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Types of Reactions
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precipitate: a solid product that forms in an aqueous solution reaction
Na2CO3 + Ca(NO3)2 CaCO3 +(aq)(aq) 2 (aq)(s) NaNO3
ppt
clearNa2CO3
solution
clearCa(NO3)2
solution
cloudy solutioncontaining CaCO3(s)
and NaNO3(aq)
“chunks”“sinkies”“floaties”
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Key Terms
Term Definition In an Equation
soluble able to be dissolved (aq)
insoluble does not dissolve in solution (or water)
(ins)
precipitate an insoluble solid formed when two solutions are mixed
(s)
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Using Solubility Rules – Most solubility rules are written based on the
negative ion or anion •
Soluble compounds contain… Insoluble compounds contain…
For these compounds, common exceptions are INSOLUBLE.
For these compounds, common exceptions are SOLUBLE.
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How to Determine if a Compound is Soluble or Insoluble?
• Find the anion in the compound.• Find the rule in the solubility tables that
matches the ion.• Double check to make sure the cation isn’t
listed as an exception.
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Predict if the following compounds are soluble or insoluble.
– CaCl2
– CuSO4
– Al2(CrO4)3
– Mg(OH)2
– AgCl
– SrS
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
InsolubleInsoluble
Soluble
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Predicting if a Precipitate will Form
–Precipitate reactions are precipitation reactions.
–In order for a reaction to be a precipitation reaction, there must be• one solid product, which is the precipitate,
and• both reactants should be aqueous solutions
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Determine which reactions are precipitation reactions or
reactions that will form a precipitate.
• Pb(NO3)2 + KI PbI2 + KNO3
• (NH4)2CO3 + K2S K2CO3 + (NH4)2S
• Ag + Cu(NO3)2 AgNO3 + Cu
• Ba(OH)2 + Fe(ClO4)3 Ba(ClO4)2 + Fe(OH)3
(aq) (aq) (aq)(s)
(aq) (aq) (aq)(aq)
(s) (aq) (s)(aq)
(aq) (aq) (s)(aq)
YES
NO
NO
YES
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Neutralization Reaction
• A reaction between and acid and a base which results in the production of a salt and water.
9
ACID + BASE = SALT + WATERHCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) = H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) = MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
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Reduction-Oxidation ReactionREDOX
• A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one species to another.
• Oxidation means the loss of electrons.• Reduction means the gain of electrons.
LEO says GER
Loss Electrons = Oxidation
Gain Electrons = Reduction
Many oxidation-reduction reactions are single replacement reactions
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Oxidation Reduction Reactions(Redox)
Each sodium atom loses one electron:
Each chlorine atom gains one electron:
11
2
00
22
ClNaClNa
eNaNa10
10 CleCl
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LEO says GER :
Lose Electrons = Oxidation
Sodium is oxidized
Gain Electrons = Reduction
Chlorine is reduced
eNaNa10
10 CleCl
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Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRules 1 & 2
1. The oxidation number of any uncombined element is zero
2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion equals its charge
11
2
00
22
ClNaClNa
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Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRules 3 & 4
3. The oxidation number of oxygen in compounds is -2
4. The oxidation number of hydrogen in compounds is +1
2
2
1
OH
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Rules for Assigning Oxidation Number Rule 5
5. The sum of the oxidation numbers in the formula of a compound is 0
2(+1) + (-2) = 0 H O
(+2) + 2(-2) + 2(+1) = 0 Ca O H
2
2
1
OH 2
122
)(
HOCa
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Rules for Assigning Oxidation NumbersRule 6
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers in the formula of a polyatomic ion is equal to its charge
X + 3(-2) = -1N O
X = +5 X = +6
X + 4(-2) = -2S O
3
2?
ON
24
2?
OS
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Assigning Oxidation StatesExample: Assign oxidation states to all atoms in thefollowing.a. CO2 O = b. SF6 F = c. NO3
- O = d. MnO4
- O = e. HSO3
- O = f. H2O H = g. Li3N Li =
-2 (for each oxygen); C = +4-1 (for each fluorine); S = +6
-2 (each oxygen); N = +5
-2 (each oxygen); Mn = +7
-2 (each oxygen); H = +1, S = +4
+1 (each); O = -2
+1 (each); N = -3