dr a socin - arabic grammar

8/2/2019 Dr a Socin - Arabic Grammar

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l^xeseixtth to

of the

Pntli^rgttg of orortta

The Department of OrientalLanguages

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e-7 \>'

ARABIC GRAMMARPARADIGMS, LITTERATURE, CHRESTOMATHY

AND

GLOSSARY

Dr. a. SOCIN,PROFESSOR IN TRI UNIVRR8ITY OF TOBINOKN.

^J^flf vi:.tu by Prof. W. H. WORRELLHartford Seminary Foundation

1922G.C.STECnfRT&CO.,NCWYORK


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V.

PREFACE.

I acceded the more readily to the request madeto me by the publisher of the "Porta linguarumOrientalium" to bring out a new edition of Peter-mann's Elementary Grammar of Classical Arabic(second edition 1876), because I had myself felt theneed of a brief handbook of this description foruse in university lectures. Notwithstanding all theexcellences of the Arabic Grammars of Caspari-Milller and Wright I have often noticed that thebeginner is apt to be deterred from continuing hisArabic studies by the amount of matter containedin these books, unless he is possessed of very greatperseverance. It appeared to me therefore desi-rable to present the most important rules both of theEtymology and the Syntax in the briefest possibleform: the choice of these is naturally dependant forthe most part on personal feelings, .so that I cannothope to satisfy all my co-workers, who busy them-


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VI PREFACE.selves with the like elementary instruction. Many forinstance will regret the omission of the technical ter-minology of the native grammarians; but this I haveomitted on principle, because in my opinion a know-ledge of it is unnecessary for beginners. On the otherhand, for the sake of those who use this book as theirintroduction to the study of Arabic, I would expresslyremark that what is here given should form only anintroduction to further study, for which a completergrammar is indispensable.

The short bibliography of Arabic Literature, in-serted in the earlier editions, is retained here merelyto direct the beginner in this further study. Here alsothe right selection was difficult: and the experiencealone how without a guide beginners wander aboutin this province, has induced me to make the se-lection \ the utility of which I would not rate toohighly: at the same time that I have endeavoured tobring it more into accordance with the requirementsof the time. As the object was solely practical, Ihave for the most part avoided mentioning books, oreditions of books, which have now become antiquated.

I An exception has been made in the use of Latin for the bib-liography, as well as for the headings of the paradigms, and apart of the glossary, because the publisher wished to use thesetypes for the German and English editions at the same time.


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PEEFACE. VnFor the first portion of the Chrestomathy, which

contains the Arabic texts, it was out of the questionto use an extract either of the Arabic version of theBible, or of the Koran, for reasons which thoseacquainted with the subject will easily understand;while texts had of course to be chosen which wouldat once introduce the learner to the modes of thoughtof the Mohammedan world. Unedited documents hadalso to be avoided under the circumstances. On theother hand it appeared desirable to choose connectedpassages of considerable length, as these excite mosthighly the interest of the learner. A further consid-eration was that, especially in the first piece, thematerial difficulties should be as few as possible, whilethe use of the grammatical forms and the vocabularyshould be as varied as possible. Bearing these re-quirements in mind I have chosen a passage fromTalahVs legends of the prophets (the Cairo edition):the passage is not in full, extracts only have beengiven; and I have not hesitated to make additionsfrom other sources (especially from the Ta'rih al-ii amis), where these appeared suitable. As a secondpiece I have chosen an historical passage from theMurug al-dahab ; for this text the Cairo as well asthe Paris edition has been used. And I have pur-posely chosen a passage containing easy historical


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VIII PREFACE.anecdotes, as I thought it would be for the advantageof the learner to print the text not completely pointed.Nor have I thought it necessary to give too copious ref-erences to the Grammar, which is specially arrangedfor easy reference. The quotations from the Koran(the beginning of these is marked with a star * in thetext) had to be added because the narrative of thehistory of Bilkis sometimes depends closely on thetext of the Koran, to which in parts it forms simplya commentary.

I wish the second part of the Chrestomathy con-taining passages for translation into Arabic, to beregarded as an experiment. Although I am stronglypersuaded of the real utility of such passages for theschool-like mode of instruction, which is necessary forbeginners, I do not in any degree lose sight of thedifficulties, which the correction of such exercisescauses even to the teacher of Arabic. To obviate thisevil I have chosen single sentences, and in the latterpart anecdotes also, from Arabic writers, the sourcesof which can easily be discovered by any teacher whois moderately acquainted with Arabic literature : andI have so arranged the notes and the glossary thatthe learner, who is compelled to a diligent use of thegrammar and dictionary, is, so to say, bound to re-produce the Arabic original. From what has just


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PREFACE. IXbeen said it is clear that this part of the book at anyrate presupposes a teacher; in my opinion Arabicgrammar, and especially the syntax, can only with thegreatest difficulty be mastered by unassisted study.Not until the learner has read a part of the Arabictexts, should he proceed to the translation from Eng-lish into Arabic, and at first in exceedingly smalldoses. When on the one hand I hope to merit thethanks of this and that teacher of Arabic for the lat-ter part of the Chrestomathy, I would on the otherhand apologise for the violence done in the interestsof the learner to the Queen's English in the trans-lation from the Arabic.

The translation of the granjmar has been made bymy former pupil the Rev. Dr. Th. Stenhouse ; thetranslation and arrangement of the second part of theChrestomathy and of the Glossaries has been madeby my former pupil Dr. Rudolph Briinnow: both partstherefore were entrusted to Arabic scholars. To eachof these friends I here express my best thanks forhis trouble.

A. SOCIN.


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PREFACE TO THE REPRINT OE THEFIRST ENGLISH EDITION.

In spite of the decline in classical studies, therepersists in English-speaking countries a steady demandfor instruction in Arabic and for a text -book whichcan be made its basis. Whatever may be the purposeof the student, philological or purely practical, andwhether his interest lies in the older or the more mo-dern forms of the language, he cannot do better thanbegin with a diligent study of the most necessary factsof classicail Arabic; and for this study he will need atext-book which rigidly confines itself to such facts,excluding everything unnecessary to a beginner, andall neo-Arabic and colloquial details which may blurthe sharpness of outline.

There are many Arabic grammars. Some are booksof reference. Some represent later types of Arabic.Some mix various stages of the langunge, or confusethe written with the spoken idiom. But no one hasproduced so good a beginners' book as Professor Socin.


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PREFACE. XIIt has passed through six German editions, and re-mains today unequalled. But unfortunately the author'spurpose, "to present the most important rules both ofetymology and syntax in the briefest possible form",was gradually lost sight of in succeeding editions ;and the book has at last become a work of referencefor the intermediate student. Further, the publishershave had the unhappy idea of cutting the Biiqis storyout from the grammar and^ printing it in a separatechrestomathy, thereby robbing the grammar of one ofits most important features ; for this story is generallyagreed to be singularly fitted, in the simplicity andcorrectness of its language and the vivid orientalismof its atmosphere, to be the beginner's first connectedtext. Still later the preparation of English editions wasdiscontinued. The English Socin and the Chrestoma-thy which accompanied it have now long been out ofprint, and are very hard do find ; and the teacher atpresent must rely on later editions.

A thorough revision of the original English edi-tion by an editor possessing the necessary self restraintand sympathy has been long desired. Commerciallyhowever it has been impossible, both on account ofcost and risk. But there can be no doubt of the use-fulness and popularity of a fac simile re-print of the


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XII PREFACE.book as it stands, which is here attempted. A fewpages of corrections and notes have been added outof the experience of teaching with, it is hoped, thenecessary reserve. Otherwise the booli remains un-touched. The first rather than the second English edition has been chosen for reproduction, as it containsthe Bilqis story with its vocabulary and references tothe grammar.

Many of the errors and omissions were pointedout to me by Professor Macdonald, to whom the re-print is much indebted, without his being in any wayresponsible for the whole.

Hartford, Ct., November, 1920.

W. H. WORRELL


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COREECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.p. 4: The letters ^ > } lt* are used to indicate

respectively the ordinary sounds of English t d z s,except that the tongue must be placed back of theupper front teeth. The letters 1> Jp t ^^ also indicatethe sounds t d z s, but in making them the wholeof the tongue is placed in contact with the roof ofthe mouth.

The sound of c and of its voiced counterpart tare made by opening the mouth wide, as if for thevowel a, and then raising the larynx. The former isheard when one breathes into a lamp-chimney prepa-ratory to cleaning it.

The sound of ^ > the voiced counterpart of ^,which is the German ch in the word ach.

p. 8, 1. 14: Before or after c C ; 6 t Jj in thesame syllable, the vowel a is heard in its purity. Withc> ^ 1 ^ it inclines toward o. With \ ^ C^ Jl^ ^ > '>,^^3^^^j^5^it inclines toward I. The sound


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XIV CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.of J does not influence its vowel ; but on the contraryis influenced with it by associated consonants ; so thatwith a-consonants and o consonants it is the Ameri-can 1, while with the others it is the German 1. Toa less extent Kesra follows similar rules.

p. 9, 1. 4: left out only.

p. 9, 1. 18 : The sign Hamza has the sound thatis heard in American English before initial vowelswhen long or emphasized.

p. 10,'l. 18: With Tesdid a consonant is not ne-cessarily emphasized, and is not doubled, but is pro-longed like a long vowel.

p. 15, 1. 1 3: So used only in this formula.p. 16, 1. 17: Anciently Arabic probably had no

stress accent, but only quantity ; and to the presentday the Qur'an and poetry are so read. In less for-mal reading of prose the stress-accent of the localvernacular Arabic appears.

p. 47, 1. 10: In classical Arabic the o can beomitted only before (^ and ^.

p. 48, 1. 4: He married him to her.p. 71, 1. 1: In ^5U oUj and all the following up

to ^U 5-^' the thing numbered, ^^', is in the sin-gular by exception.


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CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. XVp. 72, 1. 5 from below : J^>^^ showing the ori-

ginal root.p. 75, 1. 6: (^ over^ above, upon, on account of

and Jl unto.p. *117, *^^^^ : arable (land).p. *131, 1. 7: S^j copious (?).p. *141, ^>^: to wall inside (water-well).p. *145, at end:


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CONTENTS.GRAMMAR.

I. LETTERS AND SOUNDS ( 110).Page

]. Consonants 3 2. Long Vowels 6 3. Short Vowels, Nunation, Gezma 8 4. Hamza 9 5. Teshdid 10 6. Wasla 12 7. Medda 15 9. The Tone 16 10. Numerals and Abbreviations 17

IL ETYMOLOGY ( 1171).Chap. I. The Pronoun ( 1114).

11. Pronomina personalia . 18 12. Pronomina demonstrativa 2013. Pronomina relativa 2214. Pronomina interrogativa 23

Chap. IL The Yerl ( 15-46). 15. The root form 23 16. General view of the derived stems 24 17. L Stem .25 18. IL Stem 25


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CONTESTS. XVIIPage

19. III. Stem 26 20. IV. Stem .... 26 21. V. Stem 27 22. VI. Stem 27 23. VII. Stem 27 24. Vin. Stem 28 25. IX. and XI. Stem 28 26. X. Stem 29 27. The quadriliteral Verb 29 28. The Passive 30 29. Tenses 30 30. Moods 31 31. Imperative 31 32. The Persons 32 33. Participles 33 34. Infinitive 33 35. Verba mediae geminatse . . : 34 36. Verba hamzata 36 37. Weak Verbs 38 38. Verba primse ^ and ^ 38 39. Verba mediae ^ and ^ 39 40. Verba tertise ^ and ^ 41 41. Doubl}^ weak Verbs 45 42. The Verb J^ 46 43. Verbs of praise and blame . 46 44. Forms of admiration 46 45. The Verb -with Pronominal suffixes 47 46. Sign of the Accusative 47

Chaip, III. The Konn ( 4765).a. Formation of Nouns.

47. Derived Nouns, Intensive forms 48 48. Nomina loci, instrumenti, speciei '. . . . 50 49. Nomina relativa and deminutiva 51


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XVIII CONTENTS.b. Gender of Nouns.

50. Masculine and feminine Gender 5251. Formation of the Feminine 52

c. Inflection of Nouns. 52. Number and Case 54 53. Formation of the Dual and Plural 54 54. Nomina triptota and dijitota 55 55. Nomina diptota 56 56. Inflection of the determinate Nouns 57 57. Abbreviation of Dual and Plural Nouns 58 58. Noun Avith Pronominal suffixes 59 59. Vocalic additions '. . . . 59 60. Proper names connected with ^^^\ 60 61. Vocative 60 62. Broken Plurals 61 63. List of the chief forms 61 64. Broken Plurals of Nouns with more tiian three radicals 65} 65. Irregular Nouns 66

CJiaj). IV. Xuuicrcds ( 66 68). 66. Cardinals 69 67. Connection of Numbers with the thing numbered ... 71 68. Ordinal numbers and fractions 72

Chap. V. Particlcfi ( 0971). 69. Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions 73 70. inseparable Particles 7371. Prepositions and Conjunctions with Suftixes 74

III. SYNTAX (72 104).C/uip. I. Tcnsefi.

72. Perfect and Imperfect 76 7;). LT.sage of the Perfect 76


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CONTENTS. XIXPage

74. Usage of the Imperfect 76 75. Subjunctive 79 76. Jussive 79 77. Participle 80

Chap. 11. Government of the Ve^-h. 78. Accusative 81 79. Object, double Object 81 80. Absolute Object 82 81. Accusative as Predicate 82 82. Accusative of nearer definition 83

Chap. III. Gomtmment of the Noun. 83. Syntactical additions to the Noun 84 84. Determination 85 85. Apposition 85 86. Qualification 86 87. Genitive Relation 86 88. Special kinds of Genitive 4 . . 87 89. The Genitive inseparable . 89

Chap. IV. The simple sentence. 90. Distinction of Nominal and Verbal sentences 89 91. The Verb in a Verbal sentence 90 92. The Predicate in a Nominal sentence 91 93. Connection between Subject and Predicate 92 94. Peculiarities of the same 93 95. The Particles 'inna and 'aijna 93 96. Dependent sentences 95 97. Asyndeton 95 9tf. Exceptive Particle '........ 96

Chap. v. Compound sentences. 99. Relative sentences 96 100. Sentences denoiing a state or condition 99


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XX CONTENTS.Page

101. Temporal sentences 99 102. Conditional sentences with the Perfect 100 103. Conditional sentences -svith the Jussive 100 104. Tlie Particle fa 101

PARADIGMS.Strong triliteral Verb Act. 1 2Strong triliteral Verb Pass. 1 4Quadriliteral Verb, derived Stems 5Strong triliteral Verb, derived Stems 6Verbum mediae geminatae Act. I 8Verbum mediae geminatie Pass. I 9Verbum mediae geminatae, derived Stems 10Verbum prinue radicalis ^ and ^ 11Verbum mediae radicalis ^ Act. I 12Verbum mediie radigalis ^ Act. I 13Verbum mediae radicalis ^ or ^ Pass. I 14Verbum mediae radicalism and ^, derived Stems 15Verbum tertise radicalis ^ (M^) Act. I ... 16Verbum tei-tise radicalis ^^ (Mjti) Act. I 17Verbum tertiae radicalis ^ or ^ (j^) '^^*" ^ ^^Verbum tertiae radicalis ^ or ^3 Pass. I 19Verbum tertise radicalis ^ or ^ ; derived Stems 20Nomen generis mascuUni 22Nomen generis feminini 23Nouns in "in" and "an" 24Noun with Personal suffixes 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY.History of literature 29Chrestomathies 30Grammars 31


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CONTENTS. XXIPagaLexicography 38

Koran and Islam 36History 37Geography 40Poetry 42Miscellaneous 43

CHRESTOMATHY.A. For translation into English:I. The history of Queen Bilkis from the Prophetic Legends

of Ta'labi 49n. Extracts from the biographies of the first three Chalifs

from the "Golden Meadows" of MasudiB. For translation into Arabic

GLOSSARY.To part A of the Chrestomathy " 109To part B of the Chrestomathy 167


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GRAMMAR.


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PART I.CHARACTERS AND SOUNDS.

1 a. The Consonants. The Arabs originallyused the Syriac character and the Syriac alphabet,in which the characters are in the same order, asin the Hebrew alphabet. Remains of this older orderare still preserved in the numerical values of theletters (cf. the table). In later times the letters wereseldom used as numerals. By means of diacriticalpoints the Arabs early distinguished a number ofsounds which in that older alphabet were not separ-ated from one another. And many characters becameby abbreviation so similar to one another that suchdiacritical marks were necessary to distinguish them.These similar forms were afterwards placed next oneanother in the alphabet. Thus the letters stand nowin the following order which is tolerably general. Thealphabet consists of 28 consonants of the followingforms. These are written and read from right to left,

A*


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1. TABLE OF CHARACTERS.

Names

Figures Value

1i

-1itu oH

II11 Pronunciation

It 33

1 Jit* Alif 1 L cf. 2 ancI 4 1 K2 to Ba v-> w^ A J^ I) b 2 n3 xljTa v::^ v.:>. X j> t t 4004

5

ib Tha|vx&. Jim

English hard til asin thiriff

] OJ^ig' 8 hard ; later> g as in Italianj giorno\ English j

t

g

500

3

n

6 fU Hba c ee^X ^ strongTl withfriction h 8 n

78

%\j^ ChaJ!3 Dal

^C^ i>. German hard chScotch ch in loch(1 on the teeth

hd

6004

9 JlS Dhal j tV English soft th asin this d 700 n10 g|^ Ra ; 7 dental r r 200 1

j weak vocalic S,11 sl^ Za ; > > like French andJ English z z 7 T1213

jjjkAw oinjj-y? Shin

hard SGerman schEnghsh sll

s

s

60300

(cf.* In such technical terms it is usual to leave the ending o i. e. 3 b) unpronounced after the fashion of modern Arabic.


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1. TABLE OP CHARACTERS.

Names

Figures Value

1 o S 5

uPronunciation

1si

^

14 SliSad (jO (ja ja wiO emphatic S s 90 51516

oLi Dadgib Ta

ydJo.

^Jb

upper palatal demphatic t

dt

8009 D

17 %\Jb Za h JiL k ib weak emphatic S Z 90018 9 0^,jj^ Am e c JL A

arises by squeez-ing the violent-

1 ly compressedGlottis

70:p

19 \j^ Ghain ^ d k . guttural r g 100020 gUFa o v^ A i f f sa t21 Jli Kaf O o- A i deep emphatic k k 100 ?22 JliKaf 4) vsX X f k k 20 323 *S Lam J J^ JL J I 1 30 b24 iH^ Miin r r * je m m 40 ^25 u u* JL i n n 50 326 xli Ha 8 & ^ 5D h h 5 n27 ^i; Waw ) r English W w 6 n28 8U Ya (5 V5 X J y y 10


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6 2. THE VOWEL SIGNS.

and are in part connected with one another, inpart left unconnected, as the table on pages 4 and5 shows.

b. When s (No. 26) standing at the end of aword denotes the feminine termination, two dots areplaced over it, to show that it is to be pronouncedlike t (No 3); thus i.

c. Certain letters are very frequently, especiallyat the beginning of words, placed not alongside oneanother, but above one another: this is the case withthe characters ^ ^ ^ (Nos. 5 7), e. s, si instead

C C C /b .

of :^!U, 3fc instead of ^Vj*., st instead of ^ilc etc.Instead of U (^^^' 23 andl) usually ^ or^ is written;this connection is so frequent that the character iseven reckoned by the Arabs as an extra letter withthe name of Lam-Alif.

2 a. The vowel signs. Originally the Arabshad signs only for the long vowels ^, ~i, u, and thediphthongs au^ ai the second part of which theytreated as a consonant; the signs were I (N^- 1) for a,y (No- 27) for u and (after a for) mi, ^ (N^- 28) for tand (after a for) ai. ^ These signs were regarded asquiescent ; the sign of a consonant's being without avowel (cf. 3 c) was however in later times addedonly to . and ^ in those cases where they repre-


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2. THE VOWEL SIGNS.

sented the diphthongs. Examples: JU kala, Ix^ sira,Jy kulf, Aj laivn (cf. 3 b), ^jj naimun.

b. In the oldest writing the a is not in all casesrepresented by I, but is left sometimes unrepresented.This non-representation is the rule in a series ofvery common words; generally however in such casesa perpendicular stroke is placed over the consonant^ twhich is to be pronounced with long a; e. g. jjc*(instead of ! dunyd^ as it ought to bewritten according to the rules for the formation


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8 3. THE SHORT VOWELS.

of nouns 51b, Lgj is written, to avoid two ^ 'scoming together.

e. Sometimes an I is added after a final u or au,without affecting the pronunciation, e. g. \yjj:S^katahu,\Jo[ ramau; this I was originally used in the MSS.to separate a final . from the following word.

3 a. The sJwrt vowels were originally quiteunrepresented (many books, especially those printedin the east, are printed without any vowels at all);in later times the following signs were used for theshort vowels (and, in connection with the signs men-tioned in 2, for the long vowels also)

1) &^U Fatha (or ^jjci Fath) jl^ for the vowel a(to be pronounced or e in certain cases), e. g. Joci*katala, JU kala,

2) iy^S Kesra (or ^.^S Kesr) "r for the vowel/, e. g. Cj^^a-b. gadiha, *juJ yahiu.

v jj ^ 55 ^3) aU^ Damma (or ^ Damm) _i. for the vowel

M, e. g. vaaJo yaktuhu;


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4. HAMKA. 9

Tanwin), e. g. ^/a^w ^af)ishi, J^^ ragulun; an I, whichhas no influence on the pronunciation is added as anoutward sign to the nunation an, e. g. ^Lx) malan;this ! is left only in those cases where the nuna-tion is affixed to the fem. ending (cf. above 1 a)e. g. i^yfyo markuhatan, or where an I, or in its steada ^ quiescing in , already stands at the end of aword, e. g. IJ. rihan, ^d^ hudan ( 2 c); likewisesometimes after t> ( 4).

c. The fact of a consonant's not being accom-panied by a vowel is shown by _ji_ aLoys*. Gezma, alsocalled jjJCww Sukun ["rest"], e. g. ^wil^/ sdfartv,^^^j^uiLxiniosaita {ci. 2). On the omission of this signcf. 5 a. A consonant, which is to be pronouncedwithout a vowel, is called "quiescent"

4. Hamza, The sign 'i-y^ Hamza > (the form ofwhich has arisen from c 'Ain) is peculiar to the Arabicwriting as a further consonantal sign. It denotes thecutting off of the stream of breath, which can precedeor follow a vowel; it corresponds therefore at thebeginning of a syllable to the Greek spiritus lenis.In the transliteration we denote Hamza by ; at thebeginning of a word we often leave it unrepresented.


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10 4. HAMZA. 5. tbSdId.

la most cases an I Alif occurs as the bearer of thisHamza; the Alif has in this case an essentially differ-ent function from that noted in 2. When an isound follows, the sign > is placed under the |.Examples : jjo I amrun, Jul 'ibilun, ^\ 'umamun; JLCsa ala, ^\. ra -sun; Ijfl ik-ra , J^ W-a-ma, In the lastthree instances Hamza closes the syllable; in the lastcase the following syllable again begins with Hamza.

b. Before or after an u jor i [sound the letters .and ^^ occur in most cases as the bearer of Hamza(in such a case ^ is without the two points), e. g..jt^yj oausa, JSyj yutaru, Jilo yuataru; q^ gita^CtaJc sa'iOa, ,5%Lo yuMrCu.

c. After a long vowel, as also in most cases afterSukun, Hamza has usually no bearer, but is placedon or above the line, e. g. &LiJ irda'un, %Ji har'un,s^JL^jc mamlu'atiin; * aU;^ hatVatun.

5. TeSdid. a. The sharpened pronunciationof a consonant is shown by the sign of reduplication", called tXjjJLio Tesdid or Jui Sedd (the sign - isborrowed from the initial of this word), e. g. v>-u; sabba,Jl^o tarahhulun. This reduplication of a consonant


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5. tedId. II

is either (as in the above examples) due to the cha-racter of a nominal or verbal form, or is the resultof assimilation. In the latter case the consonantassimilated to the following one is for the most partexpressed in writing, but does not receive the signof vowellessness as it really no longer exists inrespect of the pronunciation , e. g. o^J to be pro-nounced 'arattu, , o,;> ) LTi LTJ u^^ \>> ^^ ^^ J ij 0- - before dentals,sibilants and r, /, n) e. g. *^uJI ettiigiru^ ^^^ettaUju, jj**^^l essamsu (the sun), but w^jLJl elkamaru(the moon). On account of the antithesis representedby the last two stereotyped examples, these are calledsolar letters in opposition to the lunar letters, withwhich the / of the article cannot be assimilated.

c. The words ^jo min, ^^ an, ^1 'an (andJ I 'in) are for the most part written as one with some

short words beginning with *m orJ /, and then assimilate


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12 6. WASLA.

their final . n to the following sound, e. g. CU mimmdfrom Uc ^j^ mm ?wa, ^ I W/a from ^ ^| 'an la,

6. Wasia "". a. There are a great number ofwords in Arabic, which begin with an easily vanish-ing vowel, succeeded by a quiescent consonant, ormore properly which begin with the quiescent con-sonant itself. In such cases the vowel or thehelping vowel (e. g. J^xi'l ukiul instead of JlXj ktuT)regularly falls away after another word. As a sign ofthis elision \k^l rvasla ^ (from ^) is placed overthe I, which is the bearer of the vowel sign, e. g.ovijf oub bintulrvazlri; the two words so joined mustthen be pronounced in close connection. Such anAlif bearing Wasla is called a connective Alif, inopposition to a disjunctive Alif, i. e. an Alif withHamza (cf. 4).

b. When a connective Alif stands at the beginningof a paragraph, it is pronounced as a full vowel, butin writing only the corresponding vowel sign may beplaced on the Alif, never Hamza, e. g. Jj-awJI arrasidu^ y^\ uhrug alongside of y^\ JU* to be pronouncedkdlaJiruff.


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6. WAS LA. IS

c. In the latter example the division of syllablesnow is kd'lah-rug. If the vowel preceding a connec-tive Alif is long, it is pronounced short in the nowclosed syllable, e. g. siJUUJI x prop, fi-lfulki^ nowhowever forming the syllables fil-ful-ki ; likewiseJuf ^y ndd'llahi = ri-dal'ld-hi; .Iji^ I^S ( 2 e)â-ba-hiil-tvazza.

d. If the word before a connective Alif ends in avowelless (quiescent) consonant, it receives a helpingvowel. The most usual helping vowel (in such a caseis /, e. g. ^jjjull ^.::/^y6 darahati-lahda (instead ofv:iolo). Sometimes original vowels return, e. g. |^j^.wrLCII humn-lkafiruna\ the first word is in othercases pronounced ^ hum, but was originally pro-nounced humv. Sometimes the same vowel is chosenas auxiliary, as stands under the initial Alif- whenunconnected, e. g. JLIiiAÎ connected with the articleJl = JLaaaLwÎ (tlislikhdlu with helping vowel /. The nunation ( 3 b) also is treated as ending in aconsonant; in this case it is most usual to add an /,e. g. &4-wwl J^^ = s^^^\ ^j^^\ raguluni'Smuhu.


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14

Rem. The preposition Ai naway from" ischanged to ^i, and the preposition^ "from" to ^^cbefore a connective Alif ; before the article however itis changed to ^%je.

e. The cases too , in which a word ends in a so--called diphthong (cf. 2), are subject to the samerule, viz. that a quiescent final consonant must re-


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7. 3IEDDA. 15

3) with the word ^^\ ismun "name" after the pre-position ^^ hi, e. g. &JLJI ^j^ hismi-llahi "in the nameof God".

7. Medda. a. In Arabic two Alifs cannotstand together. When this would happen, only one

G a ^ ^Alif is written with the sign iijoo Medda or Meddplaced over it. This sign ^ has arisen from Juo Medd.At the beginning of a word or syllable Medda has atthe same time the value of Hamza; the sign Fath isalso omitted, e. g. Jcf I dkilun for J^5ll, ^\Ji kuranunfor ^o'^v9 5 likewise 'wx! dmana for ^x! I, as the Hamzaof the second Alif is lost after the first.

Rem. ^\. ra'd "he has seen", for example be-comes with suffixes according to 2 e properly 5ILra'dhil, but is written sir.

b. As a Hamza p. following a long !_::_ is writtenon the line ( 4 c) without an Alif as bearer, the Alifpreceding such a Hamza receives Medda in most cases,though this Medda has no effect on the pronunciationof the word, e. g. ^Li. gd'a for IL^, IJ^Lii' tafd'aiu;so also where or ^ act as bearers of Hamza, e. g.B.Lxsfcf ahibWuhu, JoU hVilun.


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16 8. THE SYLLABLE. 9. THE TONE.

Rem. Two .'s also are not willingly writtenalongside one another (even if the former is merelya bearer of Haraza after 4 c), e. g. IC^ gauis written Lli, ^^^^^ daudu (David) i>.|j (oftenwrongly without Hamza, v^.jj).

8. The Syllable, Every syllable begins witha consonant. A short syllable consists of a con-sonant with a short vowel, e. g. the second syllable of^l>Co md'td\ a long syllable consists either 1) of a con-sonant and a long vowel, e. g. the syllable md in theabove example, or 2) of a consonant and a shortvowel with a consonant following, e. g. both syllablesof JuCi* kat-lun (likewise of v;yj.jo mau-tun), or seldom3) of a shut syllable with a long vowel, e. g. the first

* -syllable of sjLo mad-da-iun: Such a syllable can becalled a doubly long syllable.

9. The tone. The accent in Arabic is thrownforward till it meets a long syllable; when there isno long syllable, the accent is on the first syllable ofthe word; the final simple long syllable is not reck-oned a long syllable for purposes of accentuation.Examples with short final syllables: C/jLo daraba,jCaJCwI istdnkara; examples with long final syllables:

J tamdmiuma, fc>^ fardun, SXJUjo mdmlakatun.


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10. SIGNS FOR NUMBERS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 17

Exceptions: A syllable with connective Alif (6),as e. g. in JuUif (cf. 24), cannot bear the accent;it must therefore be pronounced iftd'dla; in likemanner inseparable praepositive monosyllabic par-ticles like :, o (cf. 70) do not alter the accent, e. g.A^4 famdld,

10. Signs for numbers and abbreviations. Theusual signs for the Arabic numerals are thefollowing

, t, ^ r, I*', *, % V, A, ^0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

The tens, hundreds, &c. are written on the left ofthe units &c., e. g. \^ 19, \kk6 1885.

Some of the most common abbreviations are:l%x -= |^L*J! &jJL& alaihi-ssaldmu Peace be upon himljJL


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PART II.ETYMOLOGY.

Chapter I.The Pronoun.

11. a. The pronomina personalia are eitherseparata or suffixa. The pronomina personalia sepa-rata have the following forms:

Sing. Plur. Dual

0*

I. Pers. Gl^ "* >jl pifern. v^j| cPlIII. Pers.

^ 9masc. yofem* "lift^ v:^

u*In connection with T and d (cf. 70) the pro-nouns of the 3. Pers. sing, may lose their first vowel

e. g. yj, ^.


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i: THE PRONOUN. 19

b. The pronomina personalia suffixa which inconnection with a noun express a genitive, and inconnection with a verb express an accusative, are asfollows:

Dual

I. Pers.

Sing.r with the Noun ^.^[with the Verb ^

Plur.

IL Pers. masc. vi)fem. J ifcl

III. Pers.>

masc. 8fem. Li

>

\^

L|JD

c. Before a connective Alif ( 6 d) the suffixedpronoun of the 1. Pers. Sing, often receives its origi-

^ 0%nal a as auxiliary vowel, e. g. uÛpl ^Lkfcl orvÛXJ! JjLbxI. After a, % and t the nominal suffixof the 1. Pers. Sing, has the form ^ ya. Sometimesthe suffix of the 1. Pers. Sing, is denoted not by (5-but simply by the vowel Kesr ._. e. g. CJ; niy lord Ithus after . e; g. ÎIÎ with the suffix of the 1. Pers.Sing. 'yC^\ or ^\1^\ 'ahibhai (cf. 4 b).

B*


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20 12. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

d. The suffixes s, Uic, ^jc, ^sb after a preceding jsound take the vowel i instead of ii, and thus become8, Uj?, 1j^, jjJC, e. g. aJLx) instead of aJLo. j^^^ beforea connective Alif is generally pronounced ^.Thesuffixes l^and 1;d before a connective Alif take theiroriginal form jv5^ and Is^,

For further remarks on the connection of the pro-nomina suffixa see 58 and Table XXL

6. The reflexive pronoun, when a certain amountof emphasis is required, is generally expressed bythe word ^jtjj^ nafsun "soul", to which the correspond-ing suffixes are attached; in many cases the personalpronoun sufficiently expresses the reflexive.

12. The demonstrative pronouns are the follow-ing (for the inflexion cf. 53 a):

a. The simple pronoun, which seldom occurs:Masc. Fem.

Sing. \b ^b, 8^; ^S $j*; u

I Gen. Ace. ^b ^j^Plur. J^l {xda) or ^^^1 {ulai)


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12. THS DSM0N8TBATIYK PBONOUNS. 21

This simple pronoun is compoundedb. with the demonstrative particle Li, which is

generally written defectively st (or less correctly ;d 2 b). Hence arises the usual demonstrative pronoun,referring to the nearer object = this (Germ, "dieser",Lat. "hie"):

Masc. Fem.Sing. ! jjft 5 jjft ((^jje)

Gen. Ace. ,jJiX^ \j^f^Plur. *yyDc. with a suffix of the 2. Pers., which in the older

language, especially in that of the Koran, variesbetween the Sing. Dual and Plural according as oneor more persons are referred to (e. g. lXJ6, UXllj)otherwise however vj is used without change. Betweenthis \i) and the simple demonstrative pronoun the de-monstrative particle J can be inserted. Thus twoforms of the demonstrative pronoun arise, referringto the remoter object = that (Germ, "jener", Lat.^lle").


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22 13. THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Masc. Fern.Sing. ^\S, Al!> (viJLJiS, iyS) C)G (JLu), viJlL*

Nom. viLl3, siJi3lj> ibii, viSliGen. Ace. viJijLs^, viiljJ viUjJ, illl^

Dual

Plur. 4SSî (d%l), seldom viiJI^^f 13. The relative pronouns are the following:

a. (^jJI rvho^ which, that^ originally a demonstrativecompounded with the article (hence the connectiveAlif); it is inflected in the following manner:

Masc. Fern.Sing. ^jJI ^1Dual P^-- ^^l

I Gen. Ace. ^^jjlj^^^f

Plur. ^jJI ^îUI, ^Îptb. ^jo (without inflexion): the one who; one who

(also Plu.)

Lo (without inflection) = the one which; somethingwhich.e. ^1, fem. ab! (inflected in the Sing.) = the one

who (mostly before the nominative) ; also compounded


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14. THE INTERROGATIVE PROKOUIT. 15. THE VERB. 23

with the preceding ^j-)! = every one who; whoever;1^1 whichever,

14. The interrogative pronouns are:^jjo wAo? (mas. and fem.)?Li w^flf^, frequently strengthened by the addition

of the demonstrative Ij : 15 Lie what then ?j^f, fem. ibi what sort of?Rem. JJo is only inflected (like ^|) when it stands

absolutely: its inflection is as follows:Masc. Fem.

Sing. Nom. yuc, Gen.^jo, AccLjuo lOJo, ouucDual Nom. ^\Jjb, Gen. Ace. JIjuo* ^liio, jj4^Plur. Nom. jjyLi, Gen. Ace. ^jlix vi>LLo

After a preposition L^ is shortened to "l, e. g. IJwhy? The interrogative word j^ how many? is con-nected with the interrogative pronoun Li.

Chapter ILThe Verb.

15. The great majority of Arabic verbs has threeradicals; a small minority has four radicals. The root

) This and the following are pausal forms with rejectedfinal vowel.


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24 16. THE VERB.

form, according to which the verbs are arranged ingrammar and dictionary, is the 3. Pers. Sing. Perfect.The verbal, and especially the nominal forms arenamed throughout after the paradigm of the verbJiii (to do).

Rem. All Arabic dictionaries arrange the no-minal and verbal derivatives under this root form;one must therefore, in order to find these three rad-icals easily, pay strict attention to the consonants,which in nominal and verbal formations are addedto the stem as prefixes, affixes or infixes.

16. From the root form, or the so-called firststem, other stems are derived by regular changes:these stems are named either by the paradigm of JJii(e. g. the stem ifidaid) ^ or usually by numbers (e. g.the eighth stem, so also in the dictionary denotedsimply by VIII). The following stems, the order ofwhich is to be carefully noted, are the most usual:

^ ^ d -- OI Juu IV Juul VII JjiAilII Jli V jIIS VIII Jutiil XI JLiijIII jiu VI Jilii IX j^t

Rem. No. IX and especially No. XI belong tothe rarer forms; still more rare are XII jLtyii!,


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17, 18. THE I. A II. STEMS. 25

XIII Jpiil, XIV jJUii!, XV j^liil. The derivedforms in use in each verb, and the change of meaningin these derived forms are given in the dictionariesunder each individual verb.

17. In the majority of cases the root form I ispronounced jjii, e. g. Joi' to kill, alongside of this,in most verbs of intransitive meaning, occurs the formJuii (cf. ^ns), e. g. J^Jo to be ill; also the form Jjii(cf. li:;:), this latter form has always an intransitivemeaning, e. g. \,^n>- to be beautiful. Sometimes oneof the forms Jjw or Jmi occurs in the same verbalongside of Joii; sometimes both forms J^xi and Jgcioccur in the same verb.

Rem. The arabic verb frequently expresses thata person wishes to perform an action^ or allows itto be performed; thus, e. g. iJLx* he killed him canalso mean ""he wished to kill him" , and aJUt ^y^"At? cut off his head^ (pi'op. neck) may also mean ""hecaused his head to be cut off.'^

18. The II. stem jjii (corresponding to thePi' el of Hebrew) denotes in general a greater intensityof the action expressed by the verb; this intensive


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26 19 20. THE 711. A IV. STEMS.

force can be referred to the subject, object, or access-ory circumstances, e. g. Jlo to kill several^ to massacre,(with reference to the object). Most usually howeverthis form is causative, e. g. jjli to know, IJLi to causeto know, to teach; also declarative, e. g. C^dS to lie,^^dS" to consider, to declare to he, a liar; and deno-minative y^iiA:^ to collect an army (jiuu^).

19. The III. stem jiU expresses the desire, orthe attempt, to perform the action on a person, toinfluence a person or thing, e. g. JoS to kill, JjU toseek to kill, to fight; y^J^to write, ^^\Sto correspondwith one; the latter is then transitive with accusativeof the person.

20. The IV. stem Jjil (the Hif il of the Hebrew)has a causative meaning, e. g. ^JLi to he in goodcondition, ^JLol to hring into good condition. Veryoften in this form there occur denominatives with aconcealed transitive meaning, which from our pointof view are apparently intransitive, and express theidea of action in a definite direction, e. g. ^jM*.Si.\to do good; frequently moreover this form is used forverbs, which contain the idea of going to a place, of


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21, 22, 23. THE v., VI. & VII. STEMS. 27

entering or coining to a period of time or a condi-tion, e. g. v>j-c! ô ô to the West, ^^ju>o\ to enter infothe time of morning, to do something in the morning,-^ ft*Owil to come to the top,

21. The V. stem J^ (the Hebrew Hithpaêl),a sort of middle, is derived from the second stem andhas a reflexive (according to circumstances also areciprocal) meaning, e. g, Jjo to make one'sself great,jJLii* to aUoav oneself to be taught, to learn (Scotch "tolearn onelsself"). Sometimes a verb in the V. formexpresses the idea of, acting the part of, givingonesself out as, e. g. \Jjj to give onesself out for a pro-phet, to act the pari of a prophet.

22. The VI. stem jiUj, derived from theIII. stem, is the reflexive form of this III. stem, andhas A reflexive or reciprocal meaning, e. g. llLi* toprove onesself clever, sharp, JjLiJ* to fight one another,

23. The VII. stem jjiilj (the Hebrew Niph'al,with connective Alif after 6 a), mostly derived fromthe I. stem, is a middle or reflexive form of this I. stem,e. g. j^Sto break, wwJo] to go to pieces, to break up.


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28 24, 25. THE VIII. A IX. STEMS.

24. The VIII. stem Jiiil, (with connective Alif 6 a) is likewise a middle and reflexive form, for themost part of the I. stem, e. g. ^JHÛo oppose one'sself;

^ ^ ^sometimes also with reciprocal meaning, e. g. jÂaJC^tto quarrel with one another.

Rem. In the case of roots beginning with ^,^, is, ib the o of the VIII. stem is changed tothe emphatic ^, and in the case of dentals is evenassimilated to the first radical, e. g. kjSi^\^ instead ofkiJJcS of ifcye; JLbj or |JLb[ instead of JUisjfrom IJLi;; likewise v::^ is sometimes assimilated to apreceding vi> , e. g. v:;^'] or oJjj ^ô^^ oJj> prop.v.:;;ujdj; after j, j, v the o is changed to the soft k>,e. g. 1 J)!, instead of uJ fromt>K; c/s 4>nnstead of

25. The IX. stem JJii| (likewise the XI. JLiij,both with connective Alif) are used of verbs whichexpressed the possession of inherent qualities, or bod-ily deformities, e. g. from the stem uLo : >aÎ to heyellow; from the stem *^: ^1^\ to he one eyed.


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26. THE X. STEM. 27. THE QUADRILITERAL STEMS. 29

26. The X. stem JdiAx**;] (with connectiveAlif) is in the first instance a reflexive of the IV. stemJJL9I, e. g. from the stem jji^* IV. ,jii^.! to sadden,X. jjibi^Xw! (0 sadden one'sself, to make one'sself sad.Very frequently the X. stem denotes also the wishingor begging something for one'sself, e. g. from Jls.\ topardon, X. JikJu^lto beg for pardon; or to consider athing to be so and so, e. g. from vj>^ to be necessary,IV. vl^j! to make necessary, X. vj^iyuwl to considersomething necessary,

27. The stems with four radicals are denotedin the nominal and verbal forms by the paradigmJJlii (i. e. with the help of a fourth radical added toJJii), and have two chief forms, of which the firstcorresponds to the II. stem of the triliteral verb, thesecond JJLxaj corresponds to the V. stem of thetriliteral verb, e. g. y^J^ to throw down, vJXJoto fall down.

Rem. The stems III. jjlliil^ and IV. Jlii! (thelatter corresponding to the IX. stem of the triliteralverb) are rare, e. g. ,jUJol to be quiet, from a stem


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30 28. THE PASSIVE. 29. THE TENSES.

28. A Passive stands alongside of the Active:it is formed in the Perfect in such a manner that theseries u-i-a (t with the second, and a with the thirdradical) takes the place of the a vowels, e. g. Act. I.Jijii, Pass.: Ji*i; the additional syllables of the de-rived forms likewise receive the vowel u, e. g. Pass. VJiftj, VIII J^*xi! (with connective Alif).

29. The Arabic verb has two principal tenses,a Perfect, which in general represents a finishedaction; and an Imperfect, which in general representsan unfinished action. The Imperfect is formed bythe addition of the prefix j ya in the Act. of the I.,v., VI., VII., VIII., IX. and X. forms; and of theprefix j> yu in the Act. of the II., III., IV. and in thePass, of all forms. The second radical receives in theI. stem the vowel u, i or a, which is specially mention-ed in the dictionary in the case of each verb (e. g.Imp. u). Those Verbs, which in the Perf. have the formJjti (with i vowel), as well as all Passives, have a inthe second radical of the Imperf., thus Imperf. Act.JJlaj; Pass. JJiij. As regards the derived stemsthe second radical always receives i (with the excep-tion of the V. and VI. stems, which have ), e. g,Imperf. II. JJu^ but V. Jixlij.


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30. THE MOODS. 31. IHE IMl'tllATlVi;. 31

30. In the Imperfect diiferent moods are dis-tinguished, viz. Indicative, Subjunctive and Jussive.They are distinguished as follows; in the Indicativethe last radical, when it closes the word, is always

' ^ *- > -,pronounced with m, e. g. JJtij, Imperf. III. JutLxj; inthe Subjunctive with a, e. g. JoLij ; and in the Jussiveis left without a vowel, e. g. JJiaj. Besides these thereis a double modus energicus, which is formed byaffixing the syllables anna or an to the Imperfect,thus ,jJLiij or (jJJuu,

Rem. As the modus energicus is of relativelyrare occurrence, it is given in the Tables only in theparadigms of the usual strong verb. In the remainingverbs it can be easily formed after the analogyof these.

31. The Imperative agrees in vocalisation andending with the Jussive; except that there is no pre-fixed J. In the Imperative of the I. stem, when thefirst consonant has no vowel, an auxiliary vowel is inall cases prefixed (i. e. with a connective Alif) ; thisvowel however vanishes in pronunciation when theword no longer stands alone, e.g. Juiij but wi.| JU,likewise in the VII. X. stems. The Imperative hasthe same energetic by-forms as the Imperfect.


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32 32. FORMS OF THE DUAL.

Rem. In the Imperative of the I. stem u is usedas the auxiliary vowel if the second radical has w,e. g. jLxill; on the other hand / is used, if the secondradical has a or i, e. g. JJii], ^jJ)i*

32. In the Perfect, Imperfect and Imperative be-sides Singular and Plural there are also Dual formsof the second and third persons. The verbs are in-flected by the addition of modified and shortenedforms of the personal pronouns or nominal Dual andPlural endings (cf. on the endings ani and Una of thethe Imperf. Indie. 53 a) to the stem forms Jiii andJJLftj. These latter endings, like the ending Ina ofthe II. Pers. Fem. Sing. Imperf., reject the syllable ?iain the Subjunctive, Jussive, and Imperative. The I,which is found after the final .JL in the Perf. and inthese forms of the Imperfect and Imperative, has noeffect on the pronunciation cf. 2 e.In the Im-perfect in place of the prefix j of the 3. Masc, theprefix i' is used for the forms of the 2. Pers., and thoseof the 3. Fem. (except the 3. Fem. Plu.); for the 1.Sing. I, is used, and j for the 1. Plu.

Rem. In the Imperfect of the derived stems,which have the prefix 'j (V. and VI.), an Aphaeresis


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33. THE PASTICIPLES. 34. THE 11TFINITIVE8. 33

of the personal prefix j is sometimes found, e. g.JkjLAJ) instead of Jolaxj.

33. The participlesthe active is generallycalled nomen agentis the passive nomen patieniisare in all derived stems formed by the prefixing ofthe syllable x mu; in the Act. the second radical hast, in the Pass, a; e.g. II. Part. Act. Jio^o; Pass. Jiix.

^The Part. Act. and Pass, of the I. stem J^U andJJjuo are to be specially noted.

Rem. The Arabic participles as such express noidea of time; hence e. g. JljU can mean also, onewho has killed; JyXAx one who will, or should be killed

34 a. The Infinitive (nomen verM) of the I. stemhas very various forms, and is therefore in the diction-aries given in the case of each separate verb. Oneof the most common forms is JJii, e. g. Juci* to kill,killing; the Infinitives of the verbs J^ ( 28) are asa rule JJii, e. g. from v-a-ox : ^.^-ox a being angry.

9 ,>The form Juls is also frequent. Infinitives with pre-fixed i are likewise found, e. g. J^4> or jLa.Juo(forseveral forms from the same verb often occur to-gether, sometimes with modifications of meaning)from JX5 to enter.


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34 35. THE VERBA MEDL QEMINATJE.

b. The Infinitive of the II. stem is Juixaj oriJjLftj (the latter form always with verbs ult. ^); theInfinitive of the III. stem is JLii or RjlcUx (the latterform is like the Part. Pass, with the fem. ending).The Infinitives of the IV., VII., VIIL, IX. and X. stemsare formed by the insertion of an a before the lastradical; before this a all other a's of the Perf. be-come I's, IV. JLiil, VII. JUloI^ (with connectiveAlif), VIIL JUoil (id.), IX. jlxil (id.), X. JLiixlj(id.) The Infinitives of the V. and VI. stems take u

9 i^^ 9 , ^^after the second radical, V. JJilaj, VI. J^rLftj*.Rem. The Arabic Infinitives contain no temporal

idea, and can stand equally well either in an active9*^or in a passive sense, e. g. Joi* a killing, or a beingkilled.

The conjugation of the quadriliteral verbs isshown in the table of paradigms No. III.

35. The verba mediae geminatse, i. e. thoseverbs, the second and third radicals of which areidentical, e. g. ^, (cf. the table of paradigms No.VVII) must also be reckoned among the commonstrong verbs.


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S5. THE VERBA MEDIAE OEMIKATJE. 35

a. A contraction of the last.two radicals occursin all those cases, in which the first, second, andthird radical are pronounced with short vowels, e. g.yi from 'Ili (uncontracted verbs of the forms Jând Jii sometimes occur) ; 3. S. Imperf. VII. Jijjifrom^wijb; likewise if after two short vowels thethird radical has a long vowel, e. g. 3. Dual Masc.Perf. 1^ from Kli, in most cases when the first rad-ical has an , e. g. 3. Petf. III. Û from ..Li (in Pass,however \\yi)'

b. If the first radical is vowelless, and the secondis furnished with a short vowel, contraction takesplace, and the vowel of the second radical is thrownbackward on to the first, e. g. 3. S. Imperf. Act. âjinstead of sJu ; Pass. ^ for .Ju ; on the other handcontraction does not take place, when the vowel ofthe second radical is long, e. g. Jli.

c. If the third radical is vowelless, contractiondoes not take place, e. g. vi;^.

Rem. 1. In the Jussive {\JiS} and Imperative(*jij) contracted forms occur, notwithstanding the


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36 36. THE VERBA HAMZATA.

above rule; in these cases an auxiliary vowel is usedto preserve the reduplication of the third radical,e. g. 3. Imperf. Jussive I. Ziw, 2. Imperat. ti or li.

Rem. 2. These same rules which regulate the con-traction of verbs, are also of force for the formationof derived nouns. Thus e. g. ^m becomes ^sm afterrule b ; \\m becomes tLLo after rule a; on the otherhandoji, s.yi &c. remain uncontracted.

36. The verbs, which have a .> Hamza as thefirst, second, or third radical, are for the most partregular; in certain cases * or ^ (without points) isused as the bearer of Hamza after 4 b, or Hamzareceives no bearer at all, e. g. 3. S. Imperf. Pass, of31: yjj; 3. S. masc. Perf. Act. ^Jo^ fem. v^^^ka-;2. Imperat. I. of Lli: ^^\ ihni; 3. S. Imperf. of JLl:JguMj; Partic. Pass, of U^ ; %Ja^. Sometimes ac-cording to 7 an I takes the place of two I's, e. g.3. Perf. III. of pT, pT instead of pit; VI. of jlV:l*iL>. While in all these cases the t^ can be easilyrecognised as the third radical of the verb, there aresome cases in which it is more difficult to distinguishthe verba hamzaia^ because the t. occasionally van-


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36. THE VERBA HAMZATA. 37

nishes altogether. The following are the most im-portant cases of this sort:

a. l loses (cf. 7) its consonantal character afterI, I, I ; thus there arise, in place of 'a', 'u', T, simple *a, % 'i, e. g. 3. Perf. IV. from ^i = Ijl instead of311; 3. Perf. Pass. IV. from j^l =3^1 instead of3|. So also Imper. I jy\ instead of wij|.

b. In the Imper. I the verbs (Xs>\ to take, Jo! toeat, lil to command reject the *; thus Jlss., J5, ^jc;so from ^VL to ask, the 2. mas. Imper. is Juw orof- ^ . ^ ' ^JLwl, while the fem. is Jlww, and the 2. PI. IJLww.

c. In the VI. stem the ,> of verba primse ham-zatae is sometimes changed to ., e. g. Cilli' instead oflib (forlolb).

d. In the VIII. stem the p- of verba primse ham-zata3 is assimilated to the following j*, whereby 3*arises, e. g. j^j instead of original


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38 37. THK WEAK VERBS. 38. THE VERBA PRIMf 5 AND ^

The weak verbs. 37. The weak verbal stems are those which

have a . or a ^ as first, second, or third radical.Hem. For the convenience of the learner, the old

view is retained in the remarks following, viz, thatthese radicals ^ and ^ had originally in all casesthe value of consonants.

38. The verba primce ^ and ^^ (cf. Table ofParadigms No. VIII) differ frdm the strong verb inthe following points:

a. In the Imperfect and Imperativ I those verbsprimse , which have i (cf. lb;)) with the second ra-dical, reject the first radical, e. g. jJ* to hear, bringforth, Imperf. jjj, Imper. jj.

Some verbs it is true, which have a in the Im-perf. with the second radical, nevertheless reject they e. g. Li^ to lay, Imperf. .dj ; likewise 1* ^ to fall,CjS>% to give, &c. (see the dictionary).

b. . irv is changed to j %\ j_L uy to .J_ ,e. g. Inf. IV from ^^ (prop. ^U^p = ^^}^^^ Imperf.IV from lajj to be watchful (prop. iaiLu) = ihjiyi.


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39. THE VERBA MEDIiE ) AND tS' 39

c. In the VIII. stem the first radical is assimilatedto the following v:^, e. g. from Jet. to promise, jJu\instead of jJi3'*l.

Rem. The same rules are in force for the forma-tion of nouns, e. g. from Jlc. Imperf. I Jau the nounSJlc is formed; from ct^* to leave, allorv^ Imperf. cjo,the noun S^j; from jj. the noun S^kxjo (for i^^^yxi)time of birth,

39. The Verba medice . rtn


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40 39. THE VERBA MEDI ) AND v5*

rjttp), e. g. 2. Perf. I oJj instead of oJi*, vi^-w. insteadof cjwcw (so oLa- from o^, 2. Perf. I howevero>aS. instead of v::^..^*.) ; on the other hand accordingto the above rule, 2. Perf. IV oJUl instead of c:;^j*i*l,3. Jussive Pass. I ..m^ from ^Llo (Juao), &c.

Rem. The Jussive of the verb "ISS med. . {toexist, to be) can reject the n in those forms in whichno inflectional affixes are added, e. g. i^s alongside

b. If the third radical has a vowel there arisesu from .JL e. g. J^Jb from JJb (3. Imperf. I)

^^-2_ Jyfijo J^yuc (Part. Pass. I).If the third radical is vowelless, u is shortened

O 9to w, e. g. Jci* 2. Imper. I.

c. If the third radical has a vowel, there arisesifromj!_ e. g. ^ju^from^ju^o (3. Imperf. I)

, ^JL SS, r> J^. (3. Imperf. IV) ^-1. Iwu*, 1a1 (3. Perf. Pass. I) ' ju^ JJ (3. Perf. Pass. I) ^-L- ^ ^y^ (Part. Pass. I).


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40. THE YEBBA TEBTI. ^ AND ^> ^^

If the third radical is vowelless the t is shortenedto i, e. g. yMj^ 3. Jussive I from jjcmo ; oJU 2. Perf.Pass. I from oJUa.

d. ,f^:_ and ^!^ become in the Partic. Act. Iftl-^, e. g. JoU instead of J.U (on Medda cf. 7).

e. The Infinitives of the IV. and X. forms receivethe fem. ending to compensate for the shortening,e. g. XJU*f instead of jUi from Jllii.

Rem. The above rules ac are in full force alsofor the nominal derivatives from verbal stems mediae. and ^c, >e. g. JliLo from Jyuo, %!*> from %.*>, iLcLfrom iuuo. Likewise according to c vJu*yo arises from^jumuo; &AX5 irom j*^; ^Lo irom v^to.

40. In those verbs, which have . or ,^ as thirdradical^ these half-consonants are in many casesvocalised, or altogether rejected. Moreover the verbsultimse . pass over into verbs ultimse ^ in allderived stems (e. g. 3. Perf. II (^yi), also in the Partic.Act. I, the Perf. and Imperf. Pass. I (^5jx), likewisein those verbs which have the form Jmi (e. g.(^^J for yf\)' The following rules are observed inthe case of these stems


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^2 40. THE VERBA TERTIiE ) AND ^'

a. \^^ awa and j[^_^ aya become a (cf. 39 a)in the case of verbs ult. . this a is written withI, e. g. lift from TC^, in the case of verbs ult. ^this tf, when it is final, is written with ^ (cf. 2 d),e. g. Jii\ (with suffix however generally sCo^): 3.1m-perf. Subj. : ^-.-^^j instead of ^^^vJ/ The 3. fem. Sing.Perf., which is shortened, forms an exception, e. g.oCft where i;y|yft from vi^*C^ would have been ex-pected (similarly also the 3. fem. Dual LSId).

b. Apart from the verbs, which in the Perf. havejL*i, and in the Imperf. Jiftj (cf. 17), the verbsultimse . take the vowel u on the second radical ofthe Imperf. I, the verbs ultimse ^ take the voweli in the Imperf. I. The language however does nottolerate , rvu and ^ yu as final syllables after a pre-ceding vowel, but changes

> '^ - >>.-L uwu into u e. g. .ulj for yij from |y^


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40. THE VERBA TERTIiE J AND tj' ^3

In the Jussive and Imperative these long finalsyllables are changed to short ones, e. g. Jussive Ub,(^ i>^ Imper. ^|, ^.^ j, ^^|.

c. The endings w (3. masc. Plu. Perf. cf. 32), tna(2. fern. Sing. Imperf.), and una (3. and 2. masc. Plu.Imperf.), which begin with a vowel; as well as theendings t and u shortened from the two latter,which are used for the Subjunctive, Jussive andImperative, are by rejection of the last radical addeddirectly to the second, when this has another vowelthan a; if the second radical has a these suffixescombine with it to a diphthong, e. g. 3. PI. Perf. I.yiinstead of |..Ci, IJcT instead of lyJoT but \yj>6^ in-stead of l*A^; ; 3. PI. Imperf. ^jJb instead of J;5*y*J^yoo instead of ijy^>:>? (jt^rri ii^stead of ^^ju^o.

Rem. The above rules hold good for the forma-tion of the participles and the Infinitive, as also forthe formation and the inflection of nounsthefollowing should be noted here:

a. After a vowelless consonant !, . and ^, ^remain unchanged, e. g. JlII algazrvu, .jx gazrvun,^Jf arramyu, ^s ramyun.


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44 40. THE VEUBA TERTI-E J AND l5-

b. After an a or i vowel ^ (which is chiefly tobe considered) coalesces into its corresponding longvowel, e. g. ^^J\ (ar-rami) horn ^\y}\, ^vi-'i (^-murammd) from ^^vvl (cf. above rule b); ^ iyunbecomes tn, ^5-!- fl'yMw becomes an; in the case ofthe latter, notwithstanding the shortness of the vowel,^ is orth-ographically retained in writing, e. g. Part.Act. I j,L rrtwm from [-^l>, -xjI* muramman from^wx; so also ^Jjc ^w^rtw instead of ^Jljc.Likewisefrom yj^ is formed I ^^ ^asan; without the nunation

9 9c. From


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4l. DOUBLY WEAK VERBS. 45

.^Lo^f (on Medda cf. 7 b); similarly without theNunation iUo.^l; e!w**/ instead of .jww.

e. The inflectional endings xma and ma of nouns(cf. 53 a) are added to nouns ending in in and an(Rem. b) in accordance with the rules given under c,e. g. *K Plu.Nom. Jj^jT, Gen. Ace. j^^lT; on theother hand ^wo Nom. PI. J^Jolo, Gen. Ace. JvLoLocf. the Table of Paradigms No. XX.

41. Of doubly weak verbs the following are tobe chiefly considered:

a. Verba primaj . and ultima? j^, e. g. ^'^Împerf. according to 38 a and 40 b ^'J, Jussive ^sj,Imper. properly ^w, instead of which &i* is written.

b. The verb ^! to see^ which in the Imperfectelides the Hamza and throws back its vowel a on tothe first radical, thus ^^j ijara instead of ,^!v-> yar'a,3. Plu. -Tj.Cj? Imperat. T or , fem. ^T. Similarlythe IV. form, meaning to show, runs Â instead ofÔ^ J Of ^ 'j^Lf, Imperf. ^^^j instead of ^^wj; Perf. Pass, ^^^f

instead of ,ê.X &c.c. The verb "li. /o //ve, prop. Îxi; Imperf. Lli

(cf. Rem. to 2 d) after the analogy of verbs ult. j^,,


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46 42. THE VERBS J^. 43. THE VERB OF PRAISE AND BLAME.i^-or _as; after the analogy of verbs mediae geminatae:

Perf. X SaL\ or CxiCuJ and alongside these formsalso contracted -kLwl (to be ashamed),

42. yllf there is not (compounded of the nega-tiye S and the unused noun jjmjI TlJ;i) is inflected asfollows Sing. Dual Plural

3. masc. jlJLl irJ tr^'3. fern. iLlli iv:.;t y^-uJ2. masc. vil/JJ2. fem. ,::. ^J LiLj1. ,v.:i Lli

43. The verbs of praise and blame Iju to begood^ tj**^ ^0 be bad, which are seldom conjugated,are of irregular form.

44. The so-called forms of admiration aretreated by the Arabs as special forms; they are pro-perly 3. Perfects, and 2. Imperatives of the IV. stem,which have received a peculiar meaning, e. g.fJo\ JudilUo prop, tvhat has made Zaid excellent? orJo'o Jooj ! prop, make Zaid excellent! which mean,how excellent is Zaid!The verba mediae . and ^


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44. THE FORMS OF ADMIRATION. 45, 46. THE SUFFIXES. 47

take the strong formation in these forms, e. g.IjjD jj*^l Uo how easy this is!

45. The addition of pronominal suffixes ( lib)alters the form of the verbs only to a slight extent.An I, standing after ._L w, falls away, e. g. sJlxi;the 2. fem. Sing. Perf. lengthens its final vowel e. g.^Laaj*-*^. The ending ^ of the 2. Plu. Perf. becomesMJ'i G. g. ^*4JcJLAif compounded of ^^xXxS and the suffixof the 1. Sing.; the ending Una of the Imperf. some-times becomes w, e. g. v*ij JUcib or d JLxJb 3. Plu.Imperf. with the suffix of the 2. Sing. fem.

46. a. When the object consisting of a personalpronoun is to be placed before the verb for the sakeof emphasis, the nominal suffix added to the nominaliffn of the accusative LI (n, r\^; LI with the suffixof the 1. Sing, is ^Gl) is used instead of the verbalsuffix immediately connected with the verb, e. g.Juju cLI to thee we pray.

b. The Arabic verb can have two suffixes connect-ed with it at the same time; in this case the pronounof the first person precedes that of the second andthird, the pronoun of the second person precedes that


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48 47. THE SOUN.

of the third, e. g. auoliifcl lie gave it me; frequentlyhowever instead of two suffixes the periphrasis withGl is used especially when both suffixes are of thethird person, e. g. LjcLI^ *^5) ^^ ^^^ ^^"^ marry her.

Chapter III,The Noun.

a. The formation of nouns.

47. The Arabic nouns (substantive and ad-jective) are either primitive, e. g. ji* ox, Jl&.^ /bo^,or derivative, i. e. derived either 1) from verbal stems,or 2) from other nouns. To the former, the dever-balia, the participles and infinitives, mentioned alreadyin 33 and 34, belong. Besides the participles thereare a number of verbal adjectives of which the follow-ing forms are to be particularly noted:

a. The form Jui*i, which occurs in a passive andin an active sense, e. g. JuUi* killed, Jola^ a witness,

"ftt^'^ ^^^> ^^^ strives with another, (in the sense ofjULi Part. Act. III).


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47. THE NOUN. 49GEem. Nouns of the form Juju, derived from

verbal stems med. . and ^, modify this form to0^^ 6 ^ ^ _ GJuwi, e. g. JkA-l lord instead of Jo..**, (from which in; ; ^ "^the first place Juwa^ would arise).

b. J*jii, e.g. ^^^jS lying (frequently an intensiveform).

c. JJiil, this form denotes colours and bodily de-fects, e. g. wLo! yellow; ^c\ for ^^^x! (cf. 40Rem. b) blind.

As intensive forms the following may be noted:d. JLii intensive form to JlcU and other

verbal adjectives, e. g. \^\dSlying; this form servesat the same time to denote nomina opi/icu?n, e. g.s\^ join^.

e. Very frequently the form J^iil is derived fromadjectives in the sense of an elative (generally socalled because it includes both comparative andsuperlative), e. g. w,ww.. beautiful, elative ^.a^I morebeautiful, most beautiful; y/Juo small, young, elativeyiua\ smaller, younger, smallest, youngest; jLft fiigh,elative J^! higher, highest. The elatives, when theystand as predicates, do not change their form in


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50 48. THE KOMIKA DEVEBBALIA.it ^ f- o ^regard to gender and number (e. g. lj ^s.\ ooI

thou [fern.] art more worthy of it): in the sense ofsuperlatives they are mostly determinate ( 56 cf. theFrench "le plus"), in the sense of comparatives inde-terminate, and are then construed with the preposition^ (in the sense of our "than").

48, Further to the nomina deverbalia thefollowing especially belong

a. The nouns of place and time formed with theprefix X ma^ e. g. ^.^jjCo the place for writing, theschool; Jjjo (from jju after 39 Rem.) the spotwhere one stands, place; ^wo (from ^lili after 40Rem. b) the place for pasturage, the pasture; also withthe fem. ending, e. g. slXiU place for burial.

Rem. Nomina loci et teraporis of the derivedstems have the form of the Participle Passive, e. g.Loyco (from the V. stem) the place, where the ritualwashing is performed; *Lo from ^lil IV to place) thespot where something is placed.

b. The nomina instrumenti, formed with theprehx X, e. g. V..JL3? milk-pail from vJL^ ^o milk;o . "-.Uu^ key from ^jci to open.


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49. THE NOMINA RELATIVA AND DEMINUTIVA. 51

c. The nomina speciei after the form iJLxi, e. g.'iju^Sthe style and manner of writing^ the writing {^thehand.")

49. To the denominatives the following classesof nouns specially belong:

a. Those nouns which are derived from others bysby means of the ending ^__ (corresponding to thehebr. "^ , fem. n^ beside n*^ ) and following theArabic grammarians are called relative (adjectival)

2 o*-nouns, nouns of relation, e. g-.-^J ^^/ow^/;?^ (related)to the earth {^s\)^ earthy ; J^ belonging to A^Syria^ OS >.termination is rejected, e. g. ^jo (from xSjo) an in-habitant of Mecca; certain changes sometimes occur

s --in the vowels of the words, e. g. ^Joo an inhabitant>^ ^*'of Medina from auUtXiJI Medina, By the addition of

the feminine ending ( 51a) to these nomina relativa,feminines, e. g. kx^Li a Syrian woman, more frequently

65 ^however abstract nouns are formed, e. g. jUjcbll divi-

2 ^ 9 ^ OS J" **nity from ^^! divine from s^l God; i^Xs^l^ heathen-a Q

ism from J^Li heathenish from J^L^ ignorant.


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52 50. THE GENDER OF NOUNS.

Rem. Formations of nomina relativa with theending , are rare, e. g. from ^\^ Yemen, jjlii (for

So''b. Nomina c^minutiva after the form JJuii are

derived from triliteral nouns, e. g. Jcaa^ a little slavefrom jj^ a slave. From quadriliteral nouns the formruns JJ^Ajii, Q.^.^yxsis. a small scorpion irom ^Jlc;J^lo diminutive from v^v>.Lo companion. Propernames also often haye the deminutive form.

^ h) The Gender of Nouns.

50. The Arabic has tv\ro genders, a mas-culine and a feminine. A number of words aresometimes masculine and sometimes feminine (i. e.their gender is common). Words, which denotefeminine beings, collectives, lands, towns, winds,members of the body occurring in pairs &c. are withouta feminine ending essentially feminine: the gender isalways marked in the dictionary.

51. The following terminations are added asoutward signs of the feminine:


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51. THE GENDEK OF KODNS. 53S 9

a. most usually the ending ::_ attm (or -^ afu),e.g. xJblS lining fern, from JjL; jJCJLo ^w^e/? fromviLLo; sLxi maiden from ^ci ( 40 Rem. b) youth.Many words are found only with the feminine ending,

9 es -e. g. iU:^ parAt, garden, orchard.

Rem. a. There are however a number of mascu-9^

line nouns with this feminine ending, e. g. kJuX^Chalif, i^Lb Ttf/Zitf (a masculine proper name). On theother hand there are feminine nouns, which, becausethey are essentially feminine, require no feminine

9 ^termination, e. g. ^Li barren (of a woman).9Rem. b. The feminine ending :l> is sometimes

added to nouns of general meaning to denote a par-ticular, single instance (nomen unitatis), e. g. aujeja piece of gold, a gold coin from v^^t> gold; mL^ adove from *U^ a flight of doves. Abstract nouns ofsingular occurrence are likewise formed by the ending8 , e. g. 'iiX.xs a sitting down once from Juuj to seatone'sself sit.

b. The ending ^^_i_ a, e. g. ^ ( 2 Rem.) world; J.I fem. of JJ first.


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54 52. THE NUMBER. 53. THE DUAL AFD PLURAI-.

c. The ending i|j:_ a'u, e. g. il^ô from âÎ(adj. after 47 c); il^^P desert

c. The Inflection of Nouns.

52. The Arabic has three numbers ; Singular,Dual and Plural. There are two kinds of Plural, theusual Plural proper called also Pluralis sanus (wholeor perfect plural) or outer plural ; and the collectiveplural, called also inner, or broken plural (Pluralisfractus; cf. 62 fol.). At present only the formercomes under consideration.Three cases are dist-inguished; Nominative, Genitive, Accusative.

53. a. The following endings are used in theformation of the Dual and Plural :

Dual Nom. ^|^ (cf. 32) Gen. and Ace. ij^-^ (^^* ^^rr)

Plural mas. Nom. ^^JL (cf. 32) Gen. and Ace. jj-^-^ (cf. D"-r) fem. Nom. of-:i- (cf. ni Gen. and Ace. ^1-:-

The inflectional endings of the Sing, are rejectedbefore these endings; instead of the g of the fem.ending ^^y is used before the Dual ending (also in the


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54. THE CASE INFLECTION OF THE 8IK0ULAR. 55

Sing, before pronominal suffixes) e. g. iuNl^, Dual

b. Many adjectives, as well as a number ofsubstantives, form tbeir plural by affixing the ter-minations just mentioned. Instances are found ofsubstantives with a fem. termination forming theirPlural with a mas. ending (e. g. JLLww year, Plu.^*jLu;), still more frequently however substantiveswithout a fem. termination form their Plurals with afem. ending, e. g. JLi condition^ Plu. c.>!^Li; %\^^heaven, Plu. v:i>IILiw (with transition of Hamza intoWaw), also written c^ll^jL.

54. In regard to the case inflection of theSingular, a distinction must be made between theso-called Nomina triptota, i. e. those declinable infull and the so-called Nomina diptoia, i. e. those notdeclinable in full. The latter never receive the nuna-tion; and distinguish outwardly, when they are notdetermined by the article or the addition ofagenitive,only two cases.

a. The endings of the triptote noun areas follows:in the Nom. Sing. JL^ unin the Gen. inin the Ace. JJL an


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56 55. DIPTOTE NOUNS.'

Instead of |-s_ only _*_ is written with the fetntermination, e. g. ^k^x, but JUj Ju>; also ^ci and Lai(cf. 3b).

b. The endings of the diptote noun are:in the Nom Sing. J_- w,in the Gen. and Ace. Sing, jl^ a.

In the dictionary the triptote are distinguishedfrom the diptote nouns by the nunation being alwayswritten over the former, e. g. Ji^. a man; while thisis wanting with the diptota, e. g. j^y^l.

55. Whole classes of nouns are always dip-tote, e. g.

a. All proper names which are feminine or havethe feminine ending, e. g^. a^bli, yCLx{Egypt)^ as fern.proper names; iL^ls, as the proper name of a man.Besides these the greater number of those propernames which are originally foreign to Arabic, e. g.j%jl5|1jI Abraham.

b. Many so-called broken plurals ; cf. 63, Nos. 2 0,22, 25, 26, 29, 30.

c. Adjectives of the form Jaiil ( 47 c, e).d. Adjectives of the form joX*i, which in the

fem. have the form Joii, e. g. (jLIAt angry, fem.


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56. DETERMINATE OR INDETERMINATE N0DN8. 57

e. Feminines formed with the endings (^-l- oriX^ ( 51 b, c). Cf. also the inner plurals 63,Nos. 21, 28.

56. The fact of a noun's being determinate orindeterminate affects the inflection of the Sing, andof the fem. Plu. A noun is determinate:

a. Essentially, as a proper name, e. g. Jc^muhammadun Muhammed; J^^^t ahmadu Ahmed.

b. By means of the article, e. g. ^^ ahorse^ U)a)^the horse. (Certain proper names also always havethe article, e. g. vd>*Gi.| al-hdritu,)

c. By the addition of a following genitive (nounor pronominal suffix), by which the nomen regens isplaced in the status constructus, e. g. J^Jl u*rj thehorse of the man, auw^i his horse.

The inflectional endings of a noun determined bythe article (b) or by a following genitive (c), so faras they do not agree with those of an indeterminatenoun, are as follows

Sing. Nom. _!_ Gen. _ Ace. ^_

Plu. fem. Nom. _!. Gen.


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58 57. THK ADBREVIATION OF THK DUAL AND PLURAL. 1i. e. the nunation is in all cases rejected. All triptoteand diptote nouns receive these endings, when theyare determined by the article or by annexation, e. g.Nom. ^^^f, Gen. Ace. j^j; but Nom. ^^^l, Gen.

57. Before a following genitive (noun or pro-nominal suffix according to 56 c) the endings ^ ofthe Dual and '\ of the Plural fall away, e. g.Dual Nom. of Ju^c = ^ttXlc, but vJwI IJu^ ^^^

two slaves of the Vizier.Dual Gen. and Ace. ^jjjui, butl^^ (^JwM


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58. THE PBOVOMnAL BUrFIXSS. 59. THE PLURALS. 59

58. On the forms of the suffixed pronouns cf. lib d. Before the suffixed pronoun of the 1. Sing, theshort inflectional endings of the stat. constr. of nounsfall off, e. g. ^LoS. The suffix of the 1. Sing, takesthe form ^ after final a, t or ai, e. g. to the Nom.Dual Ûtli; to ^, ^lij ( 2 d; 40 Rem. b); tothe Gen. and Ace. Plu. ^LaS; to ^li ( 40 Rem. b),^.Û; to the Gen. and Ace. Dual ^^jLajj. The final uof the stat. constr. Plu. mas. is changed to t beforethe affixed ^, e. g. ^Loi becomes ^Loif, and thiswith the suffix of the 1. Sing.-^Lai* (no longer tobe distinguished from the form of the Gen. and Ace.Flu.). The same thing happens with the ending auof stems ult. ^ (cf. Table XX), e.g. lafa^^ becomes^L-ojo, and this with the suffix Âkuajo (also nolonger to be distinguished from the form of the Gen.and Ace.)

For the foregoing cf. the paradigms of nominalinflection in Tables XVIII fol.

59. In the case of substantival outer plurals,which are formed from mas. or fem. nouns withone short TOwel(i. e. JJii, JJii, Jii und SULii, iujii,kiii), the second radical frequently receives a vocalio


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GO 60, 61. THE PLUUALS. THE VOCATIVE.

addition, which either is similar to the vowel of thefirst radical, or else is at, e. g. tjds^ earth Plu. jj^^l,more seldom S)y^\^^ and ^[^\\ more seldom liLiJ;'x^Xlo ffarAness, Plu. cyLjLii? alongside ^:i>UJLb andvcyUJlb. This is often the case with the Plu. to* the

form aULjii, e. g. iU*^ ( ^1 Rem.) a single blow., thrust,G - - -Plu. cjUjtio 5o;7i^' blows, thrusts.S o

60. Before the word ^1 soji (which is thenwritten without the I) a proper name loses the nunationin the case mentioned 6 f 2, e. g. ^XaJIII ^ jJLluomusUmu-bnU'lwaUdi "Muslim the son of al-Walid".While wio jj^l Jk.y>\ zaiduni'bnu bischrhi ( 6 e) means"Zaid is the son of Bishr."

61. After the vocative particle IJ the nounfollows in the Nom., but without the nunation, e. g.tXi^ Muhammed, Jk.^^ G Muhammed. But if anycomplement whatever (e. g. an object or a genitive)is added to the noun standing in the vocative, theperson addressed is put in the accusative, e. g.fjJ\ J^li: Jjf Jcl^ G Abdallah! {0 servant of God!) ;sjJy ^ Lj ^aww Kinda! i. e. members of thetribe Kinda (where ^j, cf. 57, is the form of the


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62, 63. THE BROKEN PLDRALS. 61

Stat, constr. from JwjuLj). After the vocative particleLij| (before which Lj also can stand) a determinateNom. always foUpws, e. g. ,j^LJI L^l L ye people.

G2. The so-called broken plurals {Pluralesfracti)^ called also inner plurals because they areformed, not by affixed terminations, but by internalchange, are really only collective forms. Hence thelanguage treats them as feminine Singulars andconstrues them accordingly, e. g. Is^jAajo ^%^\ differ'ent gates^ where ^ll?l is the inner plural of v^li(after the form JLiiil), the Partic. V is put in thefem. Sing.The inner plurals are inflected like thesingulars, the inflection of which has been discussedin 54 fol.

63. As a rule the inner plurals are placed inthe dictionary alongside the singular of the noun:where this is not the case it is to be assumed thatthe word has no plural, or only an outer one. Some-times to one and the same word there are severalplural forms, in certain cases each connected withone of its various meanings. Particular forms of theinner plural can as a rule be derived only from part-icular forms of the singular. Here follows [a baregeneral view of these forms, commencing with thesimplest.


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62 63. THE BROKEN PLURALS.

1. jJli from Jiiil ( 47 c) and its fern, li^xi( 51 c), e. g. 1^ from >iî red; i^ from j^lWflrc^; jdi-u (for (jdxj) from (jd>o! wÂ?7^.

2. JJii (rare) e. g. (^JL^ from iuiJU*. c/rc/^.3. JJii from the Sing. xJlii, e. g. iai* from xUj?

4. JJti mostly from the Sing. kJLii, e. g. ^JLifrom sjJl. box; ^\ from iUl a people; hut also fromG-'o- ^' 9^**^^> - \Sy^ (^^^ (^r^ after 40 Rem. b) fromkjji village.

5. JJii from various forms of the Singular, e. g.vÛ5 from ^La5^ too/:.

G- 9^ Q o * ^^ ^6. XJlii, e. g. iULo-t from ,j-*flx twig; i^l from9*^1 brother.7. aULii especially from the Sing. JlcU, e. g. iJU>9-. g'- S^^from ^\S perfect; but also from Jouii, e. g. sjLL9 -. 9 *^

(forsjkx**; after 39 Rem.) from jJLww ^rtf (cf. 47 aRem.).

-:- S"^ Go8. iUAi (rare), e. g. 5i>3 from jji />.


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63. THE BROKEN PLURALS. 63

9. iULAi from JÛ ult. ^, e. g. gLd* (for JLudiJafter 39 Rem.) from ^\j Judge.

10. JLii a very frequent plural form from variousSingulars, e. g. -.1Jo from --Jo* arrow.

G 9 ^ 9 ^11. JoLxi (rare), e.g. , ^^^ from Ua. tfw.9 , >

12. JuLs a very frequent plural form from various9 ' 9 8^9Singulars, e. g. J^JLa. from JOL^ a band of soldiers;

*1Xj and (with transition of u to /) "IXj (for ^5XJafter 40 Rem. c) from vJG weeping.

13. aLlLii (rare), e. g. HTI^ from ^ a stone.14. gJyjLi (rare) e. g. aU^^ from ^ uncle,15. JJii from Juftli, e. g. Jc^ from J^b a female

camel without a brand mark.16. JLii from Jutb, e. g. ÛsT'from ^[f scribe,

9 , ft*^ 9,0*17. JJiil from various Singulars, e. g. Jl^Jfrom ^}^. foot.

9- ,* ^ ^ 9- o*18. kJUil from various Singulars, e. g. Âr9 ^" 9(S * 9 ^from vAxr s caXre of bread; au^l from vÂ^xi. friend,

9o* 9|-' 9--'*' 9-/ov^rf on^; iUj| from *Ul president; k^l from 5^! Gôcf.


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64 63. THE BROKEN PLURALS.oE

19. JLiil a very frequent Plural form from9-0* 9-'^ ^ ""^various Singulars, e. g. Ua>o| from Jax rain; iLLiI(without nunation) from g ^ thinQy matter,

20. iiîl chiefly from Ju*3, e. g. fLjîll from^^wi' relative; iUcix^ ^^'^'^ /^ wounded.22. f Ûti, e. g. il^.cc. from ^Li J90^/.9^0 9--" #- 9^23. ^^^, e. g. ^l-Oi from ^^ci yow/^; î>A^

(instead of ^^^5-=^ S ^^ Rem.) from .1^ neighbour.24. ^î, e. g. ^1jJb from Jjj district; ^Lu/^

from ij^>li '/^/^^.25. Jut!^ chiefly from kJULi and JcÛ, e. g.

^3-c^ll^ from xiir-Lo thunder-holt ; (j*-;l*i from jj^-nUn6?6'r; ^jo!J^ (instead of (ja^|l^ 35 Rem. 2) fromijoL^ (or aLoLk) peculiar^ nohle^ excellent.

20. JuLii from Singulars with a long vowel afterthe second radical, e. g. v^Sl^ from JUa:^ miracle;

27. JLii, e. g. jLii from ^^JCi decision.28. JLii, e. g. ^XP from iS^^P desert; UltXift

(instead of Îji 2 d Rem.) from \^d^ present, gift.


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64. THE BROKEN PLURALS. 65

29. JJLii (according to the formation of the nounwith prefixed f, cj, or * respectively also Jut Li! , Jk^LiS*,jLclii) from quadriliteral nouns, e. g. v>t>LI^ from(^ja^ grasshopper; Jk^uf from aUUif tip of the finger '^^s_;%li from ib^' experience; Juljjo from &Jbyo


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66 65. THE IRREOULAK NOUNS.

formed from nouns of more tban three radicals; allthese take an a with the first, an a with the second, anf with the third radical, and are (with the exception ofNo. 31) diptota. Plurals of these forms, derived fromnouns ult. ^, form an exception; in that they receivethe nunation in the Nom. and Gen. though not in theAcc, e. g. Nom. and Gen. A^ (after the form J^ftfliNo. 25) from ^X^ female slave; Ace. however ^Jli;likewise the forms under Nos. 27 and 29, e. g.^jlii (after the form J^Ui No. 29 from Jii meaning.

b. The forms 6 and 17 19 are as a rule usedonly for objects less than 10 in number. 65. The following nouns (arranged here alpha-

betically) are irregular in their mode of inflectiona. v^l father, | brother, ^ father in law; in thestat. constr. (as also before a suffix beginning witha consonant) take the forms

Nom. 4 ^\ 9 -Gen. .5fl. ^'. (5*^f. ^f.Ace. ^\, \^\ Ui

The Dual of i^\ has the form ^^llSf (i. e. both parents),the Plural has the form tLifi^ 63 No. 19). The Voc.


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65. THE IBRKOULAB K0UK8. 67

Sing, with suffix of the 1, Pers. Sing, ^jj u, vaof L,

h. ^jjj son; outer Plu. Nom. ^yu (stat. constr.yj), Gen.-Acc. f^wui (stat. constr. ^-aj); inner Plu.fiU^T after 63 No. 19.

c. ^1 brother, see under a; inner Plu. after 63No. 6 l^l or No. 23 ^|^[.

d. CA^I 5^^r, Plu. v:i)|^|.e. ^vo^or .jjoj^ (alongside of E-jo) iwaw; Gen. jcyxj;

Ace. lyof

f. sTiil woman; Plu. from another stem rLIj( 63 No. 10), g^ ( 63 No. 6), or ^\^ ( 63No. 23).

g. j| mother, Plu. vs^L^f or v:yLol.h. ,jULjI man, human being^ Plu. (jljf, generally

i. ol? daughter, frequently also iL\ (with con-nective Alif), Plu. cjUj.

k. NLij4> rfmar, gold-piece; inner Plu. after 63No. 30 lolSi.

E*


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68 65. THE IRREGULAll X0UN8.9

1. . j (only in the stat. constr.) possessor of , . .;Gen. ,^3; Ace. 13; Dual Nom. Ilj; Plu. Nom. .!j,for which J.I is generally used.

m. 'iLL year, Plu. Nom. ^yl^ (or ^yLL) ;Gen.-Acc. J^jO^*,.

n. ,j-x 'amrun, Amr, mas. proper name. Inwriting a . is added to this word in the Nom. andGen. (*j-^), to distinguish it from ^^ 'umaru (dipt-oton) 'Omar. Ace. |^^ 'Amr, Gen.-Acc. ^^ Omar.

^ s *0. |vi or Hyi mouth, in the stat. constr. generally

Nom. y, Gen. 3, Ace. U; inner Plu. (after 63No. 19) sipf.

p. JuJ ni(/ht, inner Plu. (from a stem JLJ, after 63 No. 27) JLIJ.

q. %[x water, inner Plu. (after 63 No. 10) LI^or (No. 19)81^1

r. Jo hand, inner Plu. (after 63 No. 17) Jo|from ^^Jol (cf. 40 Rem. c).

8. ^^ day, inner Plu. (after 63 No. 19) ll^Tfrom jll^jl.


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66. THE CARDINAL KtniBERS. 69

Chapter IV.

The Numerals. 66. The cardinal numbers have the following

formsMas. Fem.

' ^^ ' inflected

2 ^Lijf ^'-^1 (inflected as a Dual)3 X^cJJLS) 13^^ (IHi) inflected

0.0^ p.. off

56

8 ^jUi(Tab.XX)IljUi6 9.""

o --i|*^ IU


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70 66. THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.

Mas. Fem.12 wAx Uij S*-cix UujjGen. Ace. "^ ^Lj],

13 l^r &i^' Slcis^ ^^' without inflection

15

16

18* Ic^ Û^' Svw^^ 1 " f. " " .. T." * " " .,

20 ^j^-^ like all tens inflected as an outerPlu. mas.

30 ^j^*^*, 40 ^^^1, 50 ^j^* f , 60 ^yC^y,70 jj^*A^, 80 ^TjÛi*, 90 JjyugJ100 jbU (also written jSf , and always to be

pronounced so miâtun, because the Alif does notaffect the pronunciation).


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67. THE cahdinal numbers. 71

200 ^L2L^, 300 jSLo i,'^*, 400 jSLo ^^f, 500

juLe yUi, 600 SjLx vLm., 700 jSU 1^, 800 Ûi*jSLe, 900 jSU ilj*.

1000 v^T, 2000 ^^lijf, 3000 o^T ÔU (whereo^l is an inner Plural after the form JLiil 63,No. 19)&c. 11000 Ujriii iiif, 100000 v^t iÛ,1000000 ^\ Ssi

67. The cardinal numbers are connected withthe words, which denote the objects numbered, in thefollowing manner:

a. The numbers 3 10 (except when they areplaced after the noun in apposition, which is alsopossible) take the word, which denotes the objectnumbered, after them in the Gen. Plu.; the Fern, formof these numeral substantives is used with nouns ofthe Mas. gender, and the Mas. form with nouns ofthe Fem. gender, e. g. ^^mXj &j^' three sonsv:i>Uj *jnI /"our daughters.

b. The numbers from 11 99 take the word, whichdenotes the object numbered, after them in the Ace.

Often written XiuJu} &c. also.


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72 68. THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.

Sing., e. g. ik^* v:)^^ ^^ ''*^'* ^^ Germ. 30 Mann,cf. in Eng. 30 horse for 30 horsemen).

c. The numbers from 100 upwards take the word,which denotes the object numbered, after them in theGen. Sing., e. g. ^^T s5U i^^' ^^^ ^^^'

d. In compound numbers the mode of constructiondepends on the last numeral. For the combinationof numerals the particle l is used; the units and tensare placed either before the hundreds, or after thethousands and hundreds, e. g. 1885 years is either

68 a. The ordinal numbers have for the mostpart the form of the Part. Act. I, and ar

dr a socin - arabic grammar

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