dr. nitin k tripathidr. theo w ebbers dr. wenresti gallardodr. somsak boromthanarat dr. vern...
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Dr. Nitin K Tripathi Dr. Theo W EbbersDr. Wenresti Gallardo Dr. Somsak Boromthanarat
Dr. Vern Singhroy (External expert)
INTEGRATION OF SAR, OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING DATA AND GIS FOR CHANGE DETECTION AND RESTORATION OF NIPA PALM
PLANTATION IN PAK PHANANG, THAILAND
JANNET BENCUREExamination Committee:
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Contents
1
2
3
4
Introduction, Study Area, Problem Statement
Objectives of the study
Distribution and Healthiness of Nipa palm in Khanap Nak during 1993 - 2009
Suitable Area for Nipa Palm Plantation
5
6
Nipa palm: Perception of the Local Community and its potential to reduce poverty, and increase energy security.
Conclusions and Recommendations
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Introduction – Why Nipa palm?
ASugar
BEthanol
CWine, Vinegar
DRoofing, Cigarette roll, Fire wood
Benefits of Nipa palm
EDisaster prevention
NOT compete with food crops
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www.themegallery.com
Study Area
Study Area: Tambon (Sub-district) Khanap Nak, Amphoe (district) Pak Phanang, Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Thailand
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Nipa palm in tambon Khanap Nak
Nipa palm
Sap • Sugar
• Honey• Wine• Vinegar
Leaves/Trunk
• Roofing• Cigarette
roll
• Firewood
- 32 liters sap/rai/day (200 liters/hectare/day)
- sugar sold at 40baht/kg- Honey sold at 30baht/625ml-bottle- Wine sold at 70baht/625ml-bottle
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- Water (less saline) flows freely along Pak Phanang and Hua Sia rivers.
Before Watergate and canal construction
Pak Phanang river
Hua Sai river
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- Gate opens during rainy season (October – December)
- Gate closes during dry season (May-September)
Opening/Closing of Watergates
Gate close
Stagnant high saline water affects the health of Nipa palm
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Project for Nipa Palm Area in Khanap Nak
- mini-gates were constructed in 2006, implemented in 2008
- Nipa palm farmers has full authority to open/close the mini-gates
- aimed to control the intrusion of saltwater to Nipa palm area
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Objectives of the Study
1
2
To assess quantitatively the distribution, and greenness (healthiness) of Nipa palm in Pak Phanang during four different periods (1993, 1998, 2006, and 2009). To find suitable area for plantation of Nipa palm in tambon Khanap Nak, amphoe Pak Phanang
3 To evaluate the perceptions of the local people towards Nipa palm as a source of livelihood.
To estimate sap, sugar, and ethanol production from Nipa palm area in tambon Khanap Nak, amphoe Pak Phanang.
4
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Objectives of the Study
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Distribution of Nipa palm area (1993-2009)
PeriodNipa palm Original
Area (rai)Nipa palm Area
Gain (rai)Nipa palm
Area Loss (rai)
Net Area Gain/Loss
(rai)
1993-1998 5266.70 569.43 1684.38 -1,114.941998-2006 4151.76 405.05 2015.53 -1,610.472006-2009 2541.28 443.37 579.41 -136.04
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Distribution of Nipa palm area (1993-2009)
1993 1998 2006 20090
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 842.7
664.8
406.6 384.8
Are
a (h
ecta
res)
YearNote: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
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Healthiness of Nipa palm area (1993-2009)
1993
2006
1998
2009Legend
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Suitable Area for Nipa palm - Workflow
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Suitable Area for Nipa palm - ResultExisting Nipa Palm Area Overlayed on Nipa Palm Suitability in Amphoe Khanap Nak
Ko Phet
Tha Paya
Pak Phraek
Pak Phraek
636000
636000
638000
638000
640000
640000
642000
642000
9020
00
9020
00
9040
00
9040
00
9060
00
9060
00
9080
00
9080
00
9100
00
9100
00
9120
00
9120
00
100°17'E
100°17'E
100°16'E
100°16'E
100°15'E
100°15'E
100°14'E
100°14'E
8°15
'N
8°15
'N
8°14
'N
8°14
'N
8°13
'N
8°13
'N
8°12
'N
8°12
'N
8°11
'N
8°11
'N
8°10
'N
8°10
'N
0 2 41Kilometers
WGS 84
High
Moderate
Marginal
Low
Level of Suitability
Pak Phanang River
Klong Rabainam Nhagote
Khanap Nak boundary
Amphoe boundary
Sea shore
River Buffer zone
Existing Nipa palm
±
Existing Nipa Palm Area Overlayed on Nipa Palm Suitability in Amphoe Khanap Nak
Ko Phet
Tha Paya
Pak Phraek
Pak Phraek
636000
636000
638000
638000
640000
640000
642000
64200090
2000
9020
00
9040
00
9040
00
9060
00
9060
00
9080
00
9080
00
9100
00
9100
00
9120
00
9120
00
100°17'E
100°17'E
100°16'E
100°16'E
100°15'E
100°15'E
100°14'E
100°14'E
8°15
'N
8°15
'N
8°14
'N
8°14
'N
8°13
'N
8°13
'N
8°12
'N
8°12
'N
8°11
'N
8°11
'N
8°10
'N
8°10
'N
0 2 41Kilometers
WGS 84
High
Moderate
Marginal
Low
Level of Suitability
Pak Phanang River
Klong Rabainam Nhagote
Khanap Nak boundary
Amphoe boundary
Sea shore
River Buffer zone
Existing Nipa palm
±
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Suitable Area for Nipa palm - Result
Level of Suitability
Area (rai) % of Total Area
High 11,816 42Moderate 4,332 15Marginal 4,444 16
Low 5,644 20Sea shore 1,234 4
River buffer 710 3
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
Present Nipa palm is 4 square kilometers (400 has; 2,500 rai)
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Existing Nipa palm vs. Suitability Map
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
High Moderate Marginal Low0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
% T
otal
Are
a
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Estimated Sap and Sugar Production
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
Sap-sugar ratio = 5Liter : 1 kilogram
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Estimated Ethanol Production
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
Sap-ethanol ratio = 9Liter : 1Liter
Level of Suitability
Present ethanol (L/day)
Predicted ethanol Production
(L/day)
High 8,399 42,013
Moderate 124 15,404
Marginal 29 15,802
Low 33 20,068
Total 8,585 93,287
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Estimated Nipa palm farmers/laborers
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
Area-manpower ratio = 2 rai : 1 manpower
Level of Suitability
Present Number of Nipa palm
farmers/laborers
Predicted Number of Nipa palm
farmers/laborers
High 1,181 5,908
Moderate 17 2,166
Marginal 4 2,222
Low 5 2,822
Total 1,207 13,119
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Perceptions of Local People towards Nipa palm
Note: 1 hectare = 6.25 rai
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Potentials of Nipa palm to reduce poverty
Southern Thailand's poverty line = 1,109 baht/person/month1
Nipa palm farmers earned around 1000 baht/per day/household2
Income of each farmer = 350-500 bath/day (10,500 – 15,000 per month)3
Per household member = 3,000/person/month4
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Potentials of Nipa palm to increase energy security, and reduce CO2 emission
Pak Phanang “ethanol” annual consumption = 43,000 liters 1
Khanap Nak ethanol production = 3,000,000 liters/year2
Nipa palm may have the potential to reduce CO2 emission by around (al least) 1,000 tons/year
2
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Conclusions
1. Nipa palm area decreased from 1993 to 2009, with rapid reduction during 1993-2006 (reduce by half). The reduction is the result of land use conversion.
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Conclusions (cont)
2. Production of sap will increase in quintuple times the present if all highly suitable area will be planted with Nipa palm, however, there would be manpower shortage to work/tap Nipa palm (considering the number of population in Khanap Nak).
3. Present Nipa palm area has the capability to produce more than 60 times the required ethanol for consumption in the whole Pak Phanang district, thus make the district to be more secure in energy resources.
4. The present economy of Nipa palm products especially the sugar placed the local people in amphoe Khanap Nak above Thailand’s poverty line, this lessen the number of Thailand’s rate of poverty.
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Conclusions (cont)
5. Most of the people believed that Nipa palm provides higher returns compared to other livelihood that they are engaged currently. While, most of the people whose present area (or some of their areas) they tilled/farmed are not utilized for Nipa palm wanted to increase their farm size for Nipa palm. And most of the non-Nipa palm farmers are willing to convert their area to nipa palm.
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Recommendations
1. The government may opt to increase the Nipa palm areas by planting all the highly suitable area provided that they have enough number of manpower to do the tapping of Nipa palm or techniques (like coconut sap collection) and/or more efficient machineries to process sap-derived products on the later part. They may also hire local people from outside Khanap Nak and/or invite investors to do the tapping and processing of sap-derived products, this generates jobs to the local people. However, they may also opt to maintain the current Nipa palm area by establishing local rules and policies related to Nipa palm conservation.
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Recommendations (cont)
2. The local government should develop a strategy in introducing and promoting Nipa palm products to the market in order to maintain the demand and market price of Nipa palm products because increasing the Nipa palm areas increased the production of sap-derived products that may tends to exceed the local current demand. They may also invest into producing and processing of other sap-derived products such as ethanol for bio-fuel.
3. Conducting trainings on processing of Nipa palm derived products is also necessary before expanding the Nipa palm area.
4. Before expanding the Nipa palm area, local government should develop and implement a local policy related to water management in order to solve the ‘water salinity issue’.
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Recommendations (further study)
1. The study on the relationship between salinity level and sap-sugar production is also necessary to identify the optimum level of salinity that a nipa palm can produce sap and sugar at maximum.
2. The used of hyperspectral remote sensing data or higher resolution optical remote sensing combined with SAR data (i.e. SPOT 5 + ALOS PALSAR) may increase the classification accuracy of images.
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30
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