Dr Areefa Albahri

Chapter 5

The social context of childbirth and motherhood

Socialization is the process by which a person acquires the

technical skills of his or her society the knowledge of the kinds

of behavior that are understood and acceptable in that society

and the attitudes and values that make conformity with social

rules personally meaningful even gratifying (Hyperdictionary

2003) Socialization has also

been called enculturation There is no one theory of

socialization Among sociologists the phenomenon of

socialization has generally focused on role theorymdashthat is the

behaviors that accompany each role are learned socially and by

instruction observation and trial and error

socialization is a sharing of the values and attitudes of the

organization by the use of role models traditions and folktales

During the socialization phase of indoctrination the leader

introduces employees to unit values and culture and uses the

socialization process to mold a fit between new staff members and

the unit Socialization into the organization is critical for the

novice professional and adequate socialization of all employees

has been shown to reduce erosion and increase satisfaction

Midwives are recognised worldwide as Independent experts and

Leaders in providing care in childbirth

Every woman expects to be treated as though she is special and

important and therefore it becomes essential that midwives have an

understanding of the SOCIAL CULTURAL and CONTEXTUAL

differences of each individual client

Dr Areefa Albahri

Some questions need to asked before dealing with the

woman during childbirth

Where you was born

What is your ethnic background

How long have you been in Gaza

Did you a refugee or citizen

Do you prefer the interpreter to be male or female

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

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• Slide 26

Socialization is the process by which a person acquires the

technical skills of his or her society the knowledge of the kinds

of behavior that are understood and acceptable in that society

and the attitudes and values that make conformity with social

rules personally meaningful even gratifying (Hyperdictionary

2003) Socialization has also

been called enculturation There is no one theory of

socialization Among sociologists the phenomenon of

socialization has generally focused on role theorymdashthat is the

behaviors that accompany each role are learned socially and by

instruction observation and trial and error

socialization is a sharing of the values and attitudes of the

organization by the use of role models traditions and folktales

During the socialization phase of indoctrination the leader

introduces employees to unit values and culture and uses the

socialization process to mold a fit between new staff members and

the unit Socialization into the organization is critical for the

novice professional and adequate socialization of all employees

has been shown to reduce erosion and increase satisfaction

Midwives are recognised worldwide as Independent experts and

Leaders in providing care in childbirth

Every woman expects to be treated as though she is special and

important and therefore it becomes essential that midwives have an

understanding of the SOCIAL CULTURAL and CONTEXTUAL

differences of each individual client

Dr Areefa Albahri

Some questions need to asked before dealing with the

woman during childbirth

Where you was born

What is your ethnic background

How long have you been in Gaza

Did you a refugee or citizen

Do you prefer the interpreter to be male or female

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 17
• Slide 18
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• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

socialization is a sharing of the values and attitudes of the

organization by the use of role models traditions and folktales

During the socialization phase of indoctrination the leader

introduces employees to unit values and culture and uses the

socialization process to mold a fit between new staff members and

the unit Socialization into the organization is critical for the

novice professional and adequate socialization of all employees

has been shown to reduce erosion and increase satisfaction

Midwives are recognised worldwide as Independent experts and

Leaders in providing care in childbirth

Every woman expects to be treated as though she is special and

important and therefore it becomes essential that midwives have an

understanding of the SOCIAL CULTURAL and CONTEXTUAL

differences of each individual client

Dr Areefa Albahri

Some questions need to asked before dealing with the

woman during childbirth

Where you was born

What is your ethnic background

How long have you been in Gaza

Did you a refugee or citizen

Do you prefer the interpreter to be male or female

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Midwives are recognised worldwide as Independent experts and

Leaders in providing care in childbirth

Every woman expects to be treated as though she is special and

important and therefore it becomes essential that midwives have an

understanding of the SOCIAL CULTURAL and CONTEXTUAL

differences of each individual client

Dr Areefa Albahri

Some questions need to asked before dealing with the

woman during childbirth

Where you was born

What is your ethnic background

How long have you been in Gaza

Did you a refugee or citizen

Do you prefer the interpreter to be male or female

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Some questions need to asked before dealing with the

woman during childbirth

Where you was born

What is your ethnic background

How long have you been in Gaza

Did you a refugee or citizen

Do you prefer the interpreter to be male or female

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Are you comfortable with both male and female health care providers

Are there any cultural practices that we need to be aware of in caring for you during your pregnancy giving birth and postnatal period

In your culture do fathers usually attend births Does your partner want to attend the birth of his child If not is there another close family member you would like to be present

Are there any foods that are appropriate or inappropriate for you according to your religion or customs during pregnancy birth and the postpartum period

Dr Areefa Albahri

Cultural assessment questions

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Approach to antenatal care

In Australia the doctor or nurse decides what is best for a

patientrsquos health is usually applied only in emergency situations

In other countries (eg Japan) Women may lack autonomy to

make decisions regarding antenatal tests and modes of delivery

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Number of antenatal recommends according to WHO at least 4

antenatal visits for women in developing countries In Australia

the traditional antenatal care schedule requires 14 visits

In Australia pregnant women are referred to antenatal care

immediately after pregnancy confirmation

In other countries women may attend antenatal care at the end

of the first trimester or later

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
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• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

In many developing countries there is an absence of postpartum

support groups lactation consultancy and other support

services

In some developing countries there is an absence of genetic

testing amniocentesis and ultrasound

In China there is an overuse of ultrasound during pregnancy

In India it is illegal to determine the sex of the foetus

Asian and Arabic countries men are required and often prefer

to stay out of the labour ward

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Labour pain management In Japan is considered a natural

event and is usually drug-free

Duration of hospital stay after normal birth range from 24

hours as in Australian to seven days as in hospitals in Japan

Electiveemergency caesarean section In most developing

countries caesarean section is performed only as an emergency

procedure

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
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• Slide 18
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• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
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• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a freedom period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
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• Slide 19
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• Slide 23
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• Slide 26

Attitudes to modes of delivery Vaginal delivery Vaginal delivery after previous caesarean section In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
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• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

1048707 Pelvic floor exercises healthy eating and early physical

activity in a postpartum period This may vary according to

cultural traditions Early physical activity is not recommended

in countries where a confinement period is usually observed (eg

The Philippines)

1048707 What to take to the hospital This varies across countries and

hospitals In many countries nothing is required for admission

to maternity departments (eg Ethiopia and other Horn of Africa

countries)

Dr Areefa Albahri

Differences in maternity care overseas

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Attitudes to modes of delivery

Vaginal delivery

In some overseas health systems previous caesarean section could

be considered an indication for a repeat caesarean section In

Australia in most cases successful vaginal birth can be achieved

safely for both mother and infant Therefore vaginal birth should

be considered as an option for all women with a history of previous

caesarean birth who present for antenatal care To make an

informed choice the woman may require additional explanation

Dr Areefa Albahri

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
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• Slide 15
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• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Caesarean section

Some women may fear a caesarean section because of the

possibility of blood loss and blood transfusions Some women

may object to blood transfusion for religious reasons or in the

case of women from countries with a high incidence of HIV

because of the fear of infection from transfusion

In most developing countries caesarean section is performed

only as an emergency surgical procedure If not informed

women may not be aware of their option to have an elective

caesarean section in Australia

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Slide 10
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• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Psychological and social issues relating to pregnancy and early parenthood

Dr Areefa Albahri

Puerperal depression Puerperal depression refers to all depressive illnesses that occur during pregnancy (prenatal depression) and immediately after birth (postpartum depression) Approximately 14 of women experience puerperal depression Postpartum lsquobluesrsquo is a common phenomenon that occurs three to five days after labour and is experienced by 80 of women Postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 16 of women Postpartum psychosis is experienced by approximately 01 of women There is limited data available about postnatal depression in developing countries or among immigrant women

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
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• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Risk factors for puerperal depression

1048707 Personal history of depression

1048707 Lack of partner family and social support

1048707 Abusive relationship or experience of childhood abuse

1048707 Unplanned pregnancy

1048707 Reproductive loss

1048707 Stressful life events chronic stressors and financial difficulties

1048707 Social isolation

1048707 Lack of access to mental health services or support

1048707 Unwillingness to talk about stressors of mental health

Dr Areefa Albahri

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Be sensitive to cultural differences in understanding or relating

to mental health issues While providing your explanation of

puerperal depression replace terms such as lsquomental illnessrsquo or

lsquopostnatal depressionrsquo with lsquopregnancy-related psychological

conditionrsquo or lsquobirth-related emotional conditionrsquo

Acknowledge and explain to the woman the role of various

factors that may contribute to puerperal depression

Reassure the woman that prenatal and postnatal depression is

common

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
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• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Discuss the current approaches to the management of

puerperal depression Provide printed information about

puerperal depression preferably in the womanrsquos first language

A booklet Emotional Health during Pregnancy and Early

Childbirth which has been translated into several languages

is available for download from the beyondblue website at

wwwbeyondblueorgauindexaspxlink_id=102944

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
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• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Practical advice in dealing with puerperal depression

Dr Areefa Albahri

Attempt to arrange home visits by maternal and child health nurses Help the woman to establish a connection with existing health and social support servicesAsk the woman if she would like to receive support from a mental health professional (eg face-to-face professional counseling telephone helpline) Provide the woman with the contact details of the free line () Try to elicit potential reasons for refusing psychological support If necessary refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
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• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Cultural variations in grief expression

Expressions of grief in western culture can include

1048707 personal feelings - sadness anger guilt anxiety and

helplessness

1048707 physical sensations - shock hollowness in the stomach

tightness of the chest weakness of the muscles

1048707 cognitions - confusion disbelief

1048707 behaviours - sleep disturbances crying social withdrawal

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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• Slide 18
• Slide 19
• Slide 20
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Slide 23
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26

Communicating reproductive loss practical advice

Explain in simple language 1048707 Allow time for grief 1048707 Encourage expression of emotion 1048707 Be aware of and respect cultural variations of mourningAsk the couple if they want to see or hold the stillborn infant 1048707 Ask the couple if they would like to name the stillborn infant 1048707 Discuss with the couple if there are any traditional or religious rituals or ceremonies that should be observed Refer the woman for a psychiatric consultation with a psychiatrist

Respect a womanrsquos or a couplersquos decision not to seek mental health support as many people prefer coping with grief in a personal manner

Dr Areefa Albahri

Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Slide 4
• Slide 5
• Slide 6
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
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Sudanese Ethnicity And Background

Dr Areefa Albahri

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