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W. FRANK ROBINSON
DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY
Contours of the Haitian Past; Glimpses of the Future
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Struggles of Nationhood1822-1934
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Jean Pierre Boyer
Autocratic rule: Boyer was the “true creator of the militaristic regime whose wounds, unhealable, still poison our national organism.”
indemnity and bloated military
1838: 30% of total annual budget for debt
50% for army; <1% on education
Code Rural and forced labor
annexation of Spanish Santo Domingo
revisionism: imperialism and Haiti
victim, perpetrator, or accomplice?
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Independence: Juan Pablo Duarte, Ramón Mella, and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez
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Haiti and the United States
“Haiti and the United States grew up together.”
trade: lumber and food (meat and flour) for sugar and coffee
refusal of US to recognize Haiti: two-faced policy
“Our policy with regard to Hayti, is plain. We can never acknowledge her independence.”
abolitionists vs. slaveholders – symbol of Haiti
funeral for abolitionist John Brown held in cathedral in Port-au-Prince
President Grant and threat of annexation
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John Brown
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Decades of Instability: 1843-1915
James Graham Leyburn summarizes this chaotic era in Haitian history. “Of the twenty-two heads of state between 1843 and 1915, only one served out his prescribed term of office, three died while serving, one was blown up with his palace, one presumably poisoned, one hacked to pieces by a mob, one resigned. The other fourteen were deposed by revolution after incumbencies ranging in length from three months to twelve years.”
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Faustin Soulouque (r. 1847-1859)
ex-slave – military officer
ambitious and savvy
nobility = governing coalition
dismissed by foreign critics
wary of annexation by US
failed invasion of Dominican Republican 1855
elaborate court ceremonies
moved against mulatto elites
overthrown by his own generals
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Crown of Emperor Faustin I
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Six Centimes
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Fabre Geffrard
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Geffrard
President from 1858-1867
reestablished Haiti as a republic
decreased size of army
returned power to traditional elites
encouraged African Americans to settle in Haiti
new era of Catholic activism
expand access to education
anti-Vodou campaign – concern about image abroad
German merchants and French bankers
exiled in 1867 – continuing cycle of uprisings
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Residence of Geffrard
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Lysius Salomon
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Salomon
Soulouque’s Minister of Finance
“I like coups d’état. You can’t govern without them.”
strategy: “take as much advantage as possible” of a crisis to
justify autocratic rule
restart public education
fix Haiti's financial woes
restore agriculture productivity
improve public administration
modernize Haiti
controversy over reelection – forced into exile
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National Bank of Haiti - 1881
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Florvil Hyppolite
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Troubles in Haiti 1891
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Historic Iron Market
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Revolving Door of Power
1911-1915: seven different presidents
United States solidifies its stranglehold on trade and finance
violence: explosion of National Palace and death of Cincinnatus Leconte in 1911
President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam vs. Rosalvo Bobo – July 1915
execution of political prisoners – public outcry
Sam dragged from French legation - torn to pieces by mob
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Rise of United States as a Global Power
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Uncle Sam – School Begins 1899
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White Man’s Burden
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United States Intervention, 1915-1934
Violent Conditions and Temporary Solutions
1. Haitian Guard (Garde d’Haiti)
2. fruits of U.S. presence
3. issues of sovereignty and favoritism
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United States Marines 1915
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Les Americains Chassent Les CacosNemours Vincent
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Charlemagne Péralte (1886-1919)Haitian nationalist opposed to the US invasion
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Good Neighbor?