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IEEE 802.15.4 기반 Sensor Network System
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 OverviewBluetooth Wireless Protocol
Hanyang UniversityCASP LAB
02-2296-0390Http://casp.hanyang.ac.kr
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New Trend of Wireless Technology
Most Wireless industry focus on increasing high data throughputA set of applications requiring simple wireless connectivity, relaxed throughput, very low power, short distance and inexpensiveness:
Industrial AgriculturalVehicularResidentialMedical
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IEEE 802.15 Working Group
UWB Zigbee
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Comparison Between WPAN
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Wireless MarketsS
HO
RT
<
R
AN
GE
RA
NG
E>
LO
NG
LOW < DATA RATEDATA RATE > HIGH
PANPAN
LANLAN
TEXT GRAPHICS INTERNET HI-FI AUDIO
STREAMINGVIDEO
DIGITALVIDEO
MULTI-CHANNELVIDEO
Bluetooth1
Bluetooth 2ZigBee
802.11b
802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g
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Wireless Technologies
10
100
1,000
10,000
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
Bandwidthkbps
GSM
802.11a/g
GPRS EDGE 20002003-4
2005
Bluetooth
3G
HiperLAN/2Bluetooth 2.0
RangeMeters
802.11bZigBee
WiMediaBluetooth 1.5
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Bluetooth Wireless Protocol Overview
Bluetooth SIGWireless TechnologyWireless MarketBluetooth Products
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BluetoothNamed after Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark (0952-0995 A.D.)Ericsson a Scandinavian company and founding member said to have suggested the code nameTechnology allows for the connection of one device to another using a universal short-wave radio link
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Bluetooth SIG
Special Interest Group formed by leaders in telecommunications and computing industriesFounded in1998 by: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba, 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft and MotorolaDeveloped a royalty-free, open specificationNow has 1883 adopter member companies
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How Does Bluetooth Work?
Short Range RF at 2.45 GHZ called ISMUses Quick Frequency Hoping Packet Switched ProtocolTransceiver has a unique 48 Bit AddressUsing IEEE 802 StandardPiconet Network Structure
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How Does Bluetooth Works?(cont.)
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How Does Bluetooth Works?(cont.)
More than one Piconet is a ScatternetUp to Eight Devices Allowed in a PiconetEach Piconet is Identified by a Different Frequency Hopping SequenceConnections can be made up to 10 meters or extended up to 100 metersPower Consumption is .3mASupports Half-Duplex or Full-DuplexTime Division Duplex Scheme is used fo Full-Duplex
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Competing Technologies
IrDA- Infrared Data AssociationNarrow Angle Infrared Ad-Hoc Data StandardRange is 0-1 Meter at 9600bps to 4Mbps
HomeRF2.4 GHz ISMUses Swap a Derivative of IEEE 802 StandardSWAP( Shared Wireless Access Protocol)
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
InteroperabilityDifferent Applications can run over Different Protocol StacksOpen InterfaceProtocol Divided Into 4 layers
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Host Controller Interface(HCI)- Command Interface to Baseband Controller, Link Mgr, & Access to HardwareBluetooth Core Protocols
Baseband-pluse link Layer Provide RF link to Create PiconetsAudio-Goes Directly to Baseband LayerLink Manager Protocol(LMP)- Link setup between Bluetooth DevicesLogical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol(L2CAP)-Adapts Upper Layer Protocols over the BasebandService Discovery Protocol- Provides Device Information and Characteristics
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Cable Replacement ProtocolRFCOMM- Serial Line Replacement Protocol; Emulates RS-232
Telephony Control ProtocolsTelephony Control Binary(TCS)- Defines Call Control Signaling for Speech and DataTelephony Control-AT Commands- Provides Interface capabilities with Mobile Phones, Modems , Faxes
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Adopted ProtocolsPPP(Point-To-Point Protocol)TCP/UDP/IPOBEX-Session Protocol for IrDA(Infrared Data Association)Contents Fromat(e.g. vCard, vCalendar)WAP-Wireless Application Protocol
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Bluetooth Protocol Stack
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Bluetooth Security
Supports Unidirectional or Mutual Encryption based on a Secret Link key Shared Between Two DevicesSecurity Defined In 3 modes:
Mode1- No SecurityMode 2 - Service Level Security: Not Established Before Channel is Established at L2CAPMode 3 - Link Level Security: Device Initiates Security Before LMP Link is Setup
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Bluetooth Security
Devices and Services can be Set for Different Levels of Security
Two Trust Levels are Set for DevicesTrusted Device: Fixed Relationship and Unrestricted Access to All ServicesUntrusted: No Permanent relationship and Restricted Services
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Bluetooth Security
3 Levels of Service AccessRequire Authorization and AuthenticationRequire Authentication OnlyDefault Security for Legacy Applications
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Bluetooth Security
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Potential Bluetooth Markets
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Target Markets
The first wave1. PC, Notebooks2. Organizers & Palm Computers3. Headsets 4. Cellular/PCS 5. Cordless phones 6. Automotive cellular7. Digital cameras8. PBX
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Target Markets
The second wave1. Printers2. Photo printers3. Fax machines4. Industrial, musical and vertical industries products
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Target Markets
The third wave1. Home networking2. Office networks3. Video projectors4. Set top boxes
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ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Overview
Low power consumptionLow costLow offered message throughputSupports large network orders (<= 65k nodes)Low to no QoS guaranteesFlexible protocol design suitable for many applications
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ZigBee Network Applications
PERSONAL HEALTH
CARE
ZigBeeLOW DATA-RATE RADIO DEVICES
HOME AUTOMATION
CONSUMER ELECTRONIC
S
TV VCRDVD/CDRemote control
securityHVAClightingclosures
PC & PERIPHERAL
S
consolesportables
educationalTOYS & GAMES
INDUSTRIAL &
COMMERCIAL
monitorssensors
automationcontrol
mousekeyboardjoystick
monitorsdiagnostics
sensors
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What is ZigBee Alliance?
An organization with a mission to define reliable, cost effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring and control products based on an open global standardThe alliance provides interoperability, certification testing, and branding.
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ZigBee/802.15.4 ArchitectureZigBee Alliance
45+ companies: semiconductor mfrs, IP providers, OEMs, etc.Defining upper layers of protocol stack: from network to application, including application profilesFirst profiles published mid 2003
IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group
Defining lower layers of protocol stack: MAC and PHY
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How is ZigBee related to IEEE 802.15.4?
ZigBee takes full advantage of a powerful physical radio specified by IEEE 802.15.4ZigBee adds logical network, security and application softwareZigBee continues to work closely with the IEEE to ensure an integrated and complete solution for the market
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ZigBee/802.15.4 Technology: General Characteristics
Data rates of 250 kbps , 20 kbps and 40kpbs.Star or Peer-to-Peer operation.Support for low latency devices.CSMA-CA channel access.Dynamic device addressing.Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability.Low power consumption.16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band and one channel in the European 868MHz band.Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
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IEEE 802.15.4 Basics
802.15.4 is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks
Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance and optional time slottingMessage acknowledgement and an optional beacon structureMulti-level securityWorks well for
Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and portable electronics
Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the shelf life of most batteries
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IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types
There are two different device types :A full function device (FFD)A reduced function device (RFD)
The FFD can operate in three modes servingDeviceCoordinatorPAN coordinator
The RFD can only operate in a mode serving:Device
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FFD vs RFD
Full function device (FFD)Any topologyNetwork coordinator capableTalks to any other device
Reduced function device (RFD)Limited to star topologyCannot become a network coordinatorTalks only to a network coordinatorVery simple implementation
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Star Topology
Full Function Device (FFD)Reduced Function Device (RFD)Communications Flow
NetworkNetworkcoordinatorcoordinator
Master/slave
NetworkNetworkcoordinatorcoordinator
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Peer-Peer Topology
Communications FlowFull Function Device (FFD)
Point to pointPoint to point Tree
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Combined Topology
Clustered stars - for example,cluster nodes exist between roomsof a hotel and each room has a star network for control.
Full Function Device (FFD)Reduced Function Device (RFD)Communications Flow
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Example Network
FFDRFD
RFD
RFD
FFD
FFD
RFD
FFDRFD
RFD
RFD
FFD
FFD
RFD
PAN coordinatorPAN coordinator
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Device Addressing
Two or more devices with a POS communicating on the same physical channel constitute a WPAN which includes at least one FFD (PAN coordinator)Each independent PAN will select a unique PAN identifierAll devices operating on a network shall have unique 64-bit extended address. This address can be used for direct communication in the PAN
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Device Addressing
A member can use a 16-bit short address, which is allocated by the PAN coordinator when the device is associated.
Addressing modes:star: Network (64 bits) + device identifier (16 bits)peer-to-peer: Source/destination identifier (64 bits)cluster tree: Source/destination cluster tree + device identifier (unclear yet)
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Security
Devices can have the ability to :Maintain an access control listUse symmetric cryptography
Security modesUnsecured modeAccess control list modeSecured mode
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Security Services
Access controlData encryptionFrame integritySequential freshness
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Example: Automatic Meter ReadingSituation
Accurate and timely meter informationChallenge
Enable Time of Use pricingWidely varying meter densityReliable, Secure Bidirectional communication
SolutionZigBee enabled Automatic Meter Reading system
BenefitsSimplified installation via self configuring networkEnables Time of Use pricingSimplifies and reduces cost of reading meters
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Conclusions
Simple frame structure.Low power design
power consumption is more important than communication bandwidth.