforthelong-termlimitisnormallyeighthours,whenadifferentperiodisusedthisisstated.Theaveragingperiodfortheshort-termexposurelimitisnormally15minutes,suchalimitapplyingtoany15-minuteperiodthroughouttheworkingshift.Exposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthshouldbecalculatedaccordingtotheapprovedmethod,whichisreproducedinAnnexure4.

Limitationstotheapplicationofexposurelimits

(58) ThelistofOELs,unlessotherwisestated,relatestopersonalexposuretosubstanceshazardoustohealthintheairoftheworkplace.Thelimitscannotbeadaptedreadilytoevaluateorcontrolnon-occupationalexposure,e.g.levelsofcontaminationintheneighbourhoodclosetoanindustrialplant.OELsareapprovedonlyforapplicationtopeopleatwork.OELsareapprovedonlyforusewheretheatmosphericpressureisbetween85kPaand101.325kPa.Thiscoversthenormalrangeofmeteorologicalvariationsandslightlypressurisedworkplacessuchascleanrooms,butnotthehyperbaricconditionswhichmaybeencounteredin,forexample, tunnellingordiving.ToenableOELs tobeapplied inhyperbaric conditions, the limits shouldbeexpressedasapartialpressureormass/volumeconcentrationathigherpressures.Suchsituationsrequirespecialassessments.

(59) Occupationalexposurelimits,assetoutinTables2and3ofAnnexure2,areintendedtobeusedfornormalworkingconditionsinworkplaces.EmployersshouldalsotakeintoaccounttheirdutiesandtheprovisionsoftheEnvironmentalConservationAct.OELsarenot,however,designedtodealwithseriousaccidentsoremergencies,particularlywhereemployeesmaybeexposedtorapidlyrisingconcentrationsofgas,asmayarisefromamajorescapeduetoplantfailure.OverandabovetheirresponsibilitiestoensurethattherequirementsoftheHCARegulationsaremet,employersalsohaveaclearresponsibilitytoensurethattheplantisdesigned,operatedandmaintainedinawaythatavoidsaccidentsandemergencies.Whereappropriate,detection,alarmandresponsemeasuresshouldbeusedinordertominimisetheeffectofanysuchunplannedevents.Tohelpmaintainadequateoperationalcontrol,employersmayfindithelpfultoselecttheirownindicatorsofcontrolwhenundertakinginvestigationsorcorrectiveaction.

Exposureinmines

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(60) TheHCARegulationsandtheoccupationalexposurelimitsinthispublicationdonotapplytoexposuretoagentshazardoustohealthinmines.Leadandasbestos

(61) Workwithasbestosor lead isnotsubject to theHCARegulations.Theexposure limits forvarious typesofasbestosand leadarespecified in theAsbestosRegulationsandtheLeadRegulations.

Pesticides

(62) Agentsusedasactiveingredientsinpesticidesarelistedundertheirchemicalnamesand/ortheircommon(ISO)names.Thesenamesmaysometimesbeusedaspartsofthenamesofproprietarypesticideformulations.Inallcasestheexposurelimitappliestothespecificactiveingredientsandnottotheformulationasawhole.

Dusts

(63) Thegeneralapproachnecessarytocontroloccupationalexposuretodustsisasfollows:notalldustshavebeenassignedoccupationalexposurelimitsbutthelackofsuch limitsshouldnotbetakento implyanabsenceofhazard. Intheabsenceofaspecificexposure limit foraparticulardust,exposureshouldbeadequatelycontrolled.Wherethereisnoindicationoftheneedforalowervalue,personalexposureshouldbekeptbelowboth10mg/m³8-hourtime-weightedaverage total airborne dust and 5 mg/m³ time-weighted average respirable dust. Such, or greater, dust concentrations should be taken as excessiveconcentrations.

(64) Wheredustscontaincomponentswhichhavetheirownassignedoccupationalexposurelimits,alltherelevantlimitsshouldbecompliedwith.Particlesizeselectivecriteriaforsamplingoftotalairborneparticulateandrespirableparticulate

(65) Unlessspecifiedotherwise,OELsforallairborneparticulates(HCAscomprisingofairborneparticulates)refertothetotalairborneparticulatefractionofthatsubstance. Samplingof theseairborneparticulatesmustbecarriedoutwitha techniquespecificallydesigned tocollect the totalairborneparticulatesizefractionoftheHCA.TotalAirborneparticulatematterapproximatestotheparticlesizefractionofparticulatesthatcanbesuspendedinairwithanuppersizelimitofapproximately100micrometre(µm)inaerodynamicdiameter.

(66) Respirableparticulateapproximatestothethemassfractionofinhaledairborneparticlesthatpenetratestotheunciliatedairways(lowergasexchangeregions/thelowerbronchiolesandalveolarregions)inthelung.Respirableparticulatesgenerallyhaveanaerodynamicdiameteroflessthan10µmandthemedianfortherespirablesizefractionis4µmaerodynamicdiameter.

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(67) Samplingforrespirableairborneparticulatemustbeperformedaccordingtoatechniquethatwillcollectairborneparticulatesconformingtothefollowingsizefractiondistribution:

Particle equivalent aerodynamicdiameter(µm) Respirability(masspercent)

01234567810

100979174503017951

Wooddust

(68) Wooddustisageneraltermcoveringawidevarietyofairbornewooddusts.Thehealtheffectsofwooddustdifferbetweendustgeneratedfromtheprocessingofdifferentspeciesoftrees.Specificspeciesofbothhardandsoftwoodsinducesensitisationandsothecategorisationofwoodsintohardandsoftwoodstoindicaterelativetoxicityisnotuseful.Forthisreason,OELsareindicatedbyspeciesandnothard/softwoodcategorisation.OakandbeecharelistedwithanA1(confirmedhuman)carcinogenicpotentialandbirch,mahogany,teakandwalnutarelistedwithanA2(suspectedhuman)carcinogenicpotentialbyACGIH.ForfurtherinformationonhealtheffectsofwoodsrefertotheHealth&SafetyExecutiveUKWoodworkingSheetNo30aswellasACGIHTLVs&BEIsAPPENDIXD,whichprovidesinformationontreespeciessuspectedofinducingsensitisation.

(69) Dustisgeneratedbythemachiningandworkingofwoodandwood-containingmaterialssuchaschipboardandfibreboard.Operationssuchassawing,turningandroutingproducerelativelycoarsedust,whilesandingandassemblyoperationsgeneratefinedust.

Fume

(70) WhereaseparateOELhasbeensetforfume,itshouldnormallybeappliedtosolidparticlesgeneratedbychemicalreactionsorcondensedfromthegaseousstate, usually after volatilisation frommelted agents. The generation of fume is often accompanied by a chemical reaction such as oxidation or thermalbreakdown.

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Absorptionthroughtheskin

(71) Ingeneral,formostagentsthemainrouteofentryintothebodyisbyinhalation.TheOELsgivenintheseregulationssolelyrelatetoexposurebythisroute.Certainagentssuchasphenol,anilineandcertainpesticides(markedintheTableswithanSKnotation)havetheabilitytopenetratetheintactskinandthusbecomeabsorbedintothebody.Absorptionthroughtheskincanresultfromlocalisedcontamination,forexample,fromasplashontheskinorclothing,orincertaincasesfromexposuretohighatmosphericconcentrationsofvapour.Seriouseffectscanresultinlittleornowarninganditisnecessarytotakespecialprecautionstopreventskincontactwhenhandlingtheseagents.Wherethepropertiesoftheagentsandthemethodsofuseprovideapotentialexposurerouteviaskinabsorption,thesefactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountindeterminingtheadequacyofthecontrolmeasures.

Sensitisers

(72) Certainagentsmaycausesensitisationoftherespiratorytractifinhaledorskincontactoccurs.Respiratorysensitiserscancauseasthma,rhinitis,orextrinsicallergicalveolitis.Skinsensitiserscauseallergiccontactdermatitis.Agentswhichcauseskinsensitationsarenotnecessarilyrespiratorysensitisersorvice-versa.Onlyaproportionoftheexposedpopulationwillbecomesensitised,andthosewhodobecomesensitised,willnothavebeenidentifiedinadvance.Individualswhobecomesensitisedmayproducesymptomsofillhealthafterexposureeventominuteconcentrationsofthesensitiser.

(73) Whereitisreasonablypracticable,exposuretosensitisersshouldbeprevented.Wherethiscannotbeachieved,exposureshouldbekeptaslowasisreasonablypracticableandactivitiesgivingrisetoshort-termpeak-concentrationsshouldreceiveparticularattention.Aswithotheragents,thespreadofcontaminationbysensitiserstootherworkingareasshouldalsobeprevented,asfarasisreasonablypracticable.

(74) TheSennotation(markedintheTableswithaSennotation)hasbeenassignedonlytothosesensitisersthatmaycausesensitisationbyinhalation.RememberthatotheragentsnotcontainedintheseTablescanactasrespiratorysensitisers.

Otherfactors

(75) Workingconditionswhichimposeadditionalstressonthebody,suchasexposuretoultra-violetradiation,hightemperatures,pressuresandhumidity,mayincreasethetoxicresponsetoaagent.Insuchcases,specialistadvicemaybenecessarytoevaluatetheeffectofthesefactors.

MixedExposures

General

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(76) ThemajorityofOELslistedinTables1and2ofAnnexure1areforsinglecompoundsorforagentscontainingacommonelementorradical,e.g.tungstenandcompounds,andisocyanates.Afewofthelimitsrelatetoagentscommonlyencounteredascomplexmixturesorcompoundse.g.whitespirit,rubberfume,andweldingfume.However,workersarefrequentlysubjecttoothermixedexposuresinvolvingsolids,liquids,aerosolsorgases.Theseexposurescanariseasaresultofworkwithmaterialscontainingamixtureofagents,orfromworkwithseveralindividualagents,simultaneouslyorsuccessively,inaworkshift.Mixedexposuresrequirecarefulassessmentoftheirhealtheffectsandtheappropriatenessofcontrolstandards.Thefollowingparagraphsprovideabriefsummaryoftheadviceontheapplicationofexposurelimitsinthesecircumstances.Inallcasesofdoubt,specialistadviceshouldbesought.

Effectsofmixedexposures

(77) Thewaysinwhichtheconstituentagentsofamixedexposureinteract,varyconsiderably.Somemixedexposuresinvolveagentsthatactondifferentbodytissuesororgans,orbydifferenttoxilogicalmechanisms,thesevariouseffectsbeingindependentofeachother.Othermixtureswillincludeagentsthatactonthesameorgans,orbysimilarmechanisms,sothattheeffectsreinforceeachotherandtheagentsareadditiveintheireffect.Insomecasestheoveralleffectisconsiderablygreater than thesumof the individualeffectsand thesystem is synergistic.Thismayarise frommutualenhancementof theeffectsof theconstituentsorbecauseoneagentpotentiatesanother,causingittoactinawaywhichitwouldnotdoalone.

Assessmentandcontrol

(78) WithAlltypesofmixedexposures,itisessentialthatassessmentsbebasedontheconcentrationsofeachoftheconstituentsinairtowhichworkersareexposed.Dependingonthenatureoftheconstituentsandthecircumstancesofuse,therelativeconcentrationsoftheconstituentsinairmaydifferconsiderablyfromthoseintheliquidorsolidsourcematerial.Thecompositionofthebulkmaterialshouldnotbereliedonforassessmentunlessthereisgoodevidencefordoingso.

(79) Wheremixedexposuresoccur,thefirststepistoensureadequatecontrolofexposureforeachindividualagent.However,thenatureandamountoftheotheragentsinamixturecaninfluencetheleveltowhichitisreasonablypracticabletoreduceexposuretoaagentsubjecttoanOEL-ML.Whenlimitsforspecificmixtureshavebeenestablished, they shouldbeusedonlywhere theyareapplicable,and inaddition toany relevant individual limits.Theyshouldnotbeextendedtoinappropriatesituations.Itisthennecessarytoassesswhetherfurthercontrolisneededtocounteractanyincreasedriskfromtheagentsactinginconjunction.Expertassessmentsforsomeparticularmixedexposuresmaybeavailableandcanbeusedasguidelines insimilarcases. Inothercases,closeexaminationofthetoxicologicaldatawillbenecessarytodeterminewhichofthemaintypesofinteraction(ifany)arelikelyfortheparticularcombinationofagentsconcerned.Thevarioustypesshouldbeconsideredinthefollowingorder:

(a) Synergisticagents:Knowncasesofsynergismandpotentiationareconsiderablylesscommonthantheothertypesofbehaviourinmixed

exposures.However,theyarethemostseriousintheireffectsandrequirethestrictestcontrol.Theyarealsothemostdifficulttoassessandwhereverthereisreasontosuspectsuchinteraction,specialistadviceshouldbeobtained;

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(b) Additivesubstances:Wherethereisreasontobelievethattheeffectsoftheconstituentsareadditive,andwheretheexposurelimitsarebasedonthesamehealtheffects,themixedexposureshouldbeassessedbymeansoftheformula-

Here,EmistheexposureforthemixtureandC1,C2,etc.arethetime-weightedaverage(TWA)concentrationsofconstituentsinair.OEL1,OEL2,etc.arethecorrespondingexposurelimits.TheuseofthisformulaisonlyapplicablewheretheadditiveagentshavebeenassignedOELs,whichrelatetothesamereferenceperiodinthelistofpromulgatedOELs.Iftheequationgeneratesaresultthatis>1,thentheexposurelimitforthemixture(Em)hasbeenexceeded.IfoneoftheconstituentshasbeenassignedanOEL-ML,thentheadditiveeffectshouldbetakenintoaccountindecidingtheextenttowhichitisreasonablypracticabletofurtherreduceexposure;and

(c) Independentsubstances:Wherenosynergisticoradditiveeffectsareknownorconsideredlikely,theconstituentscanberegardedasacting

independently.ItisthensufficienttoensurecompliancewitheachoftheOELsindividually.

(80) Theabovestepsprovidebasicprotocolforassessmentofmixedexposures.Itisopentopersonsresponsibleforcontrolofexposuretotreatallnon-synergisticsystemsasthoughtheywereadditive.Thisavoidstheneedtodistinguishadditiveandindependentsystemsandcanberegardedasthemostprudentcourse,particularlywherethetoxicitydataarescarceordifficulttoassess.

Monitoringmixedexposure

(81) Furtherinformationonmonitoringairbornecontaminantsisgiveninparagraphs52and53.Thenumberofcomponentsofamixedexposureforwhichroutineairmonitoringisrequired,canbereducediftheirrelativeconcentrationscanbeshowntobeconstant.Thisinvolvestheselectionofakeyormarker,whichmaybeoneoftheconstituents,asameasureofthetotalcontamination.Exposuretothemarkeriscontrolledatalevelselectedsothatexposurestoallcomponentswillbecontrolledinaccordancewiththecriteriainparagraphs48(a)and(b).However,ifoneofthecomponentshasbeenassignedanOEL-ML,theleveloftheexposuretothatagentshouldalwaysbereducedasfarasisreasonablypracticable.Ifthisapproachistobeused,itshouldtakeplaceundertheguidanceofsuitablespecialistadvice.

Complicatingfactors

(82) Severalfactorsthatcomplicatetheassessmentandcontrolofexposuretoindividualagentswillalsoaffectcasesofmixedexposuresandwillrequiresimilarspecialconsideration.Suchfactorsinclude-

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(a) exposuretoaagentforwhichthereisnoestablishedlimitorforwhichanOEL-MLhasbeenset;

(b) therelevanceoffactorssuchasalcohol,medication,smokingandadditionalstresses;(c) exposureoftheskintooneormoreagentsthatcanbeabsorbedbythisroute,aswellasbyinhalation;and(d) agentsinmixturemaymutuallyaffecttheextentoftheirabsorption,aswellastheirhealtheffects,atagivenlevelofexposure.

Monitoringexposure

(83) Regulation5(4)oftheHCARegulationsimposesadutyontheemployertomonitortheexposureofemployeestoagentshazardoustohealth.Detailsofroutinesamplingstrategiesforindividualagentsareoutsidethescopeofthisdocument.However,adviceisavailableinHSG173,whichprovidespracticalguidanceonmonitoringagentshazardoustohealthinair.

Calculationofexposurewithregardtothespecifiedreferenceperiods

(84) Thefollowingguidanceisprovidedasanapprovedmethodforthecalculationofexposureinrelationtothe8-hour,short-termandone-yearreferenceperiods.

(85) The8-hourreferenceperiod85.1. Theterm'8-hourreferenceperiod'relatestotheprocedurewherebytheoccupationalexposures inany24-hourperiodaretreatedasequivalenttoasingle

uniformexposurefor8hours[the8-hourtimeweightedaverage(TWA)exposure].

85.2. The8-hourTWAmayberepresentedmathematicallyby:

whereC(1)istheoccupationalexposurevalue(concentration)andT(1)istheassociatedexposuretimeinhoursinany24-hourperiod.Examples

(a) Theoperatorworksfor7h20min.onaprocessinwhichheisexposedtoaagenthazardoustohealth.Theaverageexposureduringthatperiodismeasuredas0.12mg/m³.

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(b) Theoperatorworksforeighthoursonaprocessinwhichheisexposedtoaagenthazardoustohealth.Theaverageexposureduringthatperiodismeasuredas0,15mg/m³.

The8-hourTWAthereforeis–

(c) Workingperiodsmaybesplitintoseveralsessionsforthepurposeofsamplingtotakeaccountofrestandmealbreaks,etc.Thisisillustratedbythefollowingexample:

Exposureisassumedtobezeroduringtheperiod10:30to10:45,12:45to13:30and15:30to15:45.

Workingperiod Exposure{mg/m³) Durationofsampling(h)

08:00-10:30 0.32 2.5

10:45-12:45 0.07 2

13:30-15:30 0.20 2

15:45-17:15 0.10 1.5

The8-hourTWAthereforeis-

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(d) Anoperatorworksforeighthoursduringthenightshiftonaprocessinwhichheisintermittentlyexposedtoaagenthazardoustohealth.Theoperatorsworkpatternduringtheworkingperiodshouldbeknownandthebestavailabledatarelatingtoeachperiodofexposureshouldbeappliedincalculatingthe8-hourTWA.Thisdatashouldbebasedondirectmeasurement,estimatesbasedondataalreadyavailableorreasonableassumptions.

Workingperiod

Task Exposure(mg/m³)

22:00-24:00Helpinginworkshop 1. 10(knowntobetheexposureof full-timegroupintheworkshop)

24:00-01:00Cleaningelsewhereinfactory0(assumed)

1.00-04:00 Workingincanteen 0(assumed)

04:00-06:00Cleaningup after breakdowninworkshop

0.21(assumed)

The8-hourTWAthereforeis-

(e) Theoperatorworksa12-hourshifteachdayforfivedays,andthenhassevendays’rest.Theexposurelimitsarebasedonan8-hourreferenceperiodineach24hoursinwhichanexposureoccurs;thesevendays’restmakesnodifference.Whileatwork,theoperatorisexposedto4mg.m-3.

The8-hourTWA=

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=6mg.m-3.

(86) Theshort-termreferenceperiodExposureshouldberecordedastheaverageoverthespecifiedshort-termreferenceperiod,normally15minutes,andshouldbedeterminedbysamplingoverthatperiod.Forshortemissionsoflessthanthereferenceperiod,whichstillmayhavethepotentialtocauseharm,appropriateactionshouldbetakentoensurethata‘suitableandsufficient’riskassessmentiscarriedouttoensurethatthereisnorisktohealthfromsuchexposures.

Examplewheretheshort-termreferenceperiodis15minutes

a. Exposureperiodislessthan15minutes:

Thesamplingresultshouldbeaveragedover15minutes.Forexample,ifa5-minutesampleproducesalevelof600ppmandisimmediatelyfollowedbyaperiodofzeroexposure,thenthe15-minuteaverageexposurewillbe200ppm:

b. Exposureperiodis15minutesorlonger

Measurementsshouldbetakenovera15-minuteperiodandtheresultisthe15-minuteaverageexposure.Measurementsforperiodsgreaterthan15minutesshouldnotbeusedtocalculatea15-minuteaverageexposure,butiftheaverageexposureoverthelongerperiodexceedsthe15-minuteexposurelimit,thenthislimitmusthavebeenexceededoversome15-minuteperiod.Methodsofmeasurementandcalculationfordeterminingfibreconcentrationsofmanmademineralfibre

(87) Refractoryceramicfibre(RCF)

RCFsareman-madevitreous(silicate)fibreswithrandomorientationwithalkalineoxideandalkaliearthoxide(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)contentlessorequalto18%byweight.Theterm‘RCF’also includesnon-oxideceramicfibresuchasboronandsiliconcarbidesandnitrides.FibreconcentrationsofRCFmustbemeasuredorcalculatedbyamethodapprovedbyHSE.Cottondust

(88) Cottonisthecellulosefibrethatgrowsinsidetheseedpods(orbolls)ofthecottonplant.Whenmature,thebollbreaksandthecottonappearsasasoftwadof

finefibres.Afterpicking,thecottonisseparatedfromtheseedetc.,andispackedandcompressedintobales.

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(89) TheOELs,whicharebasedonexposuretodustduringthehandlingofrawandwastecottonincludingblendscontainingraworwastecotton,withthefollowingexceptions:

(a) dustfromweaving,knitting,braidingandsubsequentprocesses;(b) dustfrombleachedordyedcotton;and(c) dustfromfinishedarticles,forexamplegarments.

(WheretheOELdoesnotapply,exposureshouldstillbeadequatelycontrolled.)TwoOELsapply:

(a) Cottondustlessfly;and(b) Cottondustinhalableairborneparticulate.

(90) Cottondustlessfly

AreaconcentrationsofcottondustlessflymustbemeasuredusingaverticalelutriatorinaccordancewithOSHAAnalyticalMethodAppendixA29CFR1910.1043,

asupdatedfromtimetotime.(91) Cottondustinhalableairborneparticulate

PersonalexposureconcentrationsmustbemeasuredbymeansofanInstituteofUKOccupationalMedicine(IOM)inhalabledustsamplerinaccordancewith

MDHS14/3oranyothersamplergivingequivalentresults,asupdatedfromtimetotime.

Asphyxiants

(92) Somegasesandvapours,whenpresentathighconcentrationinair,actassimpleasphyxiantsbyreducingtheoxygencontentbydilutiontosuchanextentthat

lifecannotbesupported.Manyasphyxiantsareodourless,colourlessandnotreadilydetectable.68.Monitoringtheoxygencontentoftheairisoftenthebestmeans of ensuring safety. The oxygen content of air in theworkplace should never be allowed to fall below aminimum of 19% by volume under normal

atmosphericpressure.Particularcareisnecessarywhendenseasphyxiants,e.g.argon,areused,sinceveryhighlocalisedconcentrationscanariseowingtotheircollectinginpits,confinedspacesandotherlow-lyingareaswhereventilationislikelytobepoor.

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Particularcareisnecessarywhendenseasphyxiants,egargon,areusedsincelocalisedveryhighconcentrationscanariseduetotheircollectinginpits,confinedspacesandotherlow-lyingareaswhereventilationislikelytobepoor.Manyasphyxiantspresentafireorexplosionrisk.Theconcentrationatwhichtheseriskscanariseareliabletobewellbelowthoselevelsatwhichasphyxiationislikelytooccurandshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenassessingthehazards.

Rubberfumeandrubberprocessdust

(93) Rubberfumeisfumeevolvedinthemixing,millingandblendingofnaturalrubberorsyntheticelastomers,orofnaturalrubberandsyntheticpolymerscombined

withchemicals,andintheprocesseswhichconverttheresultantblendsintofinishedproductsorpartsthereof,andincludinganyinspectionprocedureswherefumecontinuestobeevolved.

(94) Rubberprocessdustisevolvedduringthemanufactureofintermediatesorarticlesfromnaturalrubberand/orsyntheticelastomers.Thisdefinitiondoesnot

includedusts,which,foroccupationalpurposes,canbedealtwithindividually.IneachcasetherelevantOELwillapply.(95) DustproducedbytheabrasionofcuredrubbershouldbedealtwithasParticlesnototherwiseclassified[PNOC],i.e.dustofanykindwhenpresentatasubstantial

concentrationinair.

Flourdust

(96) Flourdust istakentobefinelygroundparticlesofcerealsorpulses(includingcontaminants)thatresultfromanygrindingprocessandfromanysubsequenthandlinganduseofthat‘flour’.Anyadditives(e.g.flourimprovers)areincludedinthisdefinitiononlyaftertheyhavebeenaddedtothefinalproductmix.GrainDust

(97) Graindustistakentobedustarisingfromtheharvesting,drying,handling,storageorprocessingofbarley,wheat,oats,maizeandrye,includingcontaminants.

Halogeno-platinumcompounds

(98) Theseareco-ordinationcompoundsinwhichaplatinumatomorionisdirectlyco-ordinatedtooneormorehalide(i.e.fluoride,chloride,bromideoriodide)ions.ThesecompoundsaresubjecttoaOELandcausesensitisation.

(99) Forsubstanceswhich,althoughtheycontainplatinumandhalideions,thehalogenisnotdirectlyco-coordinatedbyachemicalbondtotheplatinum,theOELforsolubleplatinumcompoundsisapplicable.

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Fume

(100) Theword‘fume’isoftenusedtoincludegasesandvapours.Thisisnotthecaseforexposurelimitswhere‘fume’shouldnormallybeappliedtosolidparticlesgeneratedby chemical reactionsor condensed from thegaseous state,usually after volatilisation frommelted substances. Thegenerationof fume isoftenaccompaniedbyachemicalreactionsuchasoxidationorthermalbreakdown.

GloballyHarmonisedSystem(GHS)

(101) AsSANS10234isalignedwiththeUNGloballyHarmonizedSystem(GHS),SANS10234maybeusedasalternateguidetoHCAclassification,preparationofSafety

DataSheetsandLabelling. However, it isnotedthatversiondifferencesmayexistbetweenSANS1024andGHS,PurpleBookthat isupdatedbiennially. Byimplication,ifSANS10234isusedbythemanufacturerorimporterofchemicalagentfortheclassificationofanHCAorpreparationofaSDSorlabelling,therequirementforconformancetothelatestversionofGHSremains.TheGHSrequirementsforclassification,labellingandSDSarenotapplicabletofoodstuffs,

cosmeticsorpharmaceuticalintheirfinalform.

UNNumberandProperShippingName

(102) TheUNpropershippingnameisthestandardtechnicalnametodescribethehazardpropertiesandthecompositionofdangerousgoods.YouneedtochooseaUNnumber(usually,4digits)andapropershippingnamefromUNTransportofDangerousGoods,DangerousGoodsListthatcanmostaccuratelydescribeyourdangerousgoods.Theywillbeusedtolabeldangerousgoods.TheyalsoneedtobeincludedinDangerousGoodsDeclarationandthesection14ofSafetyDataSheets.