Overview of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition
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OverviewOverview
John A. Hanson Ph.D. LP John A. Hanson Ph.D. LP
Assessment ConsultantAssessment Consultant
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ObjectivesObjectives
• discuss the fundamental changes from
the WPPSI-III to the WPPSI-IV;
• describe how the changes impact
assessment of young children and
interpretation of results; and
• interpret assessment results to make
decisions regarding eligibility and
intervention.
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WPPSI: A Historical PerspectiveWPPSI: A Historical Perspective
WPPSI WPPSI 19671967
WPPSIWPPSI--RR 19891989
WPPSIWPPSI--III III 20032003
WPPSIWPPSI--IV IV 20122012
Overview of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition
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Structure®
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WPPSIWPPSI--III III (2003)(2003)
• Two batteries:
– Ages 2:6−3:11
– Ages 4:0−7:3
• Composite scores:
– Full Scale IQ (FSIQ)
– Verbal IQ (VIQ)
– Performance IQ (PIQ)
– Processing Speed
Quotient (PSQ)
– General Language
Composite (GLC)
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WPPSIWPPSI--III to WPPSIIII to WPPSI--IVIVRevision GoalsRevision Goals
• Update theoretical foundations
• Increase developmental appropriateness
• Increase user friendliness
• Improve psychometric properties
• Enhance clinical utility
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WPPSIWPPSI--IV IV (2012)(2012)
Core SubtestsCore Subtests
Supplemental SubtestsSupplemental Subtests
Optional SubtestsOptional Subtests
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Overview of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Fourth Edition
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Subtest Changes from WPPSISubtest Changes from WPPSI--IIIIII
• Dropped Word Reasoning & Picture Completion
• Revised retained subtests
– New items include picture items on Similarities and
Comprehension, and a new puzzle for Object Assembly
• Replaced Processing Speed subtests
– Bug Search & Animal Coding
– Added Cancellation
• New Working Memory subtests
– Picture Memory
– Zoo Locations
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WPPSIWPPSI--IV KitIV Kit
Subtest AdministrationSubtest Administration
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Getting StartedGetting Started
• “We’ll be doing a lot of things today,
like looking at pictures, answering
questions, and playing with blocks.
• Some things may be easy and some may
be hard.
• Just try your best.”
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Subtest Substitution*Subtest Substitution*
Age BandComposite
ScoreCore Subtest Allowable Substitution
2:6-3:11
FSIQ
Receptive VocabularyInformation
Block DesignObject AssemblyPicture Memory
Picture Naming—
——
Zoo Locations
NVI
Block DesignObject Assembly
Picture MemoryZoo Locations
——
——
GAI
Receptive VocabularyInformation
Block DesignObject Assembly
Picture Naming
—
—
—
*Substitution may introduce additional measurement error. Therefore, only one substitution is allowed for each listed composite score.
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Subtest Substitution*Subtest Substitution*
Age BandComposite
ScoreCore Subtest Allowable Substitution
4:0-7:7
FSIQ
Information
Similarities
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Picture Memory
Bug Search
Vocabulary or Comprehension
Vocabulary or Comprehension
Object Assembly
Picture Concepts
Zoo Locations
Cancellation or Animal Coding
NVI
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Picture Concepts
Picture Memory
Bug Search
Object Assembly
—
—
Zoo Locations
Cancellation or Animal Coding
*Substitution may introduce additional measurement error. Therefore, only one substitution is allowed for each listed composite score.
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Subtest Substitution*Subtest Substitution*
Age BandComposite
ScoreCore Subtest Allowable Substitution
4:0-7:7
GAI
Information
Similarities
Block Design
Matrix Reasoning
Vocabulary or Comprehension
Vocabulary or Comprehension
Object Assembly
Picture Concepts
CPI
Picture Memory
Zoo Locations
Bug Search
Cancellation
—
—
Animal Coding
Animal Coding
*Substitution may introduce additional measurement error. Therefore, only
one substitution is allowed for each listed composite score.
Subtest AdministrationSubtest Administration
General DirectionsGeneral Directions
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Start, Reverse, DiscontinueStart, Reverse, Discontinue
18
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First Step to the Correct Start Point = First Step to the Correct Start Point =
Calculation of Chronological AgeCalculation of Chronological Age
19
2012
13
24
06 07
08
11012006
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20
“Must I always start at the age-
appropriate start point?”
Start PointStart Point
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21
For ages 4:0–7:7, reverse rules are included to
help you determine when to administer items
prior to a start point (i.e., reversal items) when
the child does not begin with Item 1 and does
not obtain a perfect score on either of the first
two items given.
*Note exception for Picture Memory and Similarities*
Reverse RulesReverse Rules
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Discontinue Rules: Discontinue Rules: Younger BatteryYounger Battery
Subtest Consecutive Scores of 0: WPPSI-III
Consecutive Scores of 0: WPPSI-IV
RV 5 3
BD 3 2
IN 5 3
OA 3 2
PN 5 3
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Discontinue Rules: Discontinue Rules: Older BatteryOlder Battery
23
SubtestConsecutive Scores
of 0: WPPSI-III
Consecutive Scores
of 0: WPPSI-IV
BD 3 2
IN 5 3
MR 4 or 4 of 5 3
VC 5 3
PC 4 3
OA 3 2
CO 5 3
SI 4 3
PN 5 3
RV 5 3
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General Testing GuidanceGeneral Testing Guidance
• Timing on the WPPSI-IV
• Five subtests have strict
time limits
• 30 second guideline for
subtests without time-
limits
24
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General Testing GuidanceGeneral Testing Guidance
• Teaching items
• Demonstration items
• Sample Items
25
Subtest AdministrationSubtest Administration
Queries, Prompts, RepetitionsQueries, Prompts, Repetitions
Queries are used
to elicit additional
information when
a child’s response
is marginal, vague,
incomplete,
unclear,
generalized.e.g.,
� Explain what you mean.
� Tell me more.
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QueriesQueries
How often How often
should I query?should I query?
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Prompts . . . Prompts . . . Used to teach or remind child of task.Used to teach or remind child of task.
For example: children who mark more
than one shape for an item on the
Animal Coding subtest are reminded
to mark only one shape for each
animal.
Instructions for prompting are included in the General Directions
section of relevant subtests in Chapters 3 and 4 and are
typically noted with a P on the Record Form.
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RepetitionsRepetitions
30
For subtests that do not have strict time limits for
child to respond, instructions may be repeated
as often as requested by the child.
(i.e., Comprehension, Information, Picture Naming,
Receptive Vocabulary, Similarities, Vocabulary, Matrix
Reasoning, Picture Concepts, *Picture Memory,
and *Zoo Locations)
*Note Stopwatch required for PM and ZL to
accurately time stimulus exposure.*
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RepetitionsRepetitions
31
It is generally good practice to repeat the
instructions if the child has not responded within
5–10 seconds. However, instructions should not be
repeated if it is clear that the child is
considering his or her response.
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RepetitionsRepetitions
For subtests that require strict timing of the child’s
response with a stopwatch, instructions may be
repeated as often as necessary, but the time to repeat
the instructions or to provide necessary prompts is
included in the completion time.
(Animal Coding, Block Design, Bug Search,
Cancellation, and Object Assembly)
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Recording ResponsesRecording Responses
Abbreviation Use
Q Administered Query
P Administered Prompt
R Repeated Item
DKChild indicated that s/he did not know the answer
NR Child did not respond
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SubtestsSubtests
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Verbal SubtestsVerbal Subtests
SubtestSubtestAges 2:6Ages 2:6--
3:113:11Ages 4:0Ages 4:0--
7:77:7
Information C C
Receptive Vocabulary C O
Picture Naming S O
Similarities C
Vocabulary S
Comprehension S
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Information (IN)Information (IN)
• Core Verbal Comprehension subtest for ages 2:6–7:7.
• Consists of 29 items: 4 picture items and 25 verbal items.
• All 4 picture items are retained, and 12 verbal items are retained with little or no change in wording. There are 13 new verbal items.
• Scoring criteria for all retained verbal items were revised.
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IN: DescriptionIN: Description
Picture Items Verbal Items
The child selects the
pictures that best
answer questions about
general-knowledge
topics.
The child verbally
answers questions about
a broad range of general-
knowledge topics.
The Information subtest measures ability to
acquire, retain, and retrieve general factual
knowledge.
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Receptive Vocabulary (RV)Receptive Vocabulary (RV)
• Receptive Vocabulary is a Verbal
Comprehension subtest for ages 2:6–7:7.
• Receptive Vocabulary has 31 items.
• A total of 23 items are retained from WPPSI-
III, and 8 are new.
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RV: DescriptionRV: Description
The child selects the picture that best
represents the word the examiner reads
aloud.
RV measures receptive language ability
and language development.
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Picture Naming (PN)Picture Naming (PN)
• Verbal Comprehension subtest for ages 2:6–
7:7.
• Picture Naming has 24 items.
• A total of 20 items are retained from WPPSI-
III, and 4 are new.
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PN: DescriptionPN: Description
The child names depicted objects.
The Picture Naming subtest measures
expressive language ability and language
development.
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Similarities (SI)Similarities (SI)• Core Verbal Comprehension subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Consists of 23 items: 4 picture items and 19 verbal
items.
• All 19 verbal items are retained. All 4 picture items
and the sample picture item are new.
• Scoring criteria for all retained items were revised.
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SI: DescriptionSI: Description
Picture Items Verbal Items
The child selects the
response option that is
from the same category
as two other depicted
objects.
The child is read two
words that represent
common objects or
concepts and describes
how they are similar.
The Similarities subtest measures verbal concept
formation and reasoning.
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Vocabulary (VC)Vocabulary (VC)
• Verbal Comprehension subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Consists of 23 items: 3 picture items and 20 verbal
items.
• Ten items were retained (1 picture item and 9
verbal items) and 13 items are new (2 picture items
and 11 verbal items).
• Scoring criteria for all retained items were revised.
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VC: DescriptionVC: Description
Picture Items Verbal Items
The child names
depicted objects.
The child defines words
that are read aloud.
The Vocabulary subtest measures word
knowledge and verbal concept formation.
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VC: General Scoring PrinciplesVC: General Scoring Principles
Score Criteria
2Good understanding of the word – synonym,
major use, general classification.
1
• Response is correct, but shows poverty of
content – vague, or less pertinent synonym,
minor use, not elaborated.
• Major classification - less pertinent.
0• No clear understanding of word.
• Any clearly incorrect response.
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Comprehension (CO)Comprehension (CO)
• Verbal Comprehension subtest for ages 4:0–
7:7.
• Comprehension has 22 items: 4 picture items and 18 verbal items.
– All 4 picture items are new.
– Of the verbal items, 17 are retained and 1 is new.
• Scoring criteria for all retained items were revised.
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CO: DescriptionCO: Description
Picture Items Verbal Items
The child selects the
picture that represents the
best response to a general
principle or social
situation.
The child answers questions
based on his or her
understanding of general
principles and social
situations.
The Comprehension subtest measures verbal reasoning
and conceptualization, verbal comprehension and
expression, the ability to evaluate and use past
experience, and the ability to demonstrate practical
knowledge and judgment.
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VisualVisual--Spatial SubtestsSpatial Subtests
SubtestAges 2:6-
3:11Ages 4:0-
7:7
Block Design C C
Object Assembly C S
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Block Design (BD)Block Design (BD)
• Visual Spatial subtest for ages 2:6–7:7.
• BD has 17 items: 13 retained; 4 new.
• One of the new items is a diamond-shaped item
with four blocks to extend the ceiling of the
subtest.
• A new sample item was added to Part B to
familiarize the child with the solid color sides of
two-color blocks, and the other sample item is
retained.
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BD: DescriptionBD: Description
Working within a specified time limit, the child
views a model and/or a picture in a Stimulus
Book and uses one- or two-color blocks to re-
create the design.
The Block Design subtest measures ability to
analyze and synthesize abstract visual stimuli.
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BD: Description of TaskBD: Description of Task
• Block Design is divided into two parts − A
and B.
• Part A (Items 1–8) is primarily designed for
ages 2:6–3:11 and utilizes one-color blocks.
• No degree of rotation, even complete
180°reversals, is penalized in Part A.
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BD: Description of TaskBD: Description of Task
• Two-color blocks are used on Part B (Items 9–
17), and only pronounced rotations of 30°or
more are penalized.
• Modifications to administration procedures
were made for some items to smooth the
transition from model to stimulus book
presentation.
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BD: Description of TaskBD: Description of Task
As on the WPPSI–III, no time bonuses are
utilized due to the relative unfamiliarity of
preschoolers with performance under time
constraints.
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OrientationOrientation
Model and Stimulus Book
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Block DesignBlock Design--Rotation ErrorsRotation Errors
• Rotation of 300 or more is considered an error.
• Correct 1st rotation error on Part A and on Part B. “See it goes this way.”
• Penalize rotation errors on Part B only: score = 0.
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BD: Gaps & MisalignmentBD: Gaps & Misalignment
Only those designs with gaps and/or
misalignments that are > ¼” are
penalized and should be scored 0
points.
Acceptable Gaps and Misalignments: ≤ ¼”
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Object Assembly (OA)Object Assembly (OA)
• Object Assembly is a Visual Spatial subtest
for ages 2:6–7:7.
• Object Assembly has a total of 13 items.
• Eleven items are retained from WPPSI-III.
• Two new items were added to improve the
floor and ceiling of the subtest.
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OA: DescriptionOA: Description
Working within a specified time limit, the
child assembles the pieces of a puzzle to
create a representation of an identified
object.
The OA subtest measures visual-perceptual
organization, integration and synthesis of
part-whole relationships, nonverbal
reasoning, and trial-and-error learning.
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Fluid Reasoning SubtestsFluid Reasoning Subtests
SubtestAges 2:6-
3:11Ages 4:0-
7:7
Matrix Reasoning NA C
Picture Concepts NA S
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Matrix Reasoning (MR)Matrix Reasoning (MR)
• Fluid Reasoning subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Matrix Reasoning has a total of 26 test items.
– 21 items are retained
– 5 are new
• All 3 sample items are retained.
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MR: DescriptionMR: Description
The Matrix Reasoning subtest involves fluid
intelligence, broad visual intelligence,
classification and spatial ability, knowledge
of part-whole relationships, simultaneous
processing, and perceptual organization.
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Picture Concepts (PC)Picture Concepts (PC)
• Picture Concepts is a Fluid Reasoning subtest for
ages 4:0–7:7.
• Picture Concepts has 27 items. Of the 22
retained items, 3 were substantively revised.
• There are 5 new items. Both sample items are
retained.
• To eliminate inadvertent cues to the correct
responses, much of the art is redrawn, and no
art appears more than once on the subtest.
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Picture Concepts (PC)Picture Concepts (PC)
The child is presented with two or three
rows of pictures and selects one picture
from each row to form a group with a
common characteristic.
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PC: DescriptionPC: Description
The Picture Concepts subtest involves
fluid and inductive reasoning visual-
perceptual recognition, organization,
and processing; and conceptual thinking
and crystallized knowledge.
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Working Memory SubtestsWorking Memory Subtests
SubtestAges 2:6-
3:11Ages 4:0-
7:7
Picture Memory C C
Zoo Locations S S
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Working Memory in WPPSIWorking Memory in WPPSI--IVIV
Subtests appear to be like traditional STM
or recognition memory measures
– Picture Memory is similar to recognition
tasks where target picture is identified
among others
– Zoo Locations is similar to visual-spatial
recall tasks
But, . . .
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Working Memory in WPPSIWorking Memory in WPPSI--IVIV
– Picture Memory and Zoo Locations
incorporate proactive interference
through reuse of visual stimuli across
trials.
– Recent research indicates proactive
interference increases processing
demands of working memory tasks
(Blalock & McCabe, 2011; Carroll, et al.,
2010).
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Why Assess Working Memory in Why Assess Working Memory in Young Children?Young Children?
• Related to fluid reasoning.
• Implicated in variety of academic problems
and clinical conditions that affect young
children.
However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young However, measuring WM in young
children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging children is challenging
methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.methodologically.
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Picture Memory (PM)Picture Memory (PM)
• Picture Memory is a Working Memory subtest
for ages 2:6–7:7.
• Picture Memory has 35 items.
• The child views a stimulus page of pictures
for a specified time and then selects these
pictures from options on a response page.
(familiarize-recognize: Reznick, 2009).
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PM: DescriptionPM: Description
The child views a stimulus page of pictures for
a specified time and then selects these
pictures from options on a response page.
The Picture Memory subtest measures visual
working memory using the familiarize–
recognize paradigm, for which a set of stimuli
is viewed and then recognized from among a
set of responses.
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PM: General Directions PM: General Directions cont’dcont’d
• Sample Item B is designed to introduce
the child to items that require the
selection of multiple response options.
• If the child has not met the discontinue
criterion following administration of
Item 6, administer Sample Item B before
proceeding to Item 7.
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Zoo Locations (ZL)Zoo Locations (ZL)
• Working Memory subtest for ages 2:6–7:7.
• The child views animal cards on a zoo layout
for a specified time, and then places each
card in the previously viewed location.
• Consists of 20 items.
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ZL: DescriptionZL: Description
The child views animal cards on a zoo layout
for a specified time, and then places each card
in the previously viewed location. (Observe-
Perform: Reznick, 2009).
The Zoo Locations subtest measures visual-
spatial working memory using the observe–
perform paradigm, wherein some action or
actions are observed and then repeated or
reproduced.
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ZL: MaterialsZL: Materials
• Administration and Scoring Manual
• Record Form
• Zoo Locations Layouts
• Zoo Locations Animal Card
• Stopwatch
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Processing Speed SubtestsProcessing Speed Subtests
SubtestAges 2:6-
3:11Ages 4:0-
7:7
Bug Search NA C
Cancellation NA S
Animal Coding NA S
Ink Dauber
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BS and AC: Test ItemsBS and AC: Test Items
If child completes last item on a page
before time limit expires, EXAMINER
turns page. Say, Keep working as fast as
you can.
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Bug Search (BS)Bug Search (BS)
• Bug Search is a Processing Speed
subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Bug Search has 66 items.
• Working within a specified time limit,
the child marks the bug in the search
group that matches the target bug.
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BS: DescriptionBS: Description
Working within a specified time limit, the child
marks the bug in the search group that
matches the target bug.
Bug Search is conceptually similar to Symbol
Search, which involves short-term visual
memory, visual-motor coordination, cognitive
flexibility, visual discrimination, and
concentration.
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BS: MaterialsBS: Materials
• Administration and Scoring Manual
• Record Form
• Response Booklet 1
• Ink dauber
• Stopwatch
• Bug Search Scoring Key
• Moistened disposable towelettes (recommended)
• Paper Towel (or something similar)
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BS: General DirectionsBS: General Directions
All children complete Dauber Practice
on back cover of Response Booklet
before proceeding to the
demonstration, sample, and test items.
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BS: General DirectionsBS: General Directions
• Each item contains a target and a
search group.
• As directed in the instructions for the
demonstration and sample items, point
to the target and search group as you
explain the task to the child.
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BS: Sample ItemsBS: Sample Items
• When the child has successfully completed
the sample items, say, That’s right. Now you
know how to do them.
• Proceed to Test Items.
Note: Note: Note: Note: Do not proceed with the test Do not proceed with the test Do not proceed with the test Do not proceed with the test
items until the child items until the child items until the child items until the child
understands the task.understands the task.understands the task.understands the task.
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Cancellation (CA)Cancellation (CA)
• Cancellation is a Processing Speed subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Working within a specified time limit, the child scans two arrangements of objects (one random, one structured) and marks target objects.
• CA has two items – random (CAR) and structured (CAS).
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CA: DescriptionCA: Description
Working within a specified time limit, the child
scans two arrangements of objects (one random,
one structured) and marks target objects.
The Cancellation subtest involves perceptual
speed, rate of test taking, speed of visual
processing and mental operation, scanning ability,
and visual-perceptual recognition and
discrimination. It may also involve attention,
concentration, and visual recall.
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CA: MaterialsCA: Materials
• Administration and Scoring Manual
• Record Form
• Response Booklet 2
• Ink dauber
• Stopwatch
• Cancellation Scoring Template
• Moistened disposable towelettes (recommended)
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CA: General DirectionsCA: General Directions
• The Item 1 and Item 2 targets are
articles of clothing.
• The objects for Item 1 are in a random
arrangement.
• The objects for Item 2 are in a
structured arrangement (i.e., rows).
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CA: General DirectionsCA: General Directions
• Response Booklet is three folded 17 x 11
pages.
• Center page includes the demonstration and
sample items.
• Items 1 and 2 appear on the second and third
pages, respectively.
• The child should see the entire 17 x 11
spread as each page is administered.
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CA: General DirectionsCA: General Directions
• Each 17x11 page is administered
separately to avoid smearing the ink.
• Completed pages are removed from
the child’s view and allowed to dry as
subsequent pages are administered.
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CA: General Directions CA: General Directions
• Explain and illustrate the task using the
demonstration item.
• Allow the child to practice by
completing the sample item.
• Proceed to Item 1 only when the child
understands the task.
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CA: ScoringCA: Scoring
CorrectCorrect
Marks on a target
IncorrectIncorrect
Marks on a non-target
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Animal Coding (AC)Animal Coding (AC)
• Animal Coding is a Processing Speed subtest for ages 4:0–7:7.
• Animal Coding has 72 items.
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AC: DescriptionAC: Description
Working within a specified time limit and using
a key, the child marks shapes that correspond
to pictured animals.
The Coding subtest on WPPSI-III assessed short-
term memory, learning and visual scanning
ability, cognitive flexibility, attention, and
motivation.
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Completing Record FormCompleting Record Form
Generating ScoresGenerating Scores
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Generating Standardized ScoresGenerating Standardized Scores
95
Use Norms and Conversion Tables
Administration Manual
Use Scoring Software
Q-Global
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Raw Score to Scaled ScoreRaw Score to Scaled Score
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InterpretationInterpretation
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Age 4:7Age 4:7
Composite & Index/Subtest Scaled Score
Composite & Index/Subtest Scaled Score
Verbal Comprehension 132 Working Memory 97
Information 15 Picture Memory 10
Similarities 16 (Zoo Locations) 9
Visual Spatial 112 Processing Speed 91
Block Design 12 Bug Search 9
Object Assembly 12 (Cancellation) 8
Fluid Reasoning 114
Full Scale IQ = 117Matrix Reasoning 12
(Picture Concepts) 13
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Using GAI and CPIUsing GAI and CPI
Consider deriving and interpreting
the GAI and the CPI in a number of
clinical situations, not limited to,
but including the following:
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Compare WMI and PSI to Compare WMI and PSI to Other IndexesOther Indexes
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the WMI and MIS or FSIQ,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the PSI and MIS or FSIQ,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the VCIVCI and WMI,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the VCIVCI and PSI,
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GAI and CPIGAI and CPI
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the VSI and WMI,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the VSI and PSI,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the FRI and WMI,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the FRI and PSI,
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GAI and CPIGAI and CPI
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between the WMI and PSI,
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between subtests that contribute to either
the WMI or to the PSI, or
• a significant and unusual discrepancy exists
between a Working Memory or Processing
Speed subtest and the MSS-I or MSS-F.
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Psychometric PropertiesPsychometric Properties
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Total n = 1,700
− n = 600 for ages 2:6-3:11
− n = 1,100 for ages 4:0-7:7
WPPSIWPPSI--IV Normative SampleIV Normative Sample
Nationally stratified sample− Age
− Sex/Gender
− Race/Ethnicity
− Parent education level (5 levels)
− Geographic Region (NE, S, MW, W)
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Internal Consistency ReliabilityInternal Consistency Reliability
Average Reliability Coefficient
Composite 2:6-3:11 4:0-7:7
VCI .94 .94
VSI .89 .89
FRI -- .93
WMI .93 .91
PSI -- .86
FSIQ .96 .96
VAI .94 .93
NVI .94 .95
GAI .95 .95
CPI -- .92
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Special Group StudiesSpecial Group Studies
Intellectually Gifted
Intellectual Disability-Mild Severity
Intellectual Disability-Moderate Severity
Developmental Delay-Cognitive
Developmental Risk Factors
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Disruptive Behavior
Expressive Language
Disorder
Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder
Emergent Pre-Literacy
Concerns
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Developmental DelayDevelopmental Delay--CognitiveCognitive
n = 72; ages 2:6-7:6
CompositeCompositeClinical Clinical MeanMean
Control Control MeanMean
MeanMean
Diff.Diff. pp valuevalue Std. Diff.Std. Diff.
VCI 81.7 98.7 16.94 <.01 1.33
VSI 86.4 97.7 11.32 <.01 .79
FRI 84.8 97.5 12.69 <.01 .99
WMI 85.8 97.8 12.04 <.01 .83
PSI 87.9 96.0 8.14 .07 .49
FSIQ 81.4 98.3 16.82 <.01 1.30
VAI 81.3 96.1 14.81 <.01 1.20
NVI 83.1 97.9 14.80 <.01 1.05
GAI 81.6 98.5 16.85 <.01 1.35
CPI 85.9 95.4 9.54 .02 .65
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WPPSI-IV Younger Battery:
Core + Supplemental Subtests
Receptive Vocabulary
Picture Naming
Block Design
.82
.72
Object Assembly
Picture Memory
.60
.71
Zoo Locations
.80
.66
.51
Verbal Comprehension
Visual-Spatial
Working Memory
Information
Full Scale
.87
.94
.90
AGFI .97; RMSEA .05
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SummarySummary
Clinical Utility of WPPSIClinical Utility of WPPSI--IVIV
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WPPSIWPPSI--IV:IV:Enhanced Clinical Utility Enhanced Clinical Utility
• Test structure.
• Score differences comparison methodology.
• Upward age range extension.
• Expressive language requirements.
• Ancillary composite scores.
• Special group studies.
• Statistical linkage to measure of
achievement.
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CHC Factor WPPSI-IV Index
Crystallized Ability Verbal Comprehension Index
Fluid Reasoning Fluid Reasoning Index
Visual-Spatial Processing Visual Spatial Index
Short-Term Memory/Long-Term
Storage and RetrievalWorking Memory
Cognitive Processing Speed Processing Speed
Auditory Processing Vocabulary Acquisition Index
CHC Factors and WPPSICHC Factors and WPPSI--IVIV
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John A. Hanson Ph.D. LPJohn A. Hanson Ph.D. LP
Assessment ConsultantAssessment Consultant
Pearson MidwestPearson Midwest
715.410.0576