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Biblical Archaeology
Introduction
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BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
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www.Reasons.Org; Education; Reasons Institute; Biblical Archaeology.
Dr. John Bloom of Biola U.; Audit or College Credit.
15 Weeks; all on line; next January 2013.Includes:
Egypt and the ExodusConquest of JerichoDavid and Solomon's kingdomAssyrian and Babylonian conquestSurvey of major artifacts related to the New
Testament
Biblical Archaeology Course from RTB
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What is Biblical Archaeology?Fabulous Discoveries!
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
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What is Biblical Archaeology?—Work!
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
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What is Biblical Archaeology? Danger!
© 1981 - Lucasfilm, Ltd., Titles: Raiders of the Lost Ark
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Can Archaeology Prove The Bible?
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Phase I (early individuals)
Edward Robinson & Eli Smith, Americans. 1838
Lieutenant W.F. Lynch, American Expedition, 1847-48
Frederic de Saulcy, French, 1850-63
History of Biblical Archaeology
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Phase II (investigations by societies)
Palestine Foundation Fund, British, 1871 – 1877
American Palestine Exploration Society, 1871
Deutcher Palastina-Verein, German, 1877
Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Francaise, 1890
History of Biblical Archaeology
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Phase III (tell excavations, 1890 – 1914)William PetrieTurkey, Tell el-Hesi (Troy)
History of Biblical Archaeology
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Phase IV (Systematic Archaeology, 1918-1940)
C.S. Fisher
William F. Albright
Benjamin Mazar
History of Biblical Archaeology
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Phase V (Methodological Revolution, 1948 – 1967)Kathleen Kenyon, student of William
Albright, developed “British Archaeological Method” or “Wheeler-Kenyon Method.
History of Biblical Archaeology
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Archaeological Excavation in grid showing Balks
History of Biblical Archaeology
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History of Biblical ArchaeologyStore-jars retained in a Balk
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Phase VI (“New Horizons”, 1967 -- , combines Wheeler-Kenyon Method with Architectural Method)
William Dever (American)
Israel Finkelstein (Israeli)
Eilat Mazar (Israeli)
Joe Seger (American)
History of Biblical Archaeology
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• Belief that Pentateuch is based on scant evidence & that Jews couldn’t write during Moses’ time.
• Must have extra-biblical evidence.
• From Higher Critics, 1790-1940• Modern Pentateuch is a
“redacted” or synthesized from earlier (J,E,D & P) versions.
Documentary (Wellhausen) Theory—anti-Biblical Archaeology
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Allegation: Writing unknown to Hebrews prior to Davidic monarchy
Refutations: Gezar Calendar
Ugaritic Tablets
Sera bit el Khadim Alphabetic inscriptions
History Cont., Documentary Theory Refuted
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Allegation: Abraham & descendants untrustworthy & non-historical.
Refutations:City of Ur foundName “Abram” discoveredShechem & Bethyl inhabited in Abraham’s time.Jordan Valley inhabited in Abraham’s time.Mesopotamian kings found to be real.Mari tablets foundNuzu tablets foundHittite Legal CodeCamels
History Cont., Documentary Theory Refuted
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Allegation: Priestly Code had to be Post-Exilic; i.e., after Babylonian captivity, 538 BC .
Refutations: Code of Hammurabi stela
History Cont., Documentary Theory Refuted
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Allegation: Hebrew Conquest of Trans-Jordan & Palestine Unhistorical & out of Harmony with Facts.
Refutations: Egyptian Execration TextsTel el Amarna TabletsMerneptah Victory Stela
History Cont., Documentary Theory Refuted
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Ebla Tablets --thoroughly refute Wellhausen Documentary Hypothesis.
History Cont., Documentary Theory Refuted—THE LAST
STRAW!
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“Minimalist” coined as a retort in 1990’s for archaeologists that claim all places, dates and names in the Old Testament are fictional. Philip R. Davies, Thomas L. Thompson, Keith Whitelam
“Maximalist” coined as a retort by “Minimalists” for those archaeological scholars supporting historicity of the bible.Secular (bible has some historical fact): William DeverTraditional (bible historically accurate): Bryant Wood,
Josef Garfinkel, James Hoffmeier
History Cont.: A New Threat Arises—The Minimalists
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Recent discoveries refuting Minimalist's claims:Tel Dan stela
Mesha stela (re-examination)
Carbon-14 radiometric dating in Northern Kingdom
Khirbet Quiyafa
History Cont.: A New Threat Quashed!—The Minimalists