dr. john patience - growth and development implications of marketing pigs at heavier weights
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Growth and development implications of marketing pigs at heavier weights - Dr. John Patience, Iowa State University, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-materialTRANSCRIPT
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IMPLICATIONS OF MARKETING PIGS AT HEAVIER WEIGHTS
John F. PatienceApplied Swine NutritionDept. of Animal Science
Iowa State University
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Tremendous Industry Success
• In 1975, the average sow produced 1,585 lb pork per year).
• In 2009, the average sow produced 4,004 lb pork/yr
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Tremendous Industry Success
• In 1975, the average sow produced 1,585 lb pork per year).
• In 2009, the average sow produced 4,004 lb pork/yr
• Litter size increased by 40% to 9.62 pigs/litter
• Market wt. increased by 12% to 271 lb
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Tremendous Industry Success• In 1975, the average sow produced 1,585 lb pork per year).
• In 2009, the average sow produced 4,004 lb pork/yr
• In 2009, the U.S. produced 23.02 billion lb of pork, from about 5.8 million sows.
• Using 1975 productivity, it would require 14.5 million sows, an increase of 8.7 million, to produce 2009 quantities of pork
• At an average sow feed cost of $336/sow/yr, the added cost of these sows – just for feed – would be $2.95 billion per year, adding $26 to the cost of each pig sold.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
WORLD’S BIGGEST HOG!
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
WORLD’S BIGGEST HOG!
FAKE!!
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
THE ULTIMATE HEAVY HOG: PROSCIUTTO HAM – 160 KG LIVEWEIGHT (355 LB)
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGES IN U.S. MARKET HOG LIVE WEIGHTS
19741976
19781980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
2010210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
Live
wt.,
lb
NPB, 2012
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
DRESSED WEIGHTS BY NATION, 2010
Australi
a
Mexic
oChina
Japan
United Kingd
omSp
ain
France
Canad
aUSA
Netherla
nds
German
yBraz
il0
50
100
150
200
250
Dre
ssed
wt.,
lb
FAOSTAT, 2012
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGES IN U.S. MARKET HOG DRESSED WEIGHTS
19771979
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
Dre
ssed
wt.,
lb
NPB, 2012
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGES IN U.S. MARKET HOG WEIGHTS DRESSING PERCENT
19771979
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
76.0
Dre
ssin
g pe
rcen
t
NPB, 2012
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGES IN U.S. MARKET HOG WEIGHTS DRESSING PERCENT
19771979
19811983
19851987
19891991
19931995
19971999
20012003
20052007
20092011
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
76.0
Dre
ssin
g pe
rcen
t
NPB, 2012
?
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES
• Impact on unit costs– Packer– Breeding herd
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES
• Impact on unit costs• Supported by:– Rapid improvement in genetics– Evolution of feeding program design and implementation – Increasing growth rates– Feed additives
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES
• Impact on unit costs• Supported by genetics, nutrition & management• Marginal cost of additional weight– Feed cost– Floor and feeder space– Trucking capacity
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES
• Impact on unit costs• Supported by genetics, nutrition & management• Marginal cost of additional weight• Acceptance by marketplace– Fabrication of new pork products?– Fabricating of existing pork products in different ways?
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES
• Impact on unit costs• Supported by genetics, nutrition & management• Marginal cost of additional weight• Acceptance by marketplace• Understanding the biology of the pig
• Body composition• Growth rate• Feed efficiency
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
INCREASING MARKET WEIGHTS: ISSUES• Positive impact on unit costs
– Packer– Breeding herd
• Supported by:– Rapid improvement in genetics– Evolution of feeding program design and implementation – Increasing growth rates
• Marginal cost of additional weight– Feed cost– Floor and feeder space– Trucking capacity
• Acceptance by marketplace– New product development?
• Understanding the biology of the pig– Impact of market weight on
• Body composition• Growth rate• Feed efficiency
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGE IN EMPTY BODY COMPOSITION AS THE PIG GROWS
45 70 140 210 275 3250%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Ash Protein Water Fat
Live weight, lb
Perc
ent o
f em
pty
body
Source: Landgraf et al., 2006
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGE IN EMPTY BODY PROTEIN CONTENT AS THE PIG GROWS
45 70 140 210 275 32502468
1012141618202224262830
15.917.3 17.2 16.6 16.1 15.9
Live weight, lb
Perc
ent o
f em
pty
body
Source: Landgraf et al., 2006
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGE IN EMPTY BODY FAT CONTENT AS THE PIG GROWS
45 70 140 210 275 3250
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
7.08.4
17.4
21.522.9
29.8Protein Fat
Live weight, lb
Perc
ent o
f em
pty
body
Source: Landgraf et al., 2006
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CHANGE IN EMPTY BODY FAT AND WATER CONTENT AS THE PIG GROWS
45 70 140 210 275 3250
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
7.0 8.4
17.421.5 22.9
29.8
74.07 71.33
62.3558.9 60.7
52.87
Fat Water
Live weight, lb
Perc
ent o
f em
pty
body
Source: Landgraf et al., 2006
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
MASS OF COMPONENTS OF EMPTY BODY WEIGHT IN BARROWS FROM 55 TO 335 KG
Series10.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
Protein, lb Lipid, lb Moisture, lb Ash, lb
Live weight, lb
Com
pone
nt w
eigh
t, lb
55 99 141 185 220 251 284 335
Source: Wagner et al., 1999
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
GROWTH CURVE FOR CAMBOROUGH 29 GILTS FED LOW OR HIGH ENERGY DIETS
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2975
125
175
225
275
325
ME = 1.5 Mcal/lb ME = 1.3 Mcal/lb
Week
Wei
ght,
lb
Source: PIC, undated
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
ME INTAKE FOR CAMBOROUGH 29 GILTS FED LOW OR HIGH ENERGY DIETS
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2935
40
45
50
55
60
65
70ME = 1.5 Mcal/lb ME = 1.3 Mcal/lb
Week
ME,
Mca
l/w
k
Source: PIC, undated
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
DAILY GAIN FOR CAMBOROUGH 29 GILTS FED LOW OR HIGH ENERGY DIETS
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 291.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0 ME = 1.5 Mcal/lb ME = 1.3 Mcal/lb
Week
AD
G, l
b/d
~180 lb ~235 lb
Source: PIC, undated
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
FEED EFFICIENCY FOR CAMBOROUGH 29 GILTS FED LOW OR HIGH ENERGY DIETS
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 292.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50 ME = 1.5 Mcal/lb ME = 1.3 Mcal/lb
Week
Feed
Con
vers
ion Mean = 3.14
Mean = 2.85
Source: PIC, undated
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
PERFORMANCE OF 4 GENDERS ON TEST FOR 98 DAYS FROM 75 LB
Gilts Barrows Boars Vaccinated Boars
SEM
Initial wt., lb 86.6a 86.4a 87.9b 87.9b 0.009
Final wt., lb 305.7c 313.0bc 334.8a 325.1ab 0.002
ADG, lb 2.31b 2.36b 2.60a 2.53a 0.004
ADF, lb 6.41c 6.96a 6.46b 6.70ab 0.066
Feed:gain 2.64b 2.76a 2.36d 2.50c 0.036
Means within a row with different superscripts differ, P < 0.05
Source: Elsbernd et al., 2012
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CONCLUSIONS
1. The trend to heavier market weights is encouraged by reducing unit costs, is possible due to genetics, nutrition and management but will influence many aspects of production (see next presentation)
2. While live and dressed weights have increased more or less linearly since 1978, dressing percent has flattened over the past 5 years
3. As weight increases, % protein changes in a small way, but fat and water change substantially – and in different directions. Actual changes depend on genotype.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CONCLUSIONS
4. As weight increases, rate of gain declines after reaching a peak between 180 and 240 lb, energy intake increases but at a declining rate and feed conversion rises (get worse) in an essentially linear fashion.
5. Current market conditions of high feed costs and low market prices will put pressure on market weights, but this will change over time