wtw tv2 english news final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for TV2 ENGLISH NEWS.......................................................................... 3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

.................................................................................................................................................................................. 25Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS


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Executive Summary of Key Results for TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by TV2 English News, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed significantlytowards coverage of BN (61.51%).

BN received the bulk of the positive coverage (87.5%) and the least negative coverage

(18.6%).

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (75%), followed by the positive category(17%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions coverage isskewed heavily towards figures from BN (87%) as opposed to PR's 12%.

Najib was the most talked about politicians by a significant margin, followed by MuhyiddinYassin.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (81%), followed by the positivecategory (14%).

However, of the non-neutral material, BN received all the positive coverage, the most neutralcoverage, and the most negative coverage.

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Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often.

BN were used as sources much more often (86%) than both PR politicians (1%) andindependent/other political figures (12%).

Overall, only BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics (Najib Razak and Muhyiddin

Yassin).

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Socioeconomic Status was the most covered issue overall.

4 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS


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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (50.56%), followed by Other, PAS, PKR, then UMNO.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

5 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

BN

OtherPAS

PKR

UMNO

DAP

MCA

PR

Gerakan

MIC

PSM

SUPP

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

SAPP

SPDP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

50.56

18.687.73

5.80

4.67

4.03

3.70

1.77

1.13

1.13

0.48

0.32

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coveragededicated to each major coalition was skewed significantly towards coverage of BN(61.51%).


6 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

61.51

19.32

0.48

18.68

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used the most often (75%), followed by the positive category (17%).

7 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

0%7%

75%

17%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Other political parties were the most negatively covered (44.19%), followed by PAS(13.95%).

PAS were the party attacked.


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Other

PAS

BN

DAP

MCA

PKRPR

MIC

PSM

UMNO

Gerakan

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

SAPP

SPDP

SUPP

UPKO

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (72.12%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed byOthers and MCA (both 7.69%).


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BN

Other

PAS

PKR

UMNO

DAPMCA

PR

Gerakan

MIC

PSM

SUPP

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

SAPP

SPDP

UPKO

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see thatoverall, BN received the bulk of the positive coverage (87.5%) and the least negativecoverage (18.6%).

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.06 17%Neutral 1 : 0.34 75%

Negative 1 : 1.9 7%

Attacked 0 : 100


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant margin (47.57%),followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (26.33%).

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Najib Razak

Muhyiddin YassinMahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Kit Siang

Liow Tiong Lai

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

Rosmah Mansur

Karpal Singh

Hishamuddin Hussein

Musa Aman

Rafizi RamliNurul Izzah

Ng Yen Yen

Ibrahim Ali

Hadi Awang

G. Palanivel

Alfred Jabu

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

47.57

26.335.09

4.42

4.20

2.21

1.77

1.77

1.55

1.11

0.88

0.88

0.66

0.220.22

0.22

0.22

0.22

0.22

0.22

Coverage Volume


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often(47.62%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (33.33%) then Election Commission spokespeople(12.25%).


13 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Election Commission Spokesperson

Mahathir Mohamad

Anwar Ibrahim

Chua Soi Lek

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

47.62

33.33

12.25

4.76

1.36

0.68

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (86%) than both PR politicians(1%) and independent/other political figures (12%).


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86%

1%

12%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used the most often (81%), followed by the positive category (14%).

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14%

81%

5%0%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (32.81%), followed by Mahathir Mohamad, Muhyiddin Yassin,and Najib Razak (all 19.05%).

Nik Aziz was the only one attacked. Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Kit Siang

Nurul Izzah

Nik Aziz

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Bernard Dompok

Chong Chieng Jen

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Elizabeth Wong

G. Palanivel

Hadi Awang

Hassan AliHishamuddin Hussein

Ibrahim Ali

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (56.45%) and neutral coverage (49.02%).

Chua Soi Lek received the second most positive coverage (17.74%), followed by MahathirMohamad (14.52%) then Muhyiddin Yassin (11.29%).


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Najib RazakMuhyiddin Yassin

Anwar Ibrahim

Mahathir Mohamad

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Liow Tiong Lai

Chua Soi Lek

Rosmah Mansur

Hishamuddin Hussein

Karpal Singh

Musa Aman

Nik Aziz

Alfred Jabu

G. Palanivel

Hadi Awang

Ibrahim Ali

Ng Yen Yen

Rafizi Ramli

Abdul Rahman DahlanAmbiga Sreenevasan

Azmin Ali

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, BN received all the positive coverage, the most neutral coverage, and the mostnegative coverage.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 100 : 0 14%

Neutral 1 : 0.12 79%

Negative 1 : 0.5 5%

Attacked 0 : 100


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Muhyiddin Yassin (78.57%) and Najib Razak (21.43%) were first and second most commonlyengaged in attack politics.


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Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Anwar Ibrahim

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Mahathir Mohamad

Musa Aman

Nazri Aziz

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

78.57

21.43

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, only BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics.


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100.00

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall is given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.


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34%

66%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage,followed by the Economy & Development then Education and Religion.


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45%

20%

8%

1%

10%

6%

2%

8%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Socioeconomic Status was given the most coverage,followed by Electioneering.


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5%1%

3%

67%

1%

23%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 3284

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 249

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 8

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

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TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN50.564DAP 4.0258

Gerakan 1.1272

MCA 3.7037

MIC 1.1272

PAS 7.7295

PBB 0

PBS 0

PKR 5.7971

PR 1.7713

PRS 0

PRM 0

PSM 0.48309

SAPP 0

SPDP 0

SUPP 0.32206

UMNO 4.6699

UPKO 0

Other 18.68

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 50.564

BN 61.51406

Gerakan 1.1272

MCA 3.7037

MIC 1.1272

PBB 0

PBS 0

PRS 0

SPDP 0

SUPP 0.32206

UMNO 4.6699

UPKO 0

PR 1.7713

PR 19.3237DAP 4.0258

PAS 7.7295

PKR 5.7971

PRM 0

Independent 0.48309PSM 0.48309

SAPP 0

Other 18.68 Other 18.68

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 0 6.9767 51.429 72.115 130.5207

DAP 0 6.9767 4.6154 0.96154 12.55364

Gerakan 0 0 1.3187 0.96154 2.28024

MCA 0 6.9767 2.6374 7.6923 17.3064

MIC 0 2.3256 0.65934 2.8846 5.86954

PAS 100 13.953 8.7912 0 122.7442

PBB 0 0 0 0 0

PBS 0 0 0 0 0

PKR 0 6.9767 5.9341 2.8846 15.7954

PR 0 6.9767 1.5385 0.96154 9.47674

PRS 0 0 0 0 0

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0 2.3256 0.43956 0 2.76516

SAPP 0 0 0 0 0

SPDP 0 0 0 0 0

SUPP 0 0 0.43956 0 0.43956

UMNO 0 2.3256 5.0549 3.8462 11.2267

UPKO 0 0 0 0 0

Other 0 44.186 17.143 7.6923 69.0213

Parties &Coalitions


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26 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 0.22124

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Anwar Ibrahim 4.4248

Azmin Ali 0

Baru Bian 0

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 4.2035

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0.22124

Hadi Awang 0.22124

Hassan Ali 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.88496

Ibrahim Ali 0.22124

James Masing 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Karpal Singh 0.88496

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Khalid Samad 0

Lim Guan Eng 1.7699

Lim Kit Siang 2.2124

Liow Tiong Lai 1.7699

Mahathir Mohamad 5.0885Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 26.327

Musa Aman 0.66372

Najib Razak 47.566

Ng Yen Yen 0.22124

Nik Aziz 1.5487

Nizar Jamaluddin 0

Nurul Izzah 0.22124

Rafizi Ramli 0.22124

Rosmah Mansur 1.1062

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0

Teresa Kok 0

Tian Chua 0

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0

Percentage(mention)

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 0

Negative 18.6046

Neutral 61.5389

Posit ive 87.49964

PR

Attacked 100

Negative 34.8831

Neutral 20.8792

Positive 4.80768

Attacked 0

Negative 46.5116

Neutral 17.58256

Positive 7.6923

Independent &Other


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27 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 6.19464

BN 87.1673

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.22124

Alfred JabuPBB 0.22124

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 80.53018

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 4.86726

PR 11.50448

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 1.76994

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 4.86728

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0

1.32744

Hassan Ali Independent 0

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.22124

Rosmah Mansur 1.1062

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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28 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0.68027

BN 86.39417

Mahathir Mohamad 4.7619


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 47.619

Nazri Aziz 0

Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 1.3605

PR 1.3605

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0

Lim Kit Siang 0

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 12.245

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 0

Vox Pop Female 0

0

12.245

Percentage(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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29 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.28011 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0 23.81 3.6415 0Azmin Ali 0 0 0 0

Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0 9.5238 1.6807 17.742

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.28011 0

Hadi Awang 0 0 0.28011 0

Hassan Ali 0 0 0 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 1.1204 0

Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.28011 0

James Masing 0 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

Karpal Singh 0 0 1.1204 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0 0 0 0

Khalid Samad 0 0 0 0

Lim Guan Eng 0 0 2.2409 0

Lim Kit Siang 0 4.7619 2.521 0

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 2.2409 0

Mahathir Mohamad 0 19.048 2.521 14.516

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 0 0 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 19.048 29.412 11.29

Musa Aman 0 0 0.84034 0

Najib Razak 0 19.048 49.02 56.452

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.28011 0

Nik Aziz 100 0 0.56022 0

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0 0 0

Nurul Izzah 0 4.7619 0 0

Rafizi Ramli 0 0 0.28011 0Rosmah Mansur 0 0 1.4006 0

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0 0

Tian Chua 0 0 0 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0


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30 TV2 ENGLISH NEWS

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 0

Negative 66.6678

Neutral 87.67567

Positive 100

PR

Attacked 100

Negative 33.3338

Neutral 10.64424

Positive 0

Attacked 0

Negative 0

Neutral 1.68071

Positive 0

Independent/Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 100

Mahathir Mohamad 0


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 21.429

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0

PR 0

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0

Lim Kit Siang 0

Nik Aziz 0


Independent 0

Hassan Ali 0

Vox Pop Male 0

Vox Pop Female 0

0

0

Percentage(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 8.9385

Policy Issues 19.95207

Environment 0Economy/Development 3.9904

Education 1.676

Foreign Policy 0.23943

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 1.9154

Oppressive Legislation 1.1173

Health 0.39904

Religion 1.676

Ethnicity 1.9952

38.94629

Religion 0.47885

Democracy & Human Rights 1.0375

Socioeconomic Status 26.177

Mudslinging 0

Gender 0.39904

Electioneering 8.8587

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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