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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13
Final Individual Report: 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
15/08/13
Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures
Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus
in collaboration with
Comments and feedback welcomed at:
[email protected] 523 4575
or
Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer
Centre for Independent [email protected]
03-4023-0772/4024-9840
The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx -
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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS......................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.
Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10
Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12
2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14
2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18
2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative
Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20
Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23
Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32
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Executive Summary of Key Results for 8TV MANDARIN NEWS
Introduction
Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.
But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?
The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.
The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.
Key Results
In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by 8TV Mandarin News, we found the following trends:
(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards morecoverage of BN.
PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BN
receiving more positive coverage (84.62%).
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (89%).
(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures
Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?
The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewed
towards more coverage of BN politicians. Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral
category was used very much the most often (98%).
However, of the non-neutral material, more attacks were given to PR, while more positivecoverage was given to BN.
Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?
Najib Razak was the source used most often, followed by Chua Soi Lek.
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), whowere used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%).
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Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by AnwarIbrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%).
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than either oppositionpoliticians or Others.
(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.
The Non-Policy Issue of Electioneering was the most covered issue overall.
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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
BN received the most coverage (30.36%), followed by DAP, MCA, then PR.
Refer to Table 1 for figures.
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BN
DAP
MCA
PR
PAS
PKR
UMNO
Gerakan
Other
MIC
SUPP
PBS
SAPP
PBB
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
UPKO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
30.36
18.14
14.06
10.67
6.40
6.30
4.46
4.17
4.17
0.68
0.39
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Volume
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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed towards more coverage of BN.
Refer to Table 2 for figures.
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BN
PR
Independent
Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
54.22
41.51
0.10
4.17
Volume
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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions
Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (97%).
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1%1%
97%
1%
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage
DAP and PR were the most negatively covered (38.46%), followed by PAS, PKR and UMNO(all 7.69%).
DAP were the most attacked (50%), followed by PR (25%), PAS and Others (both 12.5%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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DAP
PR
PAS
PKR
UMNO
OtherBN
Gerakan
MCA
MIC
PBB
PBS
PRS
PRM
PSM
SAPP
SPDP
SUPP
UPKO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage
BN received the most positive (76.92%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byDAP, MCA and Others (7.69%).
Refer to Table 3 for figures.
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BN
DAP
MCA
PR
PAS
PKRUMNO
Gerakan
Other
MIC
SUPP
PBS
SAPP
PBB
PRS
PRM
PSM
SPDP
UPKO
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, PR were attacked (87.5%) and covered negatively (92.31%) more then BN, with BNreceiving more positive coverage (84.62%).
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PR TonalWeighting
Positive 1 : 0.09 1%
Neutral 1 : 0.8 97%
Negative 1 : 12 1%
Attacked 0 : 87.5 1%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent & Other
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.00
7.69
54.83
84.62
87.50
92.31
41.20
7.69
12.50
0.00
3.97
7.69
Coverage Volume
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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.
Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion(29.79%), followed by Chua Soi Lek and Liow Tong Lai (both 10.32%), then Lim Guan Engand Lim Kit Siang (both 10.03%).
Refer to Table 5 for full figures.
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Najib Razak
Chua Soi LekLiow Tiong Lai
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Anwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Karpal Singh
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ng Yen Yen
Nurul Izzah
Azmin AliHassan Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Nik Aziz
Teresa Kok
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
29.79
10.3210.32
10.03
10.03
4.72
4.42
3.54
3.54
2.65
2.06
2.06
1.18
0.880.59
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.29
0.29
Coverage Volume
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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that figures from BN were given much morecoverage than figures from PR.
Refer to Table 6 for figures.
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63%
36%
1%
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources
Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(31.07%), followed by Election Commission Spokespeople (13.59%), Chua Soi Lek (8.74%),then Lim Guan Eng (7.77%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Election Commission Spokesperson
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Lim Kit Siang
Muhyiddin Yassin
Anwar Ibrahim
Ambiga Sreenevasan
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
31.07
13.59
8.74
7.77
4.85
3.88
2.91
2.91
0.97
0.00
Coverage Volume
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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Politicians from BN were used as sources more often (48%) than PR politicians (16%), whowere used as sources less than independent/other political figures (37%).
Refer to Table 7 for figures.
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48%
16%
37%BN
PR
Independent/Other
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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures
Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (98%).
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1%
98%
1%1%
Positive
Neutral
Negative
Attacked
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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and ChuaSoi Lek received the most negative coverage (50% each), while Lim Guan Eng and Lim KitSiang received the most attacks (66.67% and 33.33% respectively).
Refer to Table 8 for full figures.
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Anwar Ibrahim
Chua Soi Lek
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Alfred Jabu
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Bernard Dompok
Chong Chieng Jen
Dzulkefly Ahmad
Elizabeth Wong
G. Palanivel
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ibrahim Ali
James Masing
Jeffrey KitinganKarpal Singh
Khalid Ibrahim
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Attacked Negative
Coverage Volume
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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak, Chua Soi Lekand Muhyiddin Yassin received the most positive coverage (33.33% each).
Refer to Table 8 for figures.
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Najib RazakLiow Tiong Lai
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Chua Soi Lek
Anwar Ibrahim
Muhyiddin Yassin
Karpal Singh
Mahathir Mohamad
Hadi Awang
Hishamuddin Hussein
Ng Yen Yen
Nurul Izzah
Azmin Ali
Hassan Ali
Khalid Ibrahim
Teresa Kok
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Dzulkefly AhmadElizabeth Wong
Musa Aman
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Posi tive Neutral
Coverage Volume
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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other
Overall, more attacks were given to PR, while more positive coverage was given to BN.
It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.
Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.
CoverageType
BN : PRTonal
Weighting
Positive 1 : 0.6 2%
Neutral 1 : 1 96%
Negative 1 : 1.1 1%
Attacked 1 : 1.5 1%
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Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
Attacked
Negative
Neutral
Positive
BN
PR
Independent/ Other
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.00
50.00
63.27
100.00
100.00
50.00
35.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.00
Coverage Volume
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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'
Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Najib Razak (40%) was the most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by AnwarIbrahim and Chua Soi Lek (both 20%).
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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Najib Razak
Anwar Ibrahim
Chua Soi Lek
Ambiga Sreenevasan
Baru Bian
Hadi Awang
Hassan Ali
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa Aman
Nazri Aziz
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Attack Volume
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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?
This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.
Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often than oppositionpoliticians or Others.
Refer to Table 10 for figures.
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60.00 20.00
20.00
BN
PR
Independent/Other
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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues
3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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33%
67%
Policy Issues
Non-Policy Issues
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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues
Of all Policy Issues covered, Religion was given the most coverage, followed by Vision Policiesand Programmes then Education.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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24%
1%
9%
15%
2%
12%
9%
2%
26% Policy Issues
VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion
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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues
Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed byEthnicity.
Refer to Table 11 for figures.
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34%
2%
8%
16%
0%1%
39%
Non-Policy Issues
Ethnicity
Religion
Democracy & Human Rights
Socioeconomic Status
Mudslinging
Gender
Electioneering
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Section 4: A Brief Methodology
Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)
Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 3424
Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 276
Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8.9
Data Collection
The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.
Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:
They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).
They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.
They were from within the TV news broadcasts.
They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).
Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level
(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.
Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.
Data Analysis
The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.
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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables
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TABLE 1
Party Percentage
BN 30.359
DAP 18.138
Gerakan 4.1707
MCA 14.064
MIC 0.67895
PAS 6.4016
PBB 0
PBS 0.096993
PKR 6.3046
PR 10.669
PRS 0
PRM 0
PSM 0
SAPP 0.096993
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.38797
UMNO 4.4617
UPKO 0
Other 4.1707
TABLE 2
Party Percentage Coalition Percentage
BN 30.359
BN 54.219313
Gerakan 4.1707
MCA 14.064
MIC 0.67895
PBB 0
PBS 0.096993
PRS 0
SPDP 0
SUPP 0.38797
UMNO 4.4617
UPKO 0
PR 10.669
PR 41.5132DAP 18.138
PAS 6.4016
PKR 6.3046
PRM 0
Independent 0.096993PSM 0
SAPP 0.096993
Other 4.1707 Other 4.1707
TABLE 3
Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL
BN 0 0 30.214 76.923 107.137
DAP 50 38.462 17.904 7.6923 114.0583
Gerakan 0 0 4.3744 0 4.3744
MCA 0 0 14.446 7.6923 22.1383
MIC 0 0 0.71211 0 0.71211
PAS 12.5 7.6923 6.5107 0 26.703
PBB 0 0 0 0 0
PBS 0 0 0.10173 0 0.10173
PKR 0 7.6923 6.5107 0 14.203
PR 25 38.462 10.275 0 73.737
PRS 0 0 0 0 0
PRM 0 0 0 0 0
PSM 0 0 0 0 0
SAPP 0 0 0.10173 0 0.10173
SPDP 0 0 0 0 0
SUPP 0 0 0.40692 0 0.40692
UMNO 0 7.6923 4.5778 0 12.2701
UPKO 0 0 0 0 0
Other 12.5 0 3.8657 7.6923 24.058
Parties &Coalitions
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TABLE 4
BN
Attacked 0
Negative 7.6923
Neutral 54.83296
Positive 84.6153
PR
Attacked 87.5Negative 92.3086
Neutral 41.2004
Positive 7.6923
Attacked 12.5
Negative 0
Neutral 3.96743
Positive 7.6923
Independent &Other
TABLE 5
Politician/Political Figure
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0.29499
Alfred Jabu 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.29499
Anwar Ibrahim 4.7198
Azmin Ali 0.88496
Baru Bian 0
Bernard Dompok 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0
Chua Soi Lek 10.324
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.29499
Elizabeth Wong 0.29499
G. Palanivel 0
Hadi Awang 2.6549
Hassan Ali 0.58997Hishamuddin Hussein 2.0649
Ibrahim Ali 0
James Masing 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Karpal Singh 3.5398
Khalid Ibrahim 0.58997
Khalid Samad 0
Lim Guan Eng 10.029
Lim Kit Siang 10.029
Liow Tiong Lai 10.324
Mahathir Mohamad 3.5398
Maximus Ongkili 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 4.4248
Musa Aman 0.29499
Najib Razak 29.794
Ng Yen Yen 2.0649
Nik Aziz 0.58997
Nizar Jamaluddin 0.29499
Nurul Izzah 1.1799
Rafizi Ramli 0
Rosmah Mansur 0
Siti Mariah Mahmud 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Teresa Kok 0.58997
Tian Chua 0.29499
Tony Pua 0
William Mawan 0
Wong Ho Leng 0
Wong Soon Koh 0
Yong Teck Lee 0
Percentage(mention)
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TABLE 6
Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek
MCA 22.7129
BN 63.12638
Liow Tiong Lai
Ng Yen Yen
G. Palanivel MIC 0
Alfred JabuPBB 0
Taib Mahmud
Maximus Ongkili PBS 0
James Masing PRS 0
William Mawan SPDP 0
Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0
Abdul Rahman Dahlan
UMNO 40.41348
Hishamuddin Hussein
Mahathir Mohamad
Muhyiddin Yassin
Musa AmanNajib Razak
Bernard Dompok UPKO 0
Chong Chieng Jen
DAP 24.18777
PR 35.98723
Karpal Singh
Lim Guan Eng
Lim Kit Siang
Teresa Kok
Tony Pua
Wong Ho Leng
Dzulkefly Ahmad
PAS 3.83485
Hadi Awang
Khalid Samad
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu
Nik Aziz
Nizar Jamaluddin
Siti Mariah Mahmud
Anwar Ibrahim
PKR 7.96461
Azmin Ali
Baru Bian
Elizabeth Wong
Jeffrey Kitingan
Khalid Ibrahim
Nurul Izzah
Rafizi Ramli
Tian Chua
Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.29499
0.88496
Hassan Ali Independent 0.58997
Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0
Rosmah Mansur 0
Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0
Independent/Other
'1st lady'
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TABLE 7
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 8.7379
BN 47.5729
Mahathir Mohamad 4.8544
Muhyiddin Yassin 2.9126
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 31.068
Nazri Aziz 0
Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0.97087
PR 15.53397
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 3.8835
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 7.767
Lim Kit Siang 2.9126
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 36.8929
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 9.7087
Vox Pop Female 7.767
5.8252
13.592
Percentage(source)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 8
Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive
Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0.30864 0
Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.30864 0
Anwar Ibrahim 0 50 4.6296 0
Azmin Ali 0 0 0.92593 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0
Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0
Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0
Chua Soi Lek 0 50 9.5679 33.333
Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0.30864 0
Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0.30864 0
G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0
Hadi Awang 0 0 2.7778 0
Hassan Ali 0 0 0.61728 0
Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 2.1605 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0 0
James Masing 0 0 0 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0
Karpal Singh 0 0 3.7037 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 0.61728 0
Khalid Samad 0 0 0 0
Lim Guan Eng 66.667 0 9.8765 0
Lim Kit Siang 33.333 0 9.8765 0
Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 10.494 0
Mahathir Mohamad 0 0 3.7037 0
Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0
Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 4.321 33.333
Musa Aman 0 0 0.30864 0
Najib Razak 0 0 30.247 33.333
Ng Yen Yen 0 0 2.1605 0
Nik Aziz 0 0 0.30864 0
Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0.30864 0
Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.2346 0
Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0 0
Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0
Teresa Kok 0 0 0.61728 0
Tian Chua 0 0 0.30864 0
Tony Pua 0 0 0 0
William Mawan 0 0 0 0
Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0
Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0
Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0
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TABLE 9
BN
Attacked 0
Negative 50
Neutral 63.27188
Positive 99.999
PR
Attacked 100
Negative 50
Neutral 35.80239
Positive 0
Attacked 0
Negative 0
Neutral 0.92592
Positive 0
Independent/Other
TABLE 10
Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage
Chua Soi Lek 20
BN 60
Mahathir Mohamad 0
Muhyiddin Yassin 0
Musa Aman 0
Najib Razak 40
Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0
Anwar Ibrahim 20
PR 20
Baru Bian 0
Hadi Awang 0
Jeffrey Kitingan 0
Khalid Ibrahim 0
Lim Guan Eng 0
Lim Kit Siang 0
Nik Aziz 0
Ambiga Sreenevasan 0
Independent 20
Hassan Ali 0
Vox Pop Male 0
Vox Pop Female 0
20
0
Percentage(source +attacking)
Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral
Election CommissionSpokesperson
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TABLE 11
Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage
Vision Policies/Programmes 4.0082
Policy Issues 16.75219
Environment 0.20555
Economy/Development 1.5416
Education 2.5694Foreign Policy 0.30832
Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 2.0555
Oppressive Legislation 1.4388
Health 0.30832
Religion 4.3165
Ethnicity 11.511
34.12149
Religion 0.8222
Democracy & Human Rights 2.7749
Socioeconomic Status 5.3443
Mudslinging 0.10277
Gender 0.30832
Electioneering 13.258
Non-PolicyIssues
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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme
1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)
1. Abdul Rahman Dalan
2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein
16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman
29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng
43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee
2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)
1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng
10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad
12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak
15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson
3. Party or Coalition
1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement
Party)
4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)
17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)
4. Organisations
1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented
organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission
5. Policy Issues
1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation
Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)
4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'
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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other
2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other
3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other
4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System
6. PTPTN7. Other
5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other
6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other
7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University
Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act
4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)
6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)
7. Other
8. Health1. 1Care2. Other
9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other
6. Non-Policy Issues
1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other
2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism
6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other
3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other
4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban
12. Rural13. Cost of Living
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14. Other
5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah
6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence
6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other
7. Gender
1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance
7. Sexism8. Other
8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other