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4/24/2015 GreenfieldgeographyIGCSEandGCSETourism

http://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/IGCSE+and+GCSE+Tourism?f=print 1/5

IGCSEandGCSETourismIGCSEandGCSETourism

Specification:

3.3LeisureactivitiesandtourismCandidatesshouldbeableto:Describeandexplainthegrowthofleisurefacilitiesandtourisminrelationtothemainattractionsofthephysicalandhumanlandscapeinanareaorareasselectedforstudy.Demonstrateanunderstandingthattheeffectsofagrowthintourismaregenerallypositiveandthatcarefulmanagementisneededifproblemsaretobeavoided.Referencecouldbemadetoadvantagesaccruingfromtourismsuchasgrowthinincome,anincreaseinforeignexchange,employmentopportunities,thedevelopmentofinfrastructureandfacilitieswhichmaybeusedbythelocalpopulation,theencouragementofotherdevelopmentstotakeplaceinanarea,culturaladvantages,etc.Disadvantagesmightincludeseasonalunemployment,underuseoffacilitiesatcertaintimesoftheyear,increasedcongestion,pollution,ashortageofservicese.g.watersupplies,social/culturalproblems,damagetothephysicallandscape,etc.Aselectedsamplestudyshouldbeusedtoillustrateboththebenefitsanddisadvantagesassociatedwiththegrowthoftourism.

Leisure:Anyfreelychosenactivitythattakesplaceinnonworktime(IBdefinition).

Tourism:Thebusinessorindustryofprovidinginformation,accommodations,transportation,andotherservicestotourists.

DomesticTourist:Someonewhogoesonholidayinthecountrythattheyareresidentin(livein).

InternationalTourist:Someonewhogoesonholidaytoacountrytheyarenotresidentine.g.theyliveinElSalvadorbutgototheUSforholiday.

Resort:Atypeoflargehotelthatoffersextrafacilitieslikeswimmingpools,spas,restaurants,bars,activities,etc.

PackageHoliday:Thisiswhenallaspectsofaholidaye.g.flights,hotel,transfers,etc.areincludedinoneoverallprice.

Allinclusive:Ahotelorresortthatincludeseverythinge.g.food,activitiesanddrinkinoneoverallprice.

LowcostorBudgetAirline:Airlinesthatprovidecheapflightsbyremovingalladdonsasstandardandchargingpeopleiftheywantthen.Forexampleifyouwanttocheckinattheairportorcheckabagintothehold,reserveaseatoreveneatfoodontheflight,youhavetopayextra.

GrowthofTourism

Tourismisarapidlygrowingindustryandisconsideredbymanycountriestobeanimportantdevelopmentstrategy.CurrentlythemajorityofinternationaltouristsgotoMEDCs,butmanyLEDCsarealsoseeingrapidgrowthintourism.IwillmentionthegrowthinLEDCdestinationsalittlelater.

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ReasonsforGrowthinTourism

LeisureTime:Mostworkersnowenjoyatwodayweekendandinadditionareentitledtoseveralweeksholiday.Thisholidaytimecanbespentgoingonholiday.PaidHoliday:Notonlydoanincreasingamountofworkersreceiveholiday,theyarealsopaidforit.Thismeansthatpeopledonotlosetheirweeklyincomebygoingonholiday.UKworkersgetleastpaidleaveBBCarticleIncome:Moreandmorepeopleareworkinginthesecondaryandtertiarysectors,wherepayisgenerallyhigher.Alsomanymorefemalesarenowworking.Thismeansthatmorepeoplenowhavemoneytospendonholidays(higherdisposableincome).Transport:Airtravelhasbecomerelativelycheaperandtherearenowmoreairportsopenforholidayflights.Inadditionroadandrailnetworkshaveopenedupnewtouristdestinations.AirbusandAirAsiaannouncerecorddealfor200planesBBCarticleAdvertising:Peoplearenowbombardedbyholidayadvertsontheinternet,television,radio,mobilephones,billboards,etc.Thismakespeoplemoreawareofholidaydestinationsandpossiblymoretemptedtobookthem.TravelPrograms:Thereareahugeamountoftravelprogramsontelevisionsopeopleareabletoviewdestinationsthattheyhavenotheardof,temptingthemtogo.Touristfacilities:Touristfacilitieshavegenerallyimprovedandincreasedinnumber.Therearenowmanymorehotelsofallsizesandmosthavefairlystandardservices.Freedom:Morepeople,especiallywomenandtheelderlyarefreetotravelandgoonholidays.InadditionformerlyclosedcountrieslikeChinanowallowmostoftheircitizenstotravel.Rangeofholidays:Thereisnowamuchgreatervarietyofholidaysthatcanattractpotentialtouristse.g.golfholidays,divingholidays,walkingholidays,cookingholidays.EaseofBooking:Theinternethasnowmadebookingholidaysmuchmorestraightforward.Alsopackageholidaysallowpeopletopayonepricebuthaveallaspectsof



theirholidaypaidfore.g.flights,hotels,etc.CreditCards:Moreandmorepeoplenowowncreditcardswhichmakesbookingholidaysandpayingforthingsinaforeigncountrymucheasier.PassportOwnershipandVisaRegulations:Morepeoplenowownpassportssoareabletotravelandtheprocessofobtainingvisasisnowmuchmorestraightforward.RetirementandLifeExpectancy:Peoplearenowlivinglongerandremainhealthierlonger.Anincreasingamountofpeoplealsoretirewithapension.Thismeansthatmorepeoplearefitenoughandhealthierenoughtogoonholiday.

ReasonsforGrowthinLEDCs

NewDestinations:Peoplearegettingincreasinglyboredoftraditionallocationsandwanttoexperiencenewandexoticdestinations.ExchangeRates:LEDCsoftenhaveweakercurrenciesmakinggoingonholidaytothemalotcheaper.Advertising/EaseofBooking:LEDCsnowadvertisethemselvesmuchbetteranditiseasiertobookthesedestinationsonline.Transport:Manycountrieshaveupgradedtheirtransportinfrastructuremakingtraveltothemeasier.Security:ManyLEDCsarenowmuchmorestablewithlesssecurityworriessomorepeoplearepreparedtogoonholidaytothem.

Althoughthegraphaboveshowsthatinternationaltourismisgenerallyincreasing(withmaybetheexceptionof2007)regionscansuffertemporaryorevenpermanentdeclines.Aregionmayexperienceadeclinebecauseof:

Terrorisme.g.BalibombingorMumbaiterrorattacksCrimee.g.MexicoorevenElSalvadorNaturaldisasterse.g.tsunamiinIndianOceanorhurricanesintheCaribbeanEconomicdownturne.g.recessionsanddebtcrisisinEuropeWare.g.Afghanistan

Alsosomedestinationsmaybecomerundownorpeoplesimplygetboredofgoingtothesamelocation.

ThetableaboveshowsthatFranceisthenumberonedestinationforinternationaltourists.Franceispopularbecause:

ItissurroundedbyMEDCse.g.Germany,Belgium,UK,ItalyandSpainIthasanexcellenttransportnetworkIthasdevelopedtouristsfacilitiese.g.hotelsandtouragenciesIthasmanyhistoricalattractionse.g.EiffelTowerandCarcassonneItisfamousforitsfoodandwineIthasgoodweatherinthesouthnearlyallyearItattractsmanydifferentholidaymakerse.g.skiers,beachlovers,surfersandrafters.

Chinaiscurrentlyonly8thonthelist,butitprobablyalreadyhasthemostdomestictouristsandinthefuturewillprobablyattractmanymoreinternationaltourists.

Althoughtourismisseenasadevelopmentstrategybymanycountries,itdoesnotsolelycreateadvantages,butcanalsocreatesomedisadvantages:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

SOCIAL/CULTURAL Localpeoplecanperformtraditionaldanceandmusictotouriststhereforeprotectingtheirlocalculture.Touristsmaypaytovisitmuseumsprotectinglocalartifacts.Historicalruinsmaybeprotectedorrebuilttoattracttourists.Mayimprovecountriesreputationandcreatecrossculturallinks.Encourageseducationinordertoworkintouristsectorandshouldimprovelinguisticskills

Anincreaseintouristsmaycausegreatercongestion,leadingtolongerperiodsspentawayfromfamilies.Alsoincreasedtransportmayincreaseproblemsofasthmaandtrafficaccidents.Tourismcanincreasecertaincrimes,likeprostitutionandtheftPeoplemaybecomemorematerialisticandhomogenisedwiththearrivalofinternationaltourists.Maycreateracialtensionsbetweentouristsandlocals

ECONOMIC Jobsarecreatedforlocalworkersinhotels,restaurants,etc.Secondaryjobsarealsocreatedinshops,maintenancefirms,etc.Workersandcompaniespaytaxestothegovernment.Thismoneycanthenbeinvested.Peoplelearnnewskillsthatcanthenbetransferredtootherpartsoftheeconomy.Newequipmentortechnologymaybeintroducedtothecountrywhichagaincanbeusedinothersectorsoftheeconomy.Localinfrastructurelikeroadsandelectricitymaybeimproved.

Manyofmanagerialjobsgotooverseasworkers.LocalworkersoftengetlowpaidjobsThereiseconomicleakage(lossofmoneyoverseas)becausemanyofthetouristcompaniesareTNCsandtheprofitissentelsewhereManyjobsareonlyseasonalsoworkersareonlypaidhalfoftheyeare.g.theskiseasonislessthan6monthslong.TheincreaseddemandforproductsandservicesmaycauseinflationCountriesorregionsmaybecomedependentonjustoneindustry.Mayplacepressureoninfrastructuree.g.electricityandwatersupply

ENVIRONMENTAL NationalParksmaybecreatedprotectingareasofnaturalbeautyAnimalsobtainaneconomicvalueifpeoplearewillingtopaytoseethem.Ifthevalueoftheanimalisgreateralivethandeadpeoplewillprotectthem.OnegoodexampleofthisisMountainGorillaswhichtouristswillpay$500tosee.

Sometimestouristdevelopmentsmaycausethedestructionofforests,sanddunes,etc.Noiseandlightpollutioncreatedbytouristdevelopmentsmayalsointerferewithanimals.

Butler'sProductCycle

TheButler'smodelattemptstoshowthecyclethatallproductsgothroughfromthembeinglaunchedtothemflourishingorbeingdiscontinued.PeoplehaveappliedtheButler'smodeltotouristdestinations.Themodelsshowsthatproductsordestinationsgothroughsixstages.Thesixstagesare:

Exploration:Anewlydiscoveredtouristlocationthatonlyreceivesaverysmallamountoftourists.Involvement:Anareathatbecomesbetterknown.Tourismissupportedbythelocalpopulationandtheystarttobuildbasictouristinfrastructure.Development:Tourismbecomesanimportantsectoroftheeconomy.Thereismore



investmentfromforeigntourfirms.Infrastructurebecomesdeveloped.Consolidation:Growthcontinueswithresourcesdivertedtothetourismsector.Areasmaychangetotheexclusiveuseoftourists,possiblyalienatinglocals.Stagnation:Thereisincreasedoppositiontotourism,touristfacilitiesmaybecometiredandthenumberoftouristarrivalplateausorevendeclines.Rejuvenation:Atouristdestinationrebrandsitselforimprovestouristfacilities,offerspromotionsorimprovestransportation.Decline:Noimprovementsaremadetothetouristdestinationandthenumberoftouristscontinuestodeclines.

ThedocumentbelowshowshowtheSpanishresortregionofCostadelSolhasmoreorlessfollowedButler'sproductcycle.

CostadeSolButler'sModel.docxDetails Download 14KB

PrimaryTouristResource:Preexistingattractionsthatwerenotspecificallybuiltforthetourismindustrye.g.churches,beaches,mountains,museums.

SecondaryTouristResource:Facilitiesthatarebuiltspecificallyforthetouristindustrye.g.hotels,restaurants,museums.

HumanAttraction:Anattractionthathasbeenbuiltormadebyhumanse.g.castles,churches,museums.

PhysicalAttraction:Naturalattractionse.g.rivers,mountains,beachesoreventheweather.

ElSalvadorCaseStudy

ElSalvadoristhesmallestcountryinCentralAmerica.ItscapitalcityisSanSalvador.Ithasapopulationofjustover6millionandaGDPpercapitaofabout$7,500.ElSalvadorhasalongpacificcoast,idealforsurfing.InlandthereisachainofactivevolcanoesfollowedbymountainousareasalongtheHonduranborder.

ElSalvador'stourismindustryhasgrowndynamicallyoverrecentyearsastheSalvadorangovernmentfocusesondevelopingthissector.Lastyeartourismaccountedfor4.6%ofGDPonly10yearsago,itaccountedfor0.4%.Inthissameyeartourismgrew4.5%worldwide.Comparatively,ElSalvadorsawanincreaseof8.97%,from1.15millionto1.27milliontourists.Thishasledtorevenuefromtourismgrowing35.9%from$634millionto$862million.Asareferencepoint,in1996tourismrevenuewas$44.2million.Also,therehasbeenanevengreaterincreaseinthenumberofexcursionists(visitsthatdonotincludeanovernightstay).222,000excursionistsvisitedElSalvadorin2006,a24%increaseoverthepreviousyear.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador)

HUMANATTRACTIONS PHYSICALATTRACTIONS

TheOrangeRouteSanSalvadorCathedralSuchitotoandAtaco(colonialtowns)TheFlowerRouteMayanattractionse.g.Tuzamal,CasaBlancaLaPalmaPerquinandElMozote(warmemorials)JoyadeCeren(thePompeiiofCentralAmerica)

LagodeIlopangoLagodeCoatepequeElImpossibleNationalParkVolcanoes(SantaAna,SanMiguel,Izalco,SanVicente,etc.)PacificcoastElPitalmountainMontecristoForest

ADVANTAGESOFTOURISM DISADVANTAGESOFTOURISM

Createjobsdirectlyandindirectlye.g.DecameronresortImprovestheimageandreputationofthecountry(importantafterthecivilwar)TouristcompaniesandlocalpaytaxestothegovernmentAttractsforeigninvestmente.g.IntercontinentalandHiltonhotelsImprovedroadsignageImprovedlanguageskills,especiallyEnglishcateringforUStouristsDiversificationoftheeconomyIncreasedprotectionofnationalparksandbiodiversity

Crimetheftoftourists,butalsoextortionoftouristcompanies.IncreasedcongestiononroadsInflationintouristareasPrivatisationofsomebeachesAirandnoisepollutionfromincreasedamountofflightsandtouristresortsMoneydivertedintotourismfromotherservices.



NationalPark:Anareaoflandandwaterthatisprotectedbylaw.Areasarenormallymadenationalparksbecauseoftheirnaturalbeautyand/orbiodiversity.

Honeypot:Alocationthatattractsalargeamountoftourists.

Secondhomes:Ahousethatisnotaperson'smainresidence.Aperson'ssecondhomeisnormallytheirholidayhome.

Ruraldepopulation:Themovementofpeopleoutofthecountryside.

Servicedecline:Thereductionintheamountofservicesprovidede.g.closureofbusroutes,postoffices,etc.

ThePeakDistrictNationalPark

ThePeakDistrictNationalParkisanuplandarealocatedinCentralEngland.ItbecametheUK'sfirstNationalParkin1951.ThePeakDistrictcoversanareaof1,440km2.ThePeakDistrictistheworld'ssecondmostvisitedNationalParkafterMountFujiNationalParkinJapan.ThePeakDistrictisvisitedsomuchbecauseitissurroundedbymanylargeurbanpopulationse.g.Sheffield,Derby,Stoke,ManchesterandNottingham.

ThePeakDistricthasnumeroushumanandphysicalattractions.Attractionsinclude:

HumanAttractions

ChatsworthHosePeverilCastleCastleton(beautifulruralvillage)Bakewell(beautifulruralvillageandhomeofalocaldelicacyBakewelltart)Reservoirs(includingLadybower)

PhysicalAttractions

Naturalmoorlandenvironment,includingtheparkshighestpeak(Kinderscout)Limestonefeaturee.g.DovedaleValleyRiverse.gDoveCavenetworkse.g.BlueJohnCavern(somenetworkshavebeenenlargedbymining)TheRoaches(limestoneclifffacethatattractsclimbers)NaturalspringsatBuxton

ProblemscausedbyTourisminPeakDistrict BenefitsofTourisminPeakDistrict

ThePeakDistrict'sroadsaresmallandhavebecomeheavilycongested.SometouristsdroplitteringwhichisunsightlyandcanharmanimalsManytouristsdonotstayonthefootpathscausingerosioneithersideofthepathanddamagingcropsSometouristsleavefarmgatesopenallowinganimalstoescape.AlotoftheemploymentisonlyseasonalManytouristshavepurchasedsecondhomes.Thismeansmanyhousesarevacantforlongperiodsleadingtoruraldepopulationandservicedecline.Touristscreateair,noiseandwaterpollutionThelargedemandfromtouristshascausedlocalinflation(increaseinprices)

Jobcreation(itisestimatedtourismcreates14,200jobsinthePeakDistrictIncome(itisestimatedtourismgeneratesover$600millioninincome)Improvedinfrastructure(roads,electricity)Improvedfacilitiese.g.restaurants,golfcourses,etc.Protectionofhistoricallandmarkse.g.PeverilCastleProtectionofnaturalbeautyImprovedreputationandimage

Becausetourismbringadvantagesanddisadvantages,manypeopledisagreeoverhowthelandshouldbeused.Youcanlookatthesedisagreementsbycompletingaconflictmatrix.Ifyouthinkagroupwillagreeonhowtousethelandyoucanputatick,ifyouthinkthattheywilldisagreeyoucanputacross.

NationalParkConflictMatrix.docxDetails Download 15KB

AnumberofsolutionshavebeensuggestedinthePeakDistricttotryandreducetheimpactsoftourism.Thesuggestedsolutionsinclude:



Contributionstohttp://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/arelicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttributionNonCommercial3.0License.PortionsnotcontributedbyvisitorsareCopyright2015TangientLLC

Achargetobeplacedonpeopleenteringthenationalpark(entrancefee)Aquotaonthenumberofpeoplevisitingthenationalparke.g.10,000aday.ImprovedfootpathsandimprovedfootpathsignsIncreasedfinesforpeoplelitteringandmorebins.Improvedpublictransport,especiallyparkandridessopeopleleavetheircarsoutsidethenationalparkAredistributionoftourists.Advertisedifferentsiteswithintheparkbettersopeoplearespreadoutmoreevenly.

However,alotofthesesolutionsarehardtoimplementbecausethePeakDistrictNationalParkisaworkingpark.Thismeanspeopleliveandworkwithintheparksoanyrestrictionsonmovementorchargeswillbedifficulttoenforce.

Sustainabletourism:Touristactivitiesthataresocially,environmentallyandeconomicallysustainable.

Ecotourism:Holidaysthatinvolveecorelatedactivitiesandaresustainablee.g.hiking,birdwatching,horseriding,etc.

EcologicalFootprint:Thisisameasureofyourdemandontheearth'sresources.

GlobalFootprintNetwork

TambopataEcolodge

TheTambopataNationalReserve(TNR)andtheBahuajaSoneneNationalParkjointocreateanareaofsubtropicalrainforestcovering3,000,000acres.TheoriginalTambopataCandamoReservedZone(TCRZ)wascreatedbyaministerialresolutionin1990.BothreservesarelocatedintheAmazonrainforestinsoutheastPeru.

Foundedbackin1991,theTambopataEcoLodgeisoneofthemostestablishedecotourismlodgesonthebanksoftheTambopataRiver.Withacapacityofonly59,itisoneofthesmallestlodgesinthereserve.

Thelodgeemploysabout20localPeruvians.Allbuildingsaremadefromlocalmaterials,woodandthatch.Thereisnomainselectricity,allroomsarelitbycandlelight.However,somebuildingsarenowpoweredbysolarenergy.LocalPeruvianfoodisservedinthediningroomusinglocalproducts.

Alltransportationisbyboatandthelocalguidesaimtoeducateallguestsabouttheimportanceofprotectingthelocalfloraandfauna.

TambopataEcolodge

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TypicalEcotourismActivities HowEcotouristResortsCanBeEcofriendly

HikingKayakingBirdwatchingSafari(animalwatching)CyclingBeachcleaningTreeplantingCompletingbirdandanimalsurveys

Userenewableenergysourcese.g.windandsolarBuildusingonlylocalproductsServeonlylocalfood,usinglocallysourcedproductsEmployonlylocalstaffRecycleallwasteTreatandcleanallwaterEducateguestsabouttheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironmentPromotelocalculture

Despitetheaimsofecotourismcaringfortheenvironmentandthelocalcultureandenvironment,itstillhasitscritics.Criticsarguethatmosttouristsstilltravellongdistancestoreachecotouristdestinations,thusreleasinglargeamountsofgreenhousegaseswhentheyfly.Criticsalsoarguethatthebuildingofanylodgeswillcausethedestructionofthenaturalhabitatanddisturblocalfloraandfauna.Alsoguests,howevercarefulwillcreatewastethatneedstobedisposedof.

Tourismticksheet.docDetails Download 978KB

Tourismdefintions.docDetails Download 985KB

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