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Water from Air
Henk Miedema
Wetsus in Leeuwarden
April 12, 2017
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Wetsus?
Wetsus
Sustainability
Wetter = water in Frisian language
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Water scarcity - 2020
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Where is (fresh drinking) water?
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The hidden source: Atmospheric water
Just 2% but still
amounting to
13.000 km3
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% water vapor in relation to relative humidity and temperature
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Natural water cycle
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Nature exploits the water dew point!
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…and so does the Dutch Rainmaker
Participant in the WetsusResearch Program
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How to improve the system?
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Latent heat of condensation
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Delineation energy cost of air cooling & condensation
Energy in kJ
Temperature in 0C
Total energy
Cooling air
Condensing vapor
CoolingCondensate
PhD thesis, TUe - Wetsus Daniel Bergmair, 2015
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H2O
O2
N2N2
N2
N2N2 N2
N2
O2
O2
O2
O2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
O2O2
H2OH2O
N2 N2
N2
N2
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2OH2O
H2ON2
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2OH
2O s
elec
tive
mem
bran
e
H2OH2O
O2O2
N2N2N2N2
N2N2
N2N2N2N2 N2N2
N2N2
O2O2
O2O2
O2O2
O2O2
N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
O2O2O2O2
H2OH2OH2OH2O
N2N2 N2N2
N2N2
N2N2
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2OH2OH2O
H2OH2ON2N2
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2O
H2OH2OH
2O s
elec
tive
mem
bran
e
Cool down
60% energy savings
Just cool the water vapor!
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How to do that?Hollow fiber H 2O-selective membranes
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H2OH2O
O2 + N2
H2O
outlet
Humid airinlet
Humid airinlet
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Simulation studies
IncreasingH2O
permeability
Humid air
Blue: Low H 2O content
Red: High H 2O content
z
z
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Water-from -air harvesting system
Humid air Dry air
Permeate sideMembraneFeed side
Vacuum
Condenser
Water
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We can improve the membrane but not the driving force!
pH2O
pH2O
Permeate side
- Vacuum: 5 mBar- Sweep gas- Condensation at 2 0C
Feed side
Ambient air
Membrane
Drivingforce - High selectivity membrane required:
non-condensable gasses lower vacuum- Temperature >2 C to prevent ice forming- Vacuum and membranes main operating cost
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Membrane limitations
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In conclusion: air harvesting from air (Dutch Rainmaker)
- Stand -alone device
- Minimal local infrastructure needed
- Minimal operating cost
- Lifespan of up to 20 years
- Affordable
- 1 Windmill per 500-1000 people
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Interesting option for the military…..?
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THANK YOU SO MUCH
FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!