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Unit 4: Cell/Cell Transport
8A Miss Sabia
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Essential Question
1. What is a cell?2. What scientific
contributions led to the development of the cell theory?
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Do Now• Write down any structures you recognize in this
cell.
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Cell• A structure within a living thing
that has a definite boundary enclosing the material inside
• The basic unit of structure and function in a living thing
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How did people discover cells?• The invention of the
microscope made it possible for people to discover and learn about cells!
• Microscope: an instrument that makes small objects look larger– A simple microscope has
only one lens– A compound microscope
is a light microscope that has more that one lens
• Late 1590’s (approx)
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Robert Hooke• English scientist and inventor, 1665• One of the 1st people to observe cells• Observed a cork under a microscope,
called the little structures cells because they reminded him of tiny rooms
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek• Made his own lenses, then used them
to construct his own simple microscopes
• Studied pond water—found little animals in the water (one-celled organisms)
• Looked at teeth scrapings—was the 1st scientist to see bacteria!
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Soon enough…• Numerous observations made it clear
that cells were the basic units of life• 1838: Matthais Schleiden said all
plants are made of cells• 1839: Theodor Schwann stated that
all animals are made of cells• 1885: Rudolf Virchow concluded that
new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells
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Cell Theory1.All living things are made of cells
2.Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3.All cells are produced from existing cells
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Essential Question•How are cells organized?
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Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
• No nucleus• Smaller and simpler• Contain cell
membrane and cytoplasm
• Ex: bacteria• Carry out every
activity associated with life
• Have a nucleus• Have cell membrane
and cytoplasm• Have organelles• Many are large,
multicellular organisms
• Ex: plants, animals, fungi
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Organelles• Organelles: specialized structures
that perform important cellular functions
• “little organs”
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Cell Membrane• Thin, flexible barrier around the cell• Semi-permeable—only lets certain
materials in/out• Separates the cell from its external
environment• Supports and protects the cell• More to come on this later…
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Cell Wall• Plant cells only!• Supports and protects the cell• Prevents plant cell from bursting due
to turgor pressure (from water)• Made of cellulose (a tough
carbohydrate fiber)
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Cytoplasm• Material inside the cell membrane—
not including the nucleus• Thick, fluid, gel-like substance
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IN THE NUCLEUS…
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Nucleus• “brain” or “control center”• Contains cell’s genetic material
(DNA) and controls the cell’s activities
• Chromatin: DNA bound to protein • Chromosome: condensed chromatin
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Nucleolus• Small, dense region within the
nucleus• Makes ribosomes
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Nuclear Envelope• Surrounds and protects the nucleus• Has thousands of pores—allow
material to move in/out
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CYTOSKELETON…
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Cytoskeleton• Network of protein filaments that
helps the cell to maintain its shape• Also involved in many forms of cell
movement• microtubules: hollow tubes of protein
about 25 nm; maintain cell shape and allow organelles to move on them like tracks
• Microfilaments: long, thin fibers that aid in movement and support; 7 nm
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IN THE CYTOPLASM…
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Ribosomes• Make proteins
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Do Now• Write the function of the following
organelles:– Nucleus– Cell membrane– Ribosome– Cell wall
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• An internal membrane structure• Assembles components of the
cell membrane and modifies proteins
• Rough ER—protein synthesis; contains ribosomes on its surface
• Smooth ER—lipid synthesis, among other tasks
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Golgi Apparatus• Golgi body, Golgi complex• Enzymes in the Golgi attach
carbs and lipids to proteins. Proteins are then sent to their final destinations
• Golgi receives proteins from ER
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Lysosomes• Small • Filled with enzymes that break down
carbs, lipids, and proteins into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell
• Also break down old organelles• Remove debris to de-clutter the cell
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Vacuoles• Store materials like water, salt, and
proteins• Central Vacuole (in plants): filled
with liquid, makes it possible for plants to support heavy structures like leaves and flowers
• When vacuoles are used for transport, we call them vesicles
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Chloroplast• Only in plants!• Use energy from sunlight to
make food (photosynthesis)• Contain green pigment chlorophyll in
photosynthetic membranes
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Structure of a Chloroplast
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(Mighty) Mitochondria• Use energy from food to make
high energy compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and movement
• “powerhouse”
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Structure of a Mitochondrion
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Summary
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Coming soon to a theater near you!
• Prokaryotes v. eukaryotes• Organelles• Cell membrane• State Lab—Diffusion Through a
Membrane
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Organelle Project