WORLD WAR I
War to End All Wars
The Great War
Over 20 million killedTotal WarThe War to End All Wars
The Background Great Britain- Queen Victoria 1837-
1901—stability, nationalism Revolutions of 1848: France,
Germany, Italy, & central Europe- seeking more rights & removal of the “old order”
Crimean War 1853 Ottoman empire is declining in power Russians want Crimean territory on the Black
Sea for access to Med. Sea & TRADE & NAVAL Power!
Russia invades Crimean territory France & Britain help Ottomans Russia looses, hates Austria for not helping them
& worry they are falling behind the rest of Europe.
Crimean Territory
Instability & Unrest in Russia Humiliated by defeat Tsar Alexander I
makes reforms (changes) Emancipates (free) the Surfs Makes land reforms Begins to industrialize Nationalism grows!
More Background… 1861: Garibaldi unites Italy pushing
out Austrian rule Italians gain Rome after Franco-
Prussian war
Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italy
Otto Von Bismark & German Unification
1849- Germany = small states under various rulers
German states 1700s – 1800s
German Unficiation & Bismark King William I of Prussia expanding
military, needs taxes, legis. Says “no” , hires new Prime Minister…
Otto Von Bismark- ignored legislature & focused on increasing Prussian Power/territory & influencing German states
Franco-Prussian War: 1870 Disagree over candidate for Spain’s throne Bismark manipulates situation to create
tension w/ France Results: Napoleon III captured, France
pays 5 billion francs to Prussia + gives up Alsace & Lorraine territory = France
Leads to Unification!
Germany Unites!1871 William I of Prussia crowned 1st “Kaiser” or
Emperor of Germany Prussian tradition of military lives on! By 1890- Kaiser Wilhelm II in power,
Bismarck forced to resign
Austrian Empire mid 1800s – 1900s
Major problem: to many different ethnic groups under 1 rule/crown
Causes of WWI
Nationalism ImperialismMilitarismAlliance system
Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 Napoleon III Treaty of Versailles 1871 Alsace-Lorraine Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck
Alliances: Bismarck’s fears
War on Two FrontsDual Alliance: Germany & Austria1882 Triple AllianceRussian Accords Britain
1888
Kaiser Wilhelm I, Frederick Wilhelm I, Wilhelm II
Fires Bismarck in 1890
The Alliances
Two alliances- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-
Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: G.B, Russia, France
Powder Keg
Crisis 1894 Dreyfus Affair Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911 Balkans War 1909-11
Crisis in the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria-Hungary- Franz Joseph Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and
Sophie June 28, 1914
The Black Hand What was it? Who is Gavrilo Princip?
The Worst Wrong Turn Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and
Sophie June 28, 1914
The Spark June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Emperor Franz Joseph Austrian Ultimatum July28, 1914 Austria declares war
Tensions rising Willy/Nicky letters Mobilisation Schleff
Britain Enters
August 4, 1914 Belgium BEF
The US?
The First Battle of the Marne
What stops the Germans? Taxicab ArmySept 1914
1914 -1915 1914: Sept. stalemate on Western front begins @ battle of the
Marne August: Tannenberg, Germ. East front,: Russian defeat BUT
helped BEF & Fr @ the Marne by German need to move troops to East
1915: Zeppelin raids on London German blockade of Britian (U-boats) April: Battle of Ypres, Belgium- chlorine gas used April – Dec. Gallipoli landing in Turkey costs Allies big time!
1915: U.S. remains neutral May 7: Germans sink Lusitania Italians switch sides! Western front stalemate = trench warfare
Western Front
New Weapons-StalemateWar of attrition Trench Warfare- “No Man’s Land”
Trench warfare
500 miles Switzerland to the North Sea
Conditions in the TrenchesRats…millions of themOver the top
The Commanders France- Joffre, Petain, Foch Britain-Haig Germany- Hindenberg and
Ludendorff
The Middle East
Lawrence of Arabia Gallipoli- 1915- Winston Churchill
The Atlantic U-boats Unrestricted Submarine warfare Lusitania
US Enters the War 1917
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Policy
The LusitaniaMarch Zimmerman Note
April 1917: U.S. Declares War
Total War: boosts econ. (see questions 11 – 13)
Bonds: Propaganda:
Russia drops Out Nov 1917 Communist Revolution Lenin Brest-Litovsk Treaty
Turning points: July– Nov. 1917: 3rd Ypres (Passchendaele) Allowed Allies an adv. to attack Germ.
Occupied Belgian ports— deaths: disputed but massive!! July – Aug. 1918: 2nd Marne- last maj.
German offensive; Allied Vic. Head for Germany
Nov. 1918
9th: Defeated- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates throne
11th @ 11:00: Germany surrenders
Peace settlements: Treaty of Versailles
Wilson’s 14 points include: reduce arms, ensure “self-determination”, & a “general association of nations” = League of Nations
G.B.’s David Lloyd George wanted to make Germany pay
France’s Clemenceau: security & revenge The Guilt Clause: art. 231 war reparations
Peace continued: De-militarized Rhineland Alsace & Loraine to France New Nations Western nations in Mid-East
Fr. Over Lebanon & Syria G.B. over Iraq & Palestine
New Maps Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon
Results
Set up for the rise of HitlerSet up World War II20 million killed