downloaded from maneuvering at low altitude: spins maneuvering at low altitude: spins
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ManeuveringAt LowAltitude:
Spins
ManeuveringAt LowAltitude:
Spins
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Lindsay, OKLindsay, OK
CaseCaseStudyStudy
Web
Movie
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Common ScenarioCommon Scenario
• Accident occurred during a flight review
• Conditions were day, VFR with winds nearby reported at about 5 knots
• No anomalies were found with flight or power controls, or with the engine
• Last moments reconstructed using radar data and data recovered from the aircraft’s PFD and MFD
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DiscussionDiscussion
• What are your thoughts about this accident?
• Where does the first major link occur in the accident chain?
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• How many warning signs can you identify in the accident sequence?
DiscussionDiscussion
• Relative to the traffic pattern, what elements of stall/spin awareness do you emphasize?
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• Yaw and stall must both be present in order for an aircraft to spin.
—What are the various sources of yaw?
DiscussionDiscussion
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• According to the Airplane Flying Handbook, what are the four phases of a spin?
DiscussionDiscussion
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DiscussionDiscussion
“There are four phases of a spin: entry, incipient, developed, and recovery.”
Source: Airplane Flying Handbook, Pg. 4-13 and Fig. 4-10
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• During a spin, how do the angles of attack of the left and right wings compare?
DiscussionDiscussion
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DiscussionDiscussion
Source: Airplane Flying Handbook, Fig. 4-10
Wing AOAs are Wing AOAs are unequal during a spinunequal during a spin
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• Unless the manufacturer states otherwise, how should spin recovery inputs be applied?
DiscussionDiscussion
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DiscussionDiscussionStep 1—REDUCE THE POWER (THROTTLE) TO IDLE. Power aggravates the spin characteristics.
Step 2—POSITION THE AILERONS TO NEUTRAL. Ailerons may have an adverse effect on spin recovery.
Step 3—APPLY FULL OPPOSITE RUDDER AGAINST THE ROTATION. Make sure that full (against the stop) opposite rudder has been applied.
Step 4—APPLY A POSITIVE AND BRISK, STRAIGHT FORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE ELEVATOR CONTROL FORWARD OF THE NEUTRAL TO BREAK THE STALL. This should be done immediately after full rudder application.
Step 5—AFTER SPIN ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE THE RUDDER.
Source: Airplane Flying Handbook, Pg. 4-15
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• Some aircraft can exhibit aggravated spin behavior by design (it’s just their nature).
—Even so, what pilot-controlled actions tend to aggravate a spin?
DiscussionDiscussion
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• When is a spin most likely to occur?
DiscussionDiscussion
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DiscussionDiscussion
Source: FAA General Aviation Accident CausesPowerPoint Slides, September 8, 2010
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Maneuvering-low-alt flying - Collision withterr/obj (non-CFIT)
Maneuvering-low-alt flying - Loss ofcontrol in flight
Enroute-cruise - Loss of control in flight
Enroute - VFR encounter with IMC
Initial climb - Aerodynamic stall/spin
Enroute-cruise - Controlled flight intoterr/obj (CFIT)
Maneuvering - Midair collision
Maneuvering-low-alt flying - Low altitudeoperation/event
Maneuvering-low-alt flying - Aerodynamicstall/spin
Initial climb - Loss of control in flight
Maneuvering - Loss of control in flight
PrimaryPrimary
SecondarySecondary
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• When spinning, the slip/skid ball is totally unreliable for determining spin direction.
—But what instrument does provide reliable spin direction information (upright spins)?
DiscussionDiscussion
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• In general, the sequence rudder-followed-by-elevator is important during spin recovery.
—Unless noted otherwise, how long a delay should there be between these actions?
DiscussionDiscussion
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DiscussionDiscussionStep 1—REDUCE THE POWER (THROTTLE) TO IDLE. Power aggravates the spin characteristics.
Step 2—POSITION THE AILERONS TO NEUTRAL. Ailerons may have an adverse effect on spin recovery.
Step 3—APPLY FULL OPPOSITE RUDDER AGAINST THE ROTATION. Make sure that full (against the stop) opposite rudder has been applied.
Step 4—APPLY A POSITIVE AND BRISK, STRAIGHT FORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE ELEVATOR CONTROL FORWARD OF THE NEUTRAL TO BREAK THE STALL. This should be done immediately after full rudder application.
Step 5—AFTER SPIN ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE THE RUDDER.
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• How do you determine if a particular airplane is approved for intentional spins?
—And is it ever permissible to intentionally spin when in the Normal category?
DiscussionDiscussion
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• What are some of the common errors made during the execution of intentional spins?
DiscussionDiscussion
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• If you inadvertently spin while cross-controlled, in what direction would you usually expect the rotation to be?
DiscussionDiscussion
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CFI ApplicantsCFI Applicants
Reference: Airplane Flying Handbook, Chapter 4
Logbook endorsement that applicant has demonstrated competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries
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CFI ApplicantsCFI Applicants
Reference: Airplane Flying Handbook, Chapter 4
Instructional knowledge of:• Anxiety factors associated with spins• Accident scenarios• Spin aerodynamics• Common errors
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• An avoidable spin accidentAn avoidable spin accident• Spin dynamics and aggravating factorsSpin dynamics and aggravating factors• How to determine if an aircraft is approved How to determine if an aircraft is approved
for intentional spinsfor intentional spins• Common errors during intentional spinsCommon errors during intentional spins
SummarySummary
During this forum, we discussed:During this forum, we discussed:
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This presentation would not have been possible without the generous help and
support of the following:
Your Forum Facilitator
FAA Safety Teamwww.FAASafety.gov
SAFEwww.SafePilots.org
Gold Seal Flightwww.GoldSealFlight.com
AvWebwww.AvWeb.com
Rich Stowell, MCFI-Awww.RichStowell.com
Created December 2010
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