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Transforming the Internet:from IPv4 to IPv6
APECTEL 40 – IPv6 Workshop
Cancun, Mexico24 September 2009
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Overview
• Internet Evolution
• Internet Addressing
• IP Address Status Report
• The Next Step: IPv6
• Conclusions
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Internet Fundamentals
• Open network, open standards– Developed within IETF system (RFC series)– TCP/IP, DNS, DHCP, HTTP, IPSEC, etc etc– “Dumb network” – global point-to-point
datagram service
• “IP over Everything”– Layered networking model (a la OSI)– Relying on ITU and IEEE standards– Serial line, Modem, Ethernet, ISDN, xDSL,
cable/fibre, MPLS, 802.11x, Mobile 2G/3G…3
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Internet Fundamentals
• Also platform for competition among ad hoc standards and innovations – Application protocols: VOIP, IM, VOD– Applications: search, social networking, ASPs– Often standardisation comes later
• Product of deregulation over 15 years– Vertical disintegration
• Content and commerce, services, ISPs, Telcos
– Competition at all levels• Price and service competition• Horizontal aggregation and economies of scale• Great benefits to consumers
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The “Narrow Waist”
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Phone/Fax/SMSTV/VOD/conf“The Internet”
Applications
Fixed, Dialup/ISDNMobile/2G
Cable/ADSL
InfrastructureV
oic
eV
ide
oD
ataNetwork
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The “Narrow Waist” – Tomorrow
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Voice, email, IMVideo, TV, conf
WWW+++
Applications
802.11*/WiMaxMobile/3G
Cable/*DSLFTTH, ETTH
InfrastructureIP
Network
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Broadband and Mobile
• Acceleration of Internet function and growth, simultaneously– Broadband: more speed means more
applications– Mobile: more devices means more applications– More applications means more demand
• Separation of services from infrastructure– Vertical disintegration – Greater innovation and competition
• Multiple “always-on” services per user– Huge increase in IP address requirements…
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Internet Addressing
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What is an IP address?
• The Internet Protocol– Packets, addressing and routing– Two types: IPv4 and IPv6
• An IP address is a number– Every device directly connected to the
Internet needs a unique IP address– IP address space is finite
• Not the same as a Domain Name !
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IP Addresses vs Domain Names
The Internet
2001:0C00:8888::My Computer www. cernet.cn2001:0400::
www.cernet.cn? 202.112.0.462001:0400::
DNS
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IP Addresses vs Domain Names
IP Address Domain NameNumeric202.12.29.20 2001:DB8:0234:AB00:0123:4567:8901:ABCD
Alphabeticwww.cto.intwww.apnic.net
Computer-friendlyRouter-friendly
Human-friendly
Locator: Network end-point Label: Translates to IP Address
Intrinsic to the Internet Protocol Service running on IP (DNS)
Managed regionally Managed globally (gTLD)Or nationally (ccTLD)
Primarily technical management priorities
Primarily commercial management priorities
Competition provided by ISPs as “registrars”
Competition provided by “Registry/Registrar” model
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IP Addresses: IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
Deployed 1981 Deployed 1999
32-bit address192.149.252.76
128-bit address2001:DB8:0234:AB00:0123:4567:8901:ABCD
Address space232 = ~4,000,000,000
Address space2128 = ~340,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000, 000,000,000,000,000
Security, autoconfig, QoS, mobility added later (IPSec etc)
Security, autoconfig, QoS “built-in” (IPSec etc)
Projected lifetime: 2012 Projected lifetime: Indefinite
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How are IP Addresses Managed?
• Regional Internet address Registries– Open membership-based industry bodies– Non-profit, neutral, and independent– Allocation, registration and other services– APNIC: training, infrastructure, cooperation
• First established in early 1990s– Voluntarily by consensus of community– To ensure responsible address management,
according to technical and administrative needs– To support Internet development
• In the “Internet tradition”– Consensus-based, open, and transparent
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Regional Internet Registries
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1992: “…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)
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http://www.nro.net
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IP Address Status Report
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June 2009 Internet Number Resource Report
IPv4 ADDRESS SPACEWhat is the status of each of the 256 /8s?
x 26
+2+2
+4
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IPv4 ADDRESS SPACE ISSUED(RIRs TO CUSTOMERS)
In terms of /8s, how much space did each RIR allocate by year?
June 2009 Internet Number Resource Report
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IPv4 Consumption: Projection
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Projected IANA Pool Exhaustion: 27 July 2011Projected RIR Pool Exhaustion: 19 May 2012
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and more devices coming!
• Billions of devices and objects will be connected to the Internet • Always on, broadband connected• Multiple addresses per device
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A quick summary
• IPv4 addresses are a finite resource– Only about 10% remain
• But the demand for IP addresses will keep growing– More devices are requiring IP addresses– IP addresses are a pre-requisite for broadband
penetration
• The remaining 10% is not large enough to support such demand
• IPv6 is the only solution !21
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IPv6 status
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Internet Number Resource Report
IPv6 Allocations RIRs to LIRs/ISPs
How many allocations have been made by each RIR by year?
June 2009
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IPv6 deployment
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IPv4 ASNs
33,000
IPv6 ASNs 1,700
310,000
IPv4 routes2,200IPv6 routes
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IPv6 traffic
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APNIC IPv6 Readiness Survey 2009
• Deployed or ready for immediate deployment?
• Formal plan for future deployment?
• Budgeted for future deployment?
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Where are we now
• IPv6 addresses are easy to obtain – Policies are established and stable– Minimal barriers to allocations– No reservations, but supply is huge
• IPv6 deployment strongly encouraged– Increasing promotion and awareness– Technical training and support
• Readiness is increasing but deployment is still slow
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The Next Step: IPv6
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What we know…
• The Internet needs IPv6!– Imperative from 2012– Deployment will take time and cost money– Business case may not be enough
• A “Chicken and Egg” problem…– Demand from users to applications, ISPs– Demand from applications to ISPs, vendors– Demand from ISPs to vendors, peers
• Transition will be a long process– But needs to be underway “RSN”
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Government Responses
• Hands off ?– Leave it to the industry and market (NZ)
• Hands on – incentives– Taxation relief (JP) – Procurement requirements (US, AU and others)
• Hands on – leadership– Working groups, Task forces (JP, KR, SG)– Facilitating industry responses (IPv6 Forum)
• Hands on – deployment – Major infrastructure development (CNGI and
Olympics, CN; NBN, AU)
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Government Responses
• Promote IPv6– To ISP and telco Industries– Encourage IPv6 readiness if not deployment– Opportunity to “leapfrog” to latest technology
• Specify IPv6– Government equipment procurement– Network servers and services – Public infrastructure deployments
• Require IPv6– To the extent possible (cf digital TV)
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Conclusions…
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The IPv4 revolution
• The 1990’s – a new world of… – Cheaper switching technologies – Cheaper bandwidth– Lower operational costs– The PC revolution, funded by users
• The Internet boom – The dumb (and cheap) network– Technical and business innovation at the
edges– Many compelling business cases for new
services and innovation
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An IPv6 revolution…
• The 2010’s – a new world of…– Commodity Internet service provision– Massive reduction in cost of consumer
electronics– A network-ready society
• An IPv6 boom?– Ubiquitous pervasive networking– Bringing online the “Next 4 Billion”– Plus a device population some 2–3 orders of
magnitude larger than today’s Internet– “Internet for Everything”
• Let’s get ready for IPv6 !