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Warm up9-30-08 What part of the atom has a positive charge and where is it found?
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the atomWhat is an atom?
What are the parts of an atom?
What is the structure of the atom?
The smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element
protons (p+); neutrons (n); electrons (e-)
Nucleus contains protons & neutrons, electrons circle the nucleus in an electron cloud
n
e-
e-
P+ P
+n
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something to think about
• We all know that “opposites attract” and “like charges repel” –SO:
• If electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged, why don’t the electrons fall into the nucleus?
?
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Niels Bohr proposed a model in which the electrons would stably occupy fixed energy levels around the nucleus, known as orbitals. Each orbital has a limited capacity for electrons.
something to think about
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Some elements also have neutrons Neutrons have no chargeThey are in the nuclei of atoms
The element also has the same number of electronsElectrons have negative chargeChange the number of electrons charge the atom
Each element in the Periodic Table has a different number of protons in its nucleusProtons have positive chargeChange the number of protons change elements
e-
Recipe for an atom
P+
n
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Atomic number
Atomic weightName
Symbol
Protons = 8 Electrons = 8 16 – 8 = 8 neutrons
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# Protons = # Electrons
The electron orbitals
# Neutrons = Atomic Weight – Atomic #
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# Protons = # Electrons
# Neutrons = Atomic Weight – Atomic #
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Shell structure activity
Carbon = C
Sulfur = S
Neon =Ne
Chlorine = Cl
How many protons and electrons do these elements have?
Draw the electron shell structure for each.
3 protons3 electrons4 neutrons
e
e
e
n
n np
p
p
n
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Navigating the Periodic Table
The columns are the “groups”Each group has similar chemical propertiesThe groups are numbered starting with 1 at the leftElements with similar properties have the same
number of electrons in the outermost shell
The rows are the “periods” Each period starts a new shell of electronsThe periods are numbered starting with 1 at the
top
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Atoms, Elements and Compounds
Compound: a collection of 2 or more different atoms, bound together. H2O or CO2
Atom: smallest unit of an element
Element: any of more than 100 fundamental substances that consist of atoms of only one kind (C; K; Mg; Ca)
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The mighty electron
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P6P
6N
Carbon
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P12P
12N
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P10P
10N
e
e
e
e
neon
magnesium
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P17P
17N
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
ee
chlorine
1734Cl
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ee
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P17P
17N
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
ee
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P17P
17N
e
e
e
e
e
e
ee
Cl-
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P17P
17N
e
e
e
e
e
ee
e
e e
6P6P6P11P
11N
e
e
e
e
e
Na +Opposites attract
Ionic bond
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CHARGE!!!
Ion – an atom with a charge
Cation – an atom with a positive chargeless electrons than protons
Anion – an atom with a negative chargeMore electrons than protons
NaNa++
Cl-
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covalent bond: When electrons are SHARED
e
ee
6P6P6P17P
17N
e
e
ee
e
e e6P6P6P8P
8N
e
e
O
1PH 1P He
e
e
e
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Molecule – a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
H 2 O
MOLECULES
Chemical reactions occur when bonds between atoms are formed or broken