dr. chil-yong kang an hiv vaccine 16 sars...dr. chil-yong kang’s work on an hiv vaccine is inching...

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The DefiniTive Source for Lab ProDucTS, newS anD DeveLoPmenTS

www.labusinessmag.com September / October 2013

SARSPublic health ontario has a new weaPon to fight the next Pandemic

Pursuing history

Dr. Chil-Yong Kang is inching closer to

an HIV vaccine

16

10 years later

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CONTENTS

www.labbusinessmag.com 3

contribution for humankindby LinDSay GrummeTT

Dr. Chil-Yong Kang’s work on an HIV vaccine is inching closer to completion

at Western University.

core comPetent

by nicoLaS heffernan

Public Health Ontario’s DNA core laboratory

gives it a huge advantage in coping with

infectious disease.10

moments in timeby nicoLaS heffernan

A decade ago

Dr. Donald Low was a reassuring voice during

the SARS epidemic in Toronto.

22

standards

editor’s note 5

canadian news 6

worldwide news 7

tech watch 19

lab ware 20

16

@on the Web aT www.labbusinessmag.com

on facebook aT /biolabmag

on tWitter aT @biolabmag

SePTember/ocTober 2013

20lab ware

8suzuki matters

Photo credit: Paul Mayne, Western University

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Executive Editor ThereSa roGerS [email protected]

Associate Editor nicoLaS heffernan [email protected]

Staff Writer LinDSay GrummeTT [email protected]

Editorial Intern Sareema huSain

Contributor DaviD Suzuki ian hanninGTon

Art kaTrina TeimourabaDi Director [email protected]

Secretary/ SuSan a. browne Treasurer

Marketing kaTeLyn furLonG Manager [email protected]

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it’s hard to believe it’s already been a decade since SARS gripped the world.

Having lived through the pandemic in Toronto, it’s all really faded in my memory to the point that all I really associate SARS with is people on the subway wearing facemasks and a sense of confusion in the city.

I came to understand the reasons for this confusion when I spoke recently with Dr. Fran Jamieson, the medical microbiologist for the bacteriology section of Ontario’s Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care back in 2003. Jamieson and her colleague (yes, singular) were the only microbiologists on the province’s payroll. They just never really stood a chance — they didn’t have the scientific or human resources to handle the situation.

After speaking with Jamieson about working during SARS and the changes that the mismanagement of the pandemic wrought, I headed over to the Public Health Ontario (PHO) Laboratory’s Central Lab for a tour with Chief Laboratory Operations Officer, Mike Mendaglio, as well as Nicholas Paul, PHO Laboratories Operations Director.

Firstly, the place is massive and the 250 staff there is a far cry from Jamieson’s time. But it was the DNA core lab that’s really impressive. Visually speaking, it’s not really striking, but speaking with Mendaglio and Paul it was easy to see their excitement and pride with what they had down in the basement. The sequencers and the expertise in the lab allows them to map genome sequences of viruses like SARS much quicker than before. But perhaps more importantly, there are scientists whose job is to take the data being produced and in collaboration with people around the world, make sense of it and use it to stay ahead of the next deadly virus.

It’s certainly a far cry from the province’s capabilities 10 years ago.

Lab business is published 6 times per year by Jesmar communications inc., 30 east beaver creek rd., Suite 202, richmond hill, ontario L4b 1J2. 905.886.5040. fax: 905.886.6615 www.labbusinessmag.com one year subscription: canada $35.00, uS $35.00 and foreign $95. Single copies $9.00. Please add GST/hST where applicable. Lab business subscription and circulation enquiries: Garth atkinson, [email protected] fax: 905.509.0735 Subscriptions to business address only. on occasion, our list is made available to organizations whose products or services may be of interest to you. if you’d rather not receive information, write to us at the address above or call 905.509.3511. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in whole without the written consent of the publisher. GST registration #r124380270.

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The DefiniTive Source for Lab ProDucTS, newS anD DeveLoPmenTS

www.labusinessmag.com September / October 2013

SARSPublic health ontario has a new weaPon to fight the next Pandemic

Pursuing history

Dr. Chil-Yong Kang is inching closer to

an HIV vaccine

16

10 years later

LB_SeptOct2013.indd 1 10/15/13 12:39 PM

Championing the Business of Biotechnology in Canada

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Biotechs scramble to catch up to drug-resistant bacteria

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sars... 10 years on

Canadian NEWS

6 September/october Lab buSineSS

you might describe Dr. Michael Kolios as a really good listener. The physicist at Toronto’s Ryerson University is researching a cancer-detecting

device that will help him “listen” to the sounds produced by normal and abnormal cells in the blood, research that could eventually be used for the early detection of cancer.

Kolios, an international expert in ultrasound and photo-acoustic imaging, has received an Innovation Grant worth $170,000 from the Canadian Cancer Society to develop the technique and test the futuristic device.

Using a customized microscope that combines ultrasound and laser technology, Kolios will eavesdrop on the sounds of cells by firing ultrasound and laser waves at drops of a patient’s blood. When hit with laser light, the cells produce a high-frequency squeal allowing researchers to take pictures of the sound waves and create sound profiles for different cells in the blood.

The group will then test the technique on cells inside the body by running the device over superficial veins, akin to the fictional tricorder used in the TV series Star Trek. The challenge is to distinguish the sounds of cancer cells from the normal cells, which will be done using a series of very complex calculations.

Kolios and his colleagues will be the first to use a laser to create sound waves and to use very high-frequency ultrasound detection. Combined, these innovations provide greater sensitivity and specificity for detecting abnormal cells.

whaT DoeS cancer SounD Like?

early-onset Parkinson’s disease linked to genetic deletion

canada has strength in industrial r&d, says expert panel

hamilton regional laboratory medicine Program acquires coPan’s wasPlab

Scientists at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and University Health

Network (UHN) have found a new link between early-onset Parkinson’s disease and a piece of DNA missing from chromosome 22. Among people aged 35 to 64 who were missing DNA from a specific part of chromosome 22, the research team found a marked increase in the number of cases of Parkinson’s disease, compared to expected rates of Parkinson’s disease in the general population from the same age group.

A new expert panel report on research and development in

Canadian industry by the Council of Canadian Academies has found that despite Canada’s historically poor performance in industrial R&D, the country has strength in aerospace products and parts manufacturing; information and communication technologies; oil and gas extraction; and pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing.

The Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program, one of the largest lab networks

in Canada, announced the decision to purchase COPAN’s WASPLab, the latest generation of full laboratory automation and digital microbiology system. Installation is scheduled for the last quarter of 2013 at Hamilton General Hospital. With the purchase of WASPLab, microbiology testing from Joseph Brant Hospital and the Niagara Health System will be redirected to Hamilton as part of a Regional Microbiology Service.

With Canadian Cancer Society Innovation grants, Dr. Michael Kolios will test a technique that will allow him to listen to abnormal cancer cells.

Worldwide NEWS


comPlex human brain tissue has been successfully developed in a three-dimensional culture system established in an Austrian laboratory.

The method described in the current issue of Nature allows pluripotent stem cells to develop into cerebral organoids — or “mini brains” — that consist of several discrete brain regions.

Instead of using so-called patterning growth factors to achieve this, scientists at the renowned Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW) fine-tuned growth conditions and provided a conducive environment.

As a result, intrinsic cues from the stem cells guided the development towards different interdependent brain tissues. Using the “mini brains”, the scientists were also able to model the development of a human neuronal disorder and identify its origin — opening up routes to long hoped-for model systems of the human brain.

The development of the human brain remains one of the greatest mysteries in biology. Derived from a simple tissue, it develops into the most complex natural structure known to man. Studies of the human brain’s development and associated human disorders are extremely difficult, as no scientist has thus far successfully established a three-dimensional culture model of the developing brain as a whole.

human brain Grown in Lab

new study on c. difficile sug-gests benefits of rapid testing

nih program explores the use of genomic sequencing in newborn healthcare

creating a ‘window to the brain’

A major study of 12,000 samples from patients with C. difficile in four hospitals in the

United Kingdom, published in respected medical journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases, suggests there are benefits of rapid testing for the disease. The study also points to the lack of accuracy of some of the existing testing procedures.

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human

Development (NICHD) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) are funding projects to examine whether sequencing newborns’ genomes can provide useful medical information beyond what current newborn screening already provides. Awards of $5 million to four grantees have been made in fiscal year 2013, with $25 million over five years, as funds are made available.

A team of University of California, Riverside

researchers have developed a novel transparent skull implant that literally provides a “window to the brain” which they hope will eventually open new treatment options for patients with life-threatening neurological disorders such as brain cancer and traumatic brain injury. The team’s ceramic implant is transparent allowing a permanent window through which doctors can aim laser-based treatments for the brain, without having to perform repeated craniectomies, which involve removing a portion of the skull to access the brain.

suzuki matters

8 September/october Lab buSineSS

by DaviD Suzuki wiTh conTribuTionS from

ian haninGTon

Dr. David Suzuki is a scientist, broadcaster, author, and co-founder

of the David Suzuki Foundation.

Ian Hanington is communications

manager.

Learn more at www.davidsuzuki.org.

Like smokers who put off quitting until their health starts to suffer, we’re learning what happens when bad habits catch up with us.

We’re witnessing the terrible effects of fossil fuel addiction every day: frequent, intense storms and floods, extended droughts, rapidly melting Arctic ice, disappearing glaciers, deadly smog and pollu-tion, contaminated waterways and destroyed habi-tats. Transport accidents are also increasing as governments and industry scramble to get fuels out of the ground and to market as quickly as possible.

Throughout it all, we’re asking the wrong ques-tions. Take the recent horrific disaster in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec. A train carrying fracked crude oil from North Dakota to a refinery in Saint John, New Brunswick, derailed, caught fire and caused explosions that destroyed much of the town and killed dozens of people, sending millions of litres of oil into the ground, air, sewers and Chaudière River. It’s a senseless tragedy that has everyone in Canada and beyond grieving for the community’s citizens and their families.

Governments and the railway company must answer numerous questions about safety regula-tions and practices, to prevent a similar catastrophe from ever occurring. The larger questions, though, are about the dramatic increases in fossil fuel use and transport. Sadly, industry proponents quickly exploited the situation to argue for expanding pipe-lines.

As growing human populations and increasing industrialization drive up the worldwide demand for fossil fuels, and as oil, gas and coal companies rush to extract, sell and burn as much as possible while markets remain strong, we’re seeing ever-increasing exploitation from difficult sources — fracking, oil sands, deepsea drilling and more.

rail, pipeline and climate disasters are symptoms of fossil fuel addiction

The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers expects oil production in Western Canada to double from three-million barrels a day to more than six-million by 2030. This means a huge increase in the amount of fuels transported around the country and the world in pipelines, rail cars, trucks and ocean tankers. According to the Railway Association of Canada, rail shipment of oil has already increased dramatically in Canada, from 500 carloads in 2009 to 140,000 this year.

It’s true that rail accidents can be more devastat-ing to human life than pipeline accidents — although when it comes to oil, pipeline breaks usually spill greater quantities and cause more environmental damage than train derailments. But shipping mas-sive volumes of oil and gas is unsafe by either method. As we transport ever-increasing volumes of fossil fuels over greater distances to broader net-works, we can expect more spills and accidents. Wastefully and rapidly burning them is also driving climate change, which experts say may even affect rail safety, as extreme heat and sudden temperature shifts can cause rails to buckle, increasing the potential for derailments.

Massive pipeline spills and devastating rail acci-dents are among the immediate and frightening consequences of our growing appetite for fossil fuels, but our bad habits are really starting to hit back with climate change. The homes and lives lost around the world, numerous plant and animal spe-cies facing extinction, rising health-care costs from pollution-related illness and massive clean-up efforts after flooding show that failing to address climate change is far more costly than doing some-thing about it. Much of what we’re seeing now — from increased intense rainfall and flooding in some parts of the world to extended droughts in others — is what climate scientists have been predicting for decades.

We’re not going to stop using oil overnight, and we will continue to transport it, so we must improve standards and regulations for pipelines, rail, trucks and tankers. This should include safer rail cars for moving dangerous goods. Also, many environmental groups are calling for “a comprehensive, indepen-dent safety review of all hydrocarbon transporta-tion — pipelines, rail, tanker and truck.” But in the long run, we have to find ways to slow down. By conserving energy and switching to cleaner sources, we can start to move away from fossil fuels — and to use remaining reserves less wastefully.

That’s the discussion we need to have, rather then getting mired in debates about transport meth-ods. As energy writer Russ Blinch noted in a Huffington Post article, “Looking at pipelines ver-sus rail tankers is really like asking, ‘Should I drive the car with bad brakes or the one with bad tires?’”

We need to look at the big picture.

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10 September/october 2013 Lab buSineSS

cuttingyou could forgive Public Health

Ontario for having a few painful flashbacks when the MERS corona-

virus (MERS-CoV) originated in Saudi Arabia in September of last year.

With more than 108 cases, including 50 deaths so far, the virus, has been confirmed in Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, France, Germany, Italy, Tunisia and the UK and was described as a “threat to the entire world” by the World Health Organization (WHO).

The MERS-CoV outbreak is eerily simi-lar to the worldwide SARS epidemic that first appeared in China in November 2002 and killed 800 people around the world,

including 44 in Toronto. In the aftermath of the outbreak, several reports and studies were conducted that assessed public health in Ontario in general, including the role the labs played. The Honourable Mr. Justice Archie Campbell wrote in The SARS Commission Interim Report — SARS and Public Health in Ontario, “Despite earlier warnings, the Ontario Central Public Health Laboratory proved inadequate dur-ing SARS. It is essential that the provincial laboratory be revitalized with the neces-sary physical and human resources.”

The fallout from SARS caused a shake-up to the Ontario public health service that brought the labs from the Ministry of

to the

onTario Lab LearnS from SarS by

LookinG aT whaT makeS uP aLL beinGS

wheTher GooD or baD: Their Dna

STORy By Nicolas Heffernan

cuTTinG To The core

Lab PROFILE


when SarS firST hiT ToronTo in march 2003, The onTario cenTraL PubLic

heaLTh LaboraTory waS totally unprepared and did not have scientific or human resources to handle the situation.

Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC) to Public Health Ontario (PHO), the provin-cial public health agency created in the wake of the post-SARS reports. With the transfer of the labs to PHO, it was hoped that they would have more flexibility to develop some of their research require-ments. “I think what came out of [SARS] was perhaps a renewed appreciation of what public health and public health labo-ratories do and their needs and to reinvest in that,” says Nicholas Paul, Operations Director of the Public Health Ontario Laboratories. “It’s human nature, isn’t it? Things are running along fairly smooth, and you can understand how people can get complacent. you need something like that unfortunately to shock the system and to stand back and take a look and say, ‘We need to be better prepared. It’s not an unlikely event. It could happen again.’”

Public Health Ontario has taken Campbell’s message to heart with a new lab information system and a lab renewal pro-gram spearheaded by Paul and supported by senior management and committed staff, which resulted in the establishment of the High Volume Testing Laboratory, the Customer Service Centre, and implemen-tation of an integrated province-wide cou-rier system for PHO laboratory samples.

But one of the key weapons PHO has to fight against potential epidemics like SARS and MERS-CoV is its DNA Core Lab. It has opened a whole new world of possibilities by using genomics and metagenomics in support of diagnostics, research, surveil-lance and outbreak management. Thanks to the core lab and the lessons learned from the deadly SARS outbreak a decade ago, the PHO laboratories aren’t panicking because of the MERS-CoV threat — far from it. Even though a case hasn’t made it to North America yet, they are already ahead of it.

“With our good scientific expertise at our DNA Core Lab [we] were able to get a protocol to test for those type of samples [for MERS-CoV] in a matter of weeks, which 10 years ago we would never have been able to do,” says Paul.

unPrePareDWhen SARS first hit Toronto in March 2003, the Ontario Central Public Health Laboratory, then part of MOHLTC, was totally unprepared and did not have scien-tific or human resources to handle the situ-ation. During the fall of 2001, the MOHLTC laid off its PhD-level scientists at the pro-

informaTion-SharinGNow the Toronto lab is part of the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network (CPHLN), comprised of all the provincial public health laboratories and the National Microbiology Laboratory (NML). The net-work provides infrastructure support for regular monthly teleconferences, face-to-face meetings and effective information-sharing through an electronic message board and web-based communications system. “Now that we have the resources, we freely share this information and resource material as we can… it’s almost real-time … which allows us to be as ready for whatever is happening at that moment,” says Jamieson, who is also the provincial co-chair of CPHLN. The NML is also con-nected with the WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.

The Public Health Ontario laboratory in Toronto boasts 362 staff with 250 on site at any one particular time, a far cry from when SARS struck.

vincial laboratory. These scientists were engaged in the diagnosis and surveillance of new and emerging infections as well as research and development. This left two microbiologists when the outbreak struck.

Fran Jamieson was the medical micro-biologist for the bacteriology section dur-ing the outbreak. She was thrown right into the middle of the action. Coupled with one colleague, the pair basically led the labora-tory investigation and response and sup-port of public health officials while also coordinating the communications, net-working and scientific and medical advice to laboratory staff. “It was exhausting,” Jamieson says. “It was truly exhausting.”

The lab’s human resources were so stretched that Jamieson and the chief technologist at the time also provided hands-on assistance to help with the speci-men load. “One day in particular stands out when... we had so many [specimens] that my colleague and I were sorting through the specimens, making sure they matched. We had specimens that were leaking and it was how to handle those,” Jamieson says. “That was one day we just looked at it and said, ‘Oh my goodness.’ There was just so much to do but then you just do it.”

There won’t be a staffing problem like that again. The lab in Toronto is the biggest of the 11 PHO laboratories, boasting 362 staff with around 250 people on-site at any particular time. There are now 600 lab employees across the province that work closely with other PHO services for sur-veillance, outbreaks and emergency pre-paredness and are ready to provide servic-es to support the needs of the public health and health care systems.

The lab was also hampered by its lack of a lab information system. “It was very, very manual,” says Jamieson. “One day, in my colleague’s office, we had stacks of paper — because the reports were all paper-based — just being sorted on the floor and it was things like that you just sort of look at it and think, ‘Oh my God, we have to be able to do this better.’”


Information-sharing happens world-wide through a database, which is how the core lab was able to identify a testing assay with MERS-CoV. “We could be developing something here which then adds to some-thing that’s been developed in other parts of the world and the knowledge that gets translated gets dispensed much more effi-ciently,” says Mike Mendaglio, Chief Laboratory Operations Officer. “There are so may collaborative groups, so much research that goes on, so much develop-ment so I think the advancements for sci-ence... we’re sort of right in the middle of that.”

“The lab also has a system that uses the proteins of an organism’s cell wall to iden-tify it,” says Mendaglio. “We can rapidly identify unknown organisms that have been sent us using this and molecular tech-nologies that have been developed in-house.”

core LabThe main reason why the lab is in a strong position when it comes to infectious dis-ease goes back to the basement. The DNA core lab, introduced in 2012, does much deeper sequencing than the molecular test-ing. “[The core lab] is actually looking at the entire DNA sequence of the organism for changes or “mutations” in the code,” says Mendaglio. “The lab is able to then look at various components of that sequence to help figure out why an organ-ism behaves a certain way, why do things change, why do they become more virulent, or why do they develop resistance to antibi-otics or drugs that in the past just wasn’t there.”

The crown jewels of the core lab are the next-generation sequencers and Sanger sequencers, which allow the lab to analyze the genomes or small portions of an organ-ism’s DNA at speeds that were unthinkable a decade ago.

After the sequence is determined, the computer does the bioinformatics process-ing, with a typical run generating five to seven gigabytes of nucleotide data. Since so much information comes off of the systems it is stored on its own database with its own servers. Then bioinformatician biologists recompile that data and make sense of it. “They try to see what changes are in the genetic information that can help provide a better understanding of an organism’s characteristics such as virulence and new mutations that may be causing resistance;

there’s a whole new field of science here that we never had to deal with,” says Mendaglio.

The core lab also has a pathogen discov-ery unit that does sequencing to help iden-tify organisms that routine detection methods can’t. For example, if there was a new pathogen causing an outbreak some-where in Ontario and it couldn’t be identi-fied using standard protocol, the lab would

use the machines to sequence anything in that human sample, including the patient DNA. The bioinformatics would use the human genome to take the human element out and isolate non-human elements, giv-ing investigators the capacity to explore emerging pathogens. “We’re just develop-ing the pipeline,” says Jamieson, to see if “there’s something in there that we can pull out and analyze and see if there’s a new

16 november 2002First known case of atypical pneumonia occurs in Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China, but is not identified until much later.

21 february 2003A 64-year-old medical doctor from Zhongshan University in Guangzhou (Guangdong Province) arrives in Hong Kong to attend a wedding. He checks into the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel (room 911). Although he developed respiratory symptoms five days earlier, he feels well enough to sightsee and shop with his 53-year-old brother-in-law, who resides in Hong Kong.

5 march 2003The 78-year-old Toronto woman dies at Toronto’s Scarborough Grace Hospital. Five members of her family are found to be infected and are admitted to the hospital.

14 march 2003Health authorities in Ontario, Canada take steps to alert doctors, hospitals, ambulance services, and public health units across the province that there are four cases of atypical pneumonia in Toronto that have resulted in 2 deaths. All occurred within a single family.

15 march 2003WHO issues a rare travel advisory as evidence mounts that SARS is spreading by air travel along international routes. WHO names the mysterious illness after its symptoms: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and declares it “a worldwide health threat.” WHO issues its first case definitions of suspect and probable cases of SARS. WHO further calls on all travellers to be aware of the signs and symptoms, and issues advice to airlines. Health Canada reports 8 cases of atypical pneumonia, including the 2 deaths.

13 march 2003The 44-year-old son of Toronto’s first case dies in

Scarborough Grace Hospital.

11 february 2003WHO receives reports

from the Chinese Ministry of Health of an outbreak of acute respi-

ratory syndrome with 300 cases and 5 deaths

in Guangdong Province.

23 february 2003A 78-year-old female tourist from

Toronto checks out of the Metropole Hotel and begins her homeward

journey. On arrival in Toronto she is reunited with her family.

SarS TimeLinenOveMbeR 2002 - jUly 2003

cuTTinG To The core

Lab PROFILE


30 march 2003Canadian health officials close

york Central Hospital to new patients and request hundreds of its employees to quarantine

themselves. Thousands of Toronto residents face

quarantine at home.

16 aPriL 2003exactly one month after its

establishment, the WHO laboratory network announces conclusive identification of the

SARS causative agent: an entirely new coronavirus, unlike any other human or animal member of the

Coronavirus family.

7 may 2003WHO

estimates that the case fatality

ratio of SARS ranges from 0%

to 50% depending on the age group affected, with

an overall estimate of case

fatality of 14% to 15%.

7 aPriL 2003WHO reports that around-the-clock international collaborative efforts to develop a diagnostic test are proving more problematic than hoped. Of the three diagnostic tests available, all have limitations as tools for stemming the SARS epidemic. Morgan Stanley chief economist Stephan Roach estimates the global economic impact of SARS at about US$ 30 billion.

11 aPriL 2003South Africa reports its first probable SARS case. Cases have now been reported in 19 countries on four continents.

23 aPriL 2003WHO advises travellers to beijing and Shanxi Province, and Toronto to consider postponing all but essential travel. The cumulative number of probable SARS cases climbs to 4,288, with 251 deaths. China reports 106 of the deaths and Hong Kong reports 105.

16 march 2003Over 150 suspected and probable cases of SARS are reported from around the world.

25 march 2003Scarborough Grace Hospital in Toronto is closed to new patients and visitors.

26 march 2003Ontario health officials warn of possible health emergency.

14 aPriL 2003The cumulative number of worldwide cases passes 3,000.

13 may 2003Outbreaks at the remaining initial sites show signs of coming under control, indicating that SARS can be contained.

18 June 2003The global outbreak enters its 100th day as the number of new cases reported daily dwindles to a handful.

15 aPriL 2003Hong Kong reports 9 SARS deaths, the largest number of deaths for a single day reported to date.

17 march 2003WHO sets up network of 11 leading laboratories in 9 countries to expedite detection of the causative agent and develop a robust and reliable diagnostic test. A similar network is set up to pool clinical knowledge on symptoms, diagnosis, and management. A third network is set up to study SARS epidemiology.

5 JULy 2003WHO declares that

SARS outbreaks have been contained

worldwide, but calls for continued

vigilance.

18 march 2003Cases are now being reported in Canada,

Germany, Taiwan (China), Thailand, and

the United Kingdom as well as in Hong Kong,

vietnam, and Singapore. The

cumulative total of cases reported to

WHO is 219 cases and 4 deaths.

COURTeSy OF: WHO

virus or something that hasn’t been previ-ously seen before,” says Jamieson. “So it’s developing… new approaches to detecting pathogens and disease.”

movinG To marSThe lab will be moving from the buildings located just off the 401, in Etobicoke, to the 17th to 20th floors of the new MaRS tower downtown, offering the location and adapt-ability that will stand the lab in good stead. “At MaRS the laboratory space is adaptable so if technology changes over the years – 10, 15, 20 years from now it’s not expensive to move things around to change work-flows,” says Mendaglio. “So this is also going to give us an opportunity to be very

close, at least this particular lab, to PHO’s head office, to the University of Toronto, the Academic Health Science Centre downtown and to various other research groups so that we can share knowledge, not only with other labs but our partners and collaborators public health.”

But when it comes down to it, the DNA Core Lab is the best tool the lab has to com-bat another outbreak like SARS. “We’re in a far better position to be able to adapt to those kinds of situations fairly quickly,” says Paul. “We’re proud when the MERS item came about that we were immediate-ly able to work on a way to detect the pathogen. I think that’s one of our major achievements.” l b

Among the many improvements to the laboratory is the cutting edge work being done in the DNA core lab and with the lab’s rapid diagnostics services.

cuTTinG To The core

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There were an estimated 34 million people living with HIV in 2011 with nearly one in every 20 adults in

Sub-Saharan Africa infected. A staggering 1.7 million deaths from AIDS-related ill-nesses also occurred that year, but by now, Dr. Chil-yong Kang is familiar with the statistics. They’re an unrelenting remind-er of the importance of the work under-way in his laboratory at Western University’s Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry.

“Hopefully, we make a vaccine that can prevent HIV infection so we can save mil-lions of lives,” says Kang.

SeTTinG The STaGe Since the disease was first discovered in the early 80s, there’s been a steady flow of research from some of the pharmaceutical industry’s top players: Merck & Co. failed to prove the success of its clinical trial know as the STEP study, Sanofi Pasteur’s RV144 was also ineffective and in April of this year, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the U.S. stopped

HVTN 505 clinical trials after it was decided that further actions would be futile. All the while, Kang has been plug-ging along in an area that he considers a missed opportunity. “We are using proven technology which I’m surprised no one has tried before,” he says with a curious smile.

And it’s working. The doctor recently completed a Phase I clinical trial of the first and only preventative HIV vaccine, SAV001-H, based on a genetically modi-fied and killed whole virus which was suc-cessful and showed no adverse effects. It is the only HIV vaccine in Canada currently in clinical trials and also only one of few in the world.

Jonas Salk, the virologist credited with creating the first killed whole polio virus vaccine, used the same vaccine strategy and advocated it as a viable method for HIV. He tried unsuccessfully to create an HIV vaccine and a killed whole virus hasn’t been attempted since. Kang saw potential in this idea and began building on it.

“When developing a killed whole virus vaccine there are two problems,” Kang says. “Number one, it’s too dangerous to

the kang lab:in Pursuit of

scientific greatness

STORy By Lindsay Grummett

whaT DoeS iT Take To

DeveLoP a PoTenTiaLLy

worLD chanGinG

vaccine? for one

ProfeSSor iT’S Taken

an unSToPPabLe

PaSSion anD he iSn’T

finiSheD yeT.

20yearS of reSearch,


Feature STORY

produce in large quantities and number two, it does not produce larger quantities in cultured cell systems.”

Kang uses human white blood cells and infects them with HIV-1 to produce the virus. Then, he purifies them, inactivates them and uses the virus as the source of the vaccine. In order to rectify the produc-tion concerns, Kang genetically modifies the virus by replacing the HIV envelop protein signal peptide with honeybee melittin signal peptides.

“Melittin is a honeybee toxin. That sig-nal peptide is highly efficient in terms of the glycosylation and intra-cellular pro-cessing,” says Kang adding, “We can pro-duce more and faster.” The nef gene, known to cause AIDS, is also deleted. “Deletion of the nef gene also reduces the virus production by replacing the signal peptide of the glycoprotein. It really restores the ability to produce more,” he says.

The results of Kang’s Phase I clinical trial were even better than he’d hoped. Vaccinated people showed an increase in their antibodies up to 64 times against viral protein p24 and as high as 500 times against p17, an increase that Kang calls incredible. “That means our vaccine is triggering immune responses, which fore-casts our success for Phase II,” he says.

ScienTific PaSSion With this scientific venture, Kang says there wasn’t a particular standout moment because the research has been a slow progression, a steady climb to the top of an untrekked mountain.

Kang started his basic science work on HIV more than 20 years ago, but has been developing this particular preventative vaccine for nearly a decade.

His interest in virology goes back even further, starting after undergraduate school while he worked in a University of Toronto lab where they produced a polio vaccine. Soon after, Kang received his PhD in Medicine from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ont. before moving on to work with retroviruses under Dr. Howard Temin, winner of the Nobel Prize for his discovery of reverse transcriptase.

Kang moved to University of Western Ontario, now called Western University, as Dean of Science in 1992. He seems comfortable in the small office tucked away in the back corner of his lab and

FROM TOP, CLOCKWISE:The PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) machine is used to amplify DNA and make genetic modifications.

Cells are grown in a stationary position (pictured here) or by use of a spinner in the lab’s incubator.

Dr. Kang points to the PCR machine which is used to amplify DNA. In forensic science, this type of equipment can be used to isolate DNA in order to identify the relationship between a parent and child or an individual who committed a crime.

Dr. Singh uses an inverted microscope to count cells.


although he’s been tirelessly working on this preventative vaccine for the past two decades, he hasn’t done it alone.

The LabS“There have been many graduate students and post-doctorate fellows coming and going over the years. Right now, I have four post-doctoral fellows: one technician and three students,” he says.

The team works full-time in the bio-safety level two (BSL2) laboratory. Kang also has a biosafety level three (BSL3) laboratory on campus where they culture HIV, however, only three people are allowed to access that facility including Kang, a lab technician as well as one other post doctoral fellow.

With the vaccine passing Phase I trials, the next step is to prepare more vaccines for Phase II and Phase III. Kang predicts the vaccine to be about eight years away from completion and cites the manufac-

turing process as one of the most time consuming steps.

“There aren’t many BSL3 GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) facilities in the world who will manufacture experimental vaccines for a small group like ours,” he says.

The Phase I material was produced in the United States, but the next stages requires around 10,000 doses, a much larger quantity that the current facility cannot manufacture.

Kang finally located a facility in Belgium and signed an agreement for them to manufacture the material for the next two phases. Although he doesn’t want to disclose the name of the lab, he will say, “They’re a reputable company who manu-factures biologicals for multinational pharmaceutical companies.”

Sumagen Canada Inc., a biotechnology company and member of Curo Group, has been supporting Kang’s research since late 2005 when they approached him with an agreement. Before he made any deci-sions, Kang wanted to establish the com-pany’s motives. “I asked them one ques-tion: ‘Are you willing to provide this vac-

cine free of charge to those people who cannot afford it, should it work,’” he says.

With his knowledge of the numbers, including the fact that 69 per cent of all people living with HIV are living in Sub-Saharan Africa, Kang felt this was a very important area for him to establish clear rules. “Even if the vaccine is $30 or $40, it’s not affordable to the people who live in Sub-Saharan Africa, but [Sumagen’s] answer was yes which is why we started the collaboration.”

Sumagen has been a ferocious support-er of Kang’s work since that meeting in his office eight years ago and now hold exclu-sive license rights to Dr. Kang’s vaccine development and commercialization. However, in order to continue with the next phases, Kang needs to secure inves-tors and the $70 million necessary to fin-ish out his trials. For Kang, this is just another step to fulfilling his life goal for which he’s willing to work as long as pos-sible to see it through and hopefully change the world.

“These are my goals and passions,” he says sincerely. “If I can make this kind of contribution for humankind, I’ll be happy.” l b

top 10 countrieswiTh The moST hiv PrevaLence

1 SwaziLanD

2 boTSwana

3 LeSoTho

4 SouTh africa

5 zimbabwe

6 namibia

7 zambia

8 mozambique

9 maLawi

10 uGanDa

hoPefuLLy, we make a vaccine ThaT can PrevenT hiv infecTion So we can

save millions of lives

www.unaids.org

“What are some of the limitations of the AIDS vaccine you’ve developed? Have you considered developing a vaccine that will not be susceptible to heat so that you can target main AIDS-stricken countries (Africa, etc) without proper refrigeration systems,” asks an anonymous individual.

These types of research inquiries are normally posed by colleagues and students, but on Fri-day, September 6th, Dr. Kang fielded questions from faceless people from around the globe on the popular website Reddit.

Reddit is a social news community where users submit links (news, blog posts, images) or write posts and other users vote these up or down. The most interesting or newsworthy information is pushed to the top of the front page while the uninteresting or irrelevant is siphoned out. last month, Reddit had more than 73 million unique visitors from over 188 countries. As an occasional user of the site, Dr. Kang excited agreed when Western University’s media department suggested he discuss his research on the website’s “ask Me anything” (AMA) section.

The eclectic group of interested Reddit users ranged from former students to doctors to people personally affected by AIDS.

“Hi, I just wanted to thank you for this IAMA, my uncle has AIDS and his brother already died of it. I really hope you have success in your research,” writes user, riner2012 to which Kang replied with a simple, “Thank you.”

This Ask Me Anything was the first for Western University and Dr. Kang says he believes it to be a success. The unique albeit forward thinking approach proved to offer maximum exposure across the globe. Admittedly, I found Dr. Kang’s AMA while lazily surfing Reddit on a Friday morning and my story is just one of many writ-ten as a result of his post. Write-ups on Kang’s research can be found on science and news sites from Australia to Russia and although Kang is pursuing individual philanthropists for invest-ment in his Phase II and III trials, there’s always the possibility it could come from an unlikely source.

“I want an investor who can really see the value or potential value of this vaccine,” he says, “If it works, this will be so good for humanity.”

makinG reSearch maTTer: The viral approach>


Tech WATCH

Centrifuges are essentials for industries such as chemistry, biology, and biochemistry for isolating and separating suspensions. Since Antonin Prandtl invented the first centrifuge in 1864 to separate cream from milk, they have come a long way and make commercial applications feasible such as separating the components of blood banks.

Centrifuges function using the sedimentation principle along with centrifugal force. An object is placed in rotation around a fixed axis which

applies a force perpendicular to the axis resulting in the denser substances to separate out long a radical direction and the lighter objects to move along to the top.

Centrifuges are essentials in labs everywhere. They vary in volume, models, and speed and usually comprise of a rotor containing two or more numbered wells contained in centrifuge tubes in which the samples can be placed. With components revolving at speeds of 30,000 RPM, centrifuges

aggregate potentially severe mechanical, biochemical and radioactive hazards related to the inherent toxicity of the material being centrifuged.

Today, centrifuges are being designed with better endurance, reliability, and overall performance. Bundle packages are now available with rotors and adapters, making them more convenient and energy efficient. Many of the new centrifuges are being designed to increase productivity, simplify performance and improve safety as shown below. l b

centrifuges

new rotors are the true workhouses of the labEppendorf introduces four new rotors for centrifuges 5804/R and 5810/R, which are defined as the true workhorses of the lab with their renowned quality, reliability and versatility. Two new swing-bucket rotors increase the capacity of Centrifuge 5804/5804 R to 1 liter and Centrifuge 5810/5810 R to 3 liter. The new 3 liter swing-bucket rotor (4 x 750 mL) makes the Centrifuge 5810/R the smallest 3 liter centrifuge available and contains options for round and plate buckets. In addition, there are two new fixed-angle rotors now available for both the 5804/R and 5810/R. These rotors include aerosol-tight Eppendorf QuickLock lid technology, which requires only a quarter turn.

www.eppendorfna.com

superspeed centrifuge represents latest advancementsThe goals of the Sorvall LyNX 6000 Centrifuge are to simplify performance and improve productivity, safety and reliability. Innovations include: push-button rotor exchange, Thermo Scientific™ Auto-Lock™, for fast and secure rotor placement, instant rotor identification, Auto-ID, for immediate rotor detection and programming, and lightweight and durable Thermo Scientific Fiberlite carbon fiber rotors — technologies that shorten run set-up time while simultaneously offering improved security. The Sorvall LyNX centrifuge provides 100,000 xg top speed performance and supports sample processing from 50mL conical tubes to six-liter capacity, meeting the evolving needs of academic research and production facilities alike. www.thermoscientific.com

allegra x-5 designed specifically for clinical sample PreparationAs the latest member of the Allegra suite of benchtop centrifuges, the unit offers the performance, reliability and endurance under exacting circumstances for which the products are known. Bundled packages, which include swinging bucket rotors and common adapters, enable fast and convenient setup, are offered for a range of clinical sample prep applications, and make it easy to order these energy efficient units. A small footprint allows the unit to fit comfortably on the benchtop, while still providing capacity for up to 140 blood collection tubes. Maximum speed of 4700 rpm and centrifugal force of up to 4470 x g shortens run times.www.beckmancoulter.com


Leica fLuoScouT heLPS reSearcherS GeT moST ouT of fLuoreScence microScoPeS

Leica Microsystems’ Leica FluoScout is an online tool that enables users of fluorescence microscopes to determine the optimal filter cube or filter set for achieving excellent imaging results. Leica FluoScout makes the matching of fluorescence microscopy components easy by recommending filter cubes based on the users’ choice of fluorophore. With just one click on the quotation cart, users can request offers for selected filter cubes. Various smart functions make the Leica FluoScout especially user-friendly. The spectrum range is shown as a coloured bar to have a constant reference for the visible range of light. To obtain a better overview, the user can fade in and out of single spectra, or zoom to see more details. The transmission and emission can also be quantified. To get started, the online help function and a tooltip guide the user through the site.www.leica.com

GaS STanDarDS for PhenoL

Kin-Tek Laboratories dynamically blends trace concentration mixtures of phenol and other hazardous pollutants using Trace Source permeation tubes and the FlexStream computer controlled perm tube system. Tubes are available for concentrations from less than 30 ppb for a disposable tube at 60 C to over 150 ppm from a high rate tube operated at 120 C. Mixtures can be delivered at room temperature, dry or humidified. Preparing mixtures of subliming solids is extremely difficult and storing them stably is essentially impossible. Using permeation tubes to dispense the material gives a controlled flow of vapor. Dynamically blending the mixture eliminates the need for mixture storage. www.kin-tek.com

lab ware

ShafT mounT comPonenTS machineD from PLaSTicS for waShDown

Custom thermoplastic shaft collars, couplings, and flange mounts for food processing equipment and conveyors used in wet environments and requiring frequent washdown are being introduced by Stafford Manufacturing Corp. Stafford Plastic Shaft Mount Components are machined from Teflon, Delrin, nylon and other thermoplastics and supplied with stainless steel clamping screws. Suitable for applications requiring frequent washdown and exposure to chemicals such as food and pharmaceutical processing, Stafford Plastic Shaft Mount Components are available in 1” to 4” I.D. bore sizes. Allowing system designers to exactly match other components, they can also be supplied in stainless steel, steel, and anodized aluminum.www.staffordmfg.com

aquacounTer ev-2000L eLiminaTeS reacTionS wiTh inTerferinG SubSTanceS

JM Science’s newest oil evaporator, the AQUACOUNTER EV-2000L utilizes azeotropic distillation and completely separates water from sample matrices, thus eliminating any side reactions with interfering substances. The oil evaporator is especially useful for determining moisture in difficult samples such as heavy oils, grease, peanut butter, etc. The CE approved EV-2000L can be used with the AQUACOUNTER Karl Fischer titrators, or any other manufacturer’s titrators. The heating range is from ambient temperature to 200 C. Carrier gas is N2 gas or dry air and flow is 30-300mL/min with inlet pressure at 0.8 MPa or less. The dessicant used is a molecular sieve and the unit has an aluminum block heater. Sample volume is approximately 10ml or less. www.jmscience.com


wiDe aSSorTmenT of coLourfuL TubinG

VICI Valco’s new assortment of PEEK Tubing is one of the largest offerings in the world and is available in a variety of natural PEEK, solid colour-coded, dual layer colour-coded, striped and dash-stripe coded. Dual Layer Color-Coded eliminates any concern that a critical sample stream could be contaminated by pigments used to colour code the tubing. It looks like any other colour-coded tubing at first glance, but a closer look reveals that the pigmented layer surrounds a separate but integrally bonded inner layer of natural PEEK. The pressure performance is equivalent to single-layer tubing.www.vici.com

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Dr. Donald Low passed away in September at the age of 68 because of a brain tumour. When the SARS virus struck Toronto in 2003, Low, Chief Microbiologist at Mount Sinai Hosptial, was the calm voice of reason that explained to ordinary citizens very complicated issues. Aside from being the public face of SARS in Canada, Low was also a highly respected microbiologist worldwide, co-authoring nearly 400 peer-reviewed articles for scientific journals, 41 book chapters and almost 100 invited articles.

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dr. chil-yong kang an hiv vaccine 16 sars...dr. chil-yong kang’s work on an hiv vaccine is inching...

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