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TV pick-up systems
• Europe: Europe: – 25 full-frames/sec25 full-frames/sec– 625 lines625 lines
• Pick-up systems:Pick-up systems:– (Orthicon tube family(Orthicon tube family– Vidicon - Plumbicon)Vidicon - Plumbicon)– CCD : optoel. transformation, CCD : optoel. transformation,
integration, read-outintegration, read-out
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Typical CCD Sensor
• 600 lines600 lines• 800 pixels / line800 pixels / line• 6,6 mm x 8,8 mm surface6,6 mm x 8,8 mm surface• 1, 2 and 3 CCD colour camera pick-1, 2 and 3 CCD colour camera pick-
up systemsup systems– mosaic filtersmosaic filters– V(V() + colour opponent) + colour opponent– RGB systemsRGB systems
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TV camera with three CCDs
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Transmission of the tree channels
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Signals for TV transmisssion
• Signals produced by camera:Signals produced by camera:
E V s d
where
refl factorof object
radiantfluxof illu ant
s CCDresponsivity
T R G B
T T T
nm
nm
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ): .
( ): min
( ):
: , ,
380
780
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White balance
• For () = 1:
thus signals normalised • colour mixture curves:
1380
780
/ ( ) ( ) ( )V s dT T
nm
nm
eT() =
=VT ()T () s()
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CCD camera responsivity
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EBU primaries
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Signal processing in a TV Camera
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Electronic matrix
eRm () = 1,35 eR () - 0,25 eG () - 0,1 eB ()
eGm () = -,03 eR () +1,15 eG () - 0,12 eB ()
eBm () = -,04 eR () - 0,11 eG () + 1,15 eB ()
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Matrixed colour matching functions
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Colour rendering with and without matrixing
• Original Original chromaticity: chromaticity:
• x: without matrixx: without matrix• +: with matrix+: with matrix
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Gamma correction
• Characteristics of a CRT tube:Characteristics of a CRT tube:
– F: normalised tristimulus valueF: normalised tristimulus value– E’: normalised input quantityE’: normalised input quantity– s: stray lights: stray light– h: offset h: offset – : approx. 2,2 , thus in camera: : approx. 2,2 , thus in camera: =,45=,45
F s h E h s 1 1 '
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Gamma correction
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Corrections in camera
• Gamma balance in camera:
• Nonlinear amplitude correction:– 80 % - 200 % input range corrected
to 80 % - 110 % output range
E E if E
E E if E
' , , ,
' ,
, 111 0111 0 025 1
4 0 0 025
0 455
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Clamping & Knee in characteristics:
Method for getting highlights
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Direct connenction between camera and
receiver• Camera:Camera:
– 3 receptors3 receptors– matrixingmatrixing– clampingclamping– gamma balancegamma balance
• Receiver:Receiver:– RGB signalsRGB signals
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Luminance - chrominance
• Luminance: Luminance: – before gamma balancebefore gamma balance
• Chrominance signals:Chrominance signals:– no luminance information: no luminance information:
zero for achromatics:zero for achromatics:
L L R L G L BR G B
E L E L E L EL R R G G B B
E c E c E c E and c c cC r R g G b B r g b ; 0
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Luminance - chrominance
• Luminance from Luminance from distorted distorted signal:signal:– based on NTSC primaries and not on based on NTSC primaries and not on
EBUEBU
– thus luminance signal depends on thus luminance signal depends on chromachroma
• Colour difference signals:Colour difference signals:
E E E EY R G B' , ' , ' , ' 0 299 0 587 0114
E E E E E ECR R Y CB B Y 0 713 0564, ' ' ; , ' '
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EBU colour solid in Y -Chrominance Space
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Chrominance signals of surface colours
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Chrominance signals
• Luminance signal: 0<Luminance signal: 0<EEYY<700 mV<700 mV
• Chrominance signals:Chrominance signals:
-350 mV <...<+350 mV-350 mV <...<+350 mV• Inverse matrix in receiverInverse matrix in receiver
E E E
E E E E
E E E
R CR Y
G CR Y CB
B Y CB
' , , '
' , , ' ,
' , ' ,
1402 100
0 714 100 0 344
100 1772
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Signals in TV transmission
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Importance of component signals
• CCIR 601 standard: CCIR 601 standard: – 576 active lines576 active lines– 720 pixels per line720 pixels per line
» for 25 frames/s: 31,1 for 25 frames/s: 31,1 ..10106 6 pixel/spixel/s» with 8 bits/colour: 248,8.10with 8 bits/colour: 248,8.1066 bit/s bit/s
– Gamma pre-correction - L* similarityGamma pre-correction - L* similarity» helps to decrease number of quanta stepshelps to decrease number of quanta steps» smaller bandwidth in chrominance signalssmaller bandwidth in chrominance signals» differences visualy equidistantdifferences visualy equidistant
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Comparing and brightness
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The composit signal
• In PAL, SECAM, NTSC bandwidth = In PAL, SECAM, NTSC bandwidth = to black & white transmisssion signalto black & white transmisssion signal
• 1 step: Component signals: bandwidth of 1 step: Component signals: bandwidth of chrominance signals approx. 1/4 of chrominance signals approx. 1/4 of lum.signallum.signal
• 2 step: modulation of chrom.signal onto 2 step: modulation of chrom.signal onto colour carrier (PAL: 4,43 MHz),colour carrier (PAL: 4,43 MHz),chrominance + phase chrominance + phase
• 3 step: Modulated colour carrier added to 3 step: Modulated colour carrier added to Lum. signalLum. signal
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Y
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One line of a MAC signal
Multiplexed analog components
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A possible TV system
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