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The Puritans The Puritans
‘Somebody, somewhere, is
having fun’
‘Somebody, somewhere, is
having fun’
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Time LineTime Line
1492
Columbus comes to the New World
1775-1776
Revolutionary War begins
1608
Jamestown founded in
Virginia
1620
Pilgrims arrive in Mass.
1692
Salem Witch Trials
1720
Great Awakening
1629
Winthrop charters the Massachusetts Bay Company
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Who were these people?!
Who were these people?!
Puritans: Groups of religious separatists who wanted to purify the church of England
Why did they migrate to Why did they migrate to America?America?Religious persecution in EuropeReligious persecution in EuropeLack of jobs and opportunityLack of jobs and opportunityPolitical repression – King James IPolitical repression – King James IDesire for controlDesire for control
Puritans: Groups of religious separatists who wanted to purify the church of England
Why did they migrate to Why did they migrate to America?America?Religious persecution in EuropeReligious persecution in EuropeLack of jobs and opportunityLack of jobs and opportunityPolitical repression – King James IPolitical repression – King James IDesire for controlDesire for control
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Of Pilgrims and Puritans: What’s the difference?
Of Pilgrims and Puritans: What’s the difference?
All Pilgrims are Puritans, but not all Puritans are Pilgrims
Most Puritans are happy to keep the Church of England–simply want to PURIFY it by working from within (Winthrop, Bradstreet, Boston/Massachusetts Bay Co., est. 1630)
Pilgrims are radical Puritans—Church of England has to go—beyond salvation (Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, est. 1620)
Image: Facsimile of Bradford’s manuscript for Of Plymouth Plantation
All Pilgrims are Puritans, but not all Puritans are Pilgrims
Most Puritans are happy to keep the Church of England–simply want to PURIFY it by working from within (Winthrop, Bradstreet, Boston/Massachusetts Bay Co., est. 1630)
Pilgrims are radical Puritans—Church of England has to go—beyond salvation (Bradford, Plymouth Plantation, est. 1620)
Image: Facsimile of Bradford’s manuscript for Of Plymouth Plantation
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Of Pilgrims and Puritans, 2Of Pilgrims and Puritans, 2 “Separatists” – Separate
from Church of England and therefore from England itself
Social outcasts – radical, subversive, persecuted
Of Mayflower and First Thanksgiving fame (a myth)
Image: First Thanksgiving, Jean Louise Gerome
Ferris, early 20th C.
“Separatists” – Separate from Church of England and therefore from England itself
Social outcasts – radical, subversive, persecuted
Of Mayflower and First Thanksgiving fame (a myth)
Image: First Thanksgiving, Jean Louise Gerome
Ferris, early 20th C.
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Sovereignty of GodSovereignty of God
God is the Master of the Universe.
God is infinite, omnipotent, just, and mysterious.
Man is finite and basically evil.
Life. Is. God.
God is the Master of the Universe.
God is infinite, omnipotent, just, and mysterious.
Man is finite and basically evil.
Life. Is. God.
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Puritan Religious Beliefs
Puritan Religious Beliefs
most people damned for all most people damned for all eternityeternity
mercy sent to save particular mercy sent to save particular or “chosen” onesor “chosen” ones
How do you know if you’re How do you know if you’re chosen?chosen?feel the grace via intense feel the grace via intense
emotionsemotionsinner grace reflected in outward inner grace reflected in outward
behavior behavior
most people damned for all most people damned for all eternityeternity
mercy sent to save particular mercy sent to save particular or “chosen” onesor “chosen” ones
How do you know if you’re How do you know if you’re chosen?chosen?feel the grace via intense feel the grace via intense
emotionsemotionsinner grace reflected in outward inner grace reflected in outward
behavior behavior
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Worshipping God Worshipping God
Individual experienceIndividual experience - Each - Each worshipper experiences God worshipper experiences God individually and directly through individually and directly through faith, prayer, and study. faith, prayer, and study.
Direct presence of GodDirect presence of God - God’s - God’s hand was present in every hand was present in every human event, and he rewarded human event, and he rewarded good and punished evil.good and punished evil.
State of Sin – State of Sin – Man was Man was inherently evil and could only inherently evil and could only improve through strict, self-improve through strict, self-discipline and religious discipline and religious communion.communion.
Individual experienceIndividual experience - Each - Each worshipper experiences God worshipper experiences God individually and directly through individually and directly through faith, prayer, and study. faith, prayer, and study.
Direct presence of GodDirect presence of God - God’s - God’s hand was present in every hand was present in every human event, and he rewarded human event, and he rewarded good and punished evil.good and punished evil.
State of Sin – State of Sin – Man was Man was inherently evil and could only inherently evil and could only improve through strict, self-improve through strict, self-discipline and religious discipline and religious communion.communion.
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PredestinationPredestinationSome humans are anointed by
God before birth to be “eligible” to go to heaven.
No one knows whether or not he or she is anointed, so all must work hard to achieve their predestination.
If one is good and works hard, he or she may go to heaven, but there is no free will. You can’t choose.
Bottom line: Puritans are FREAKED they might burn in hell!
Some humans are anointed by God before birth to be “eligible” to go to heaven.
No one knows whether or not he or she is anointed, so all must work hard to achieve their predestination.
If one is good and works hard, he or she may go to heaven, but there is no free will. You can’t choose.
Bottom line: Puritans are FREAKED they might burn in hell!
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Individual experience - Each worshipper experiences God individually and directly through faith, prayer, and study.
Direct presence of God - God’s hand was present in every human event, and he rewarded good and punished evil.
State of Sin – Man was inherently evil and could only improve through strict, self-discipline and religious communion
No separation of church and state – Laws required church attendance, and criminalized immorality such as drinking, swearing, and idleness.
Intolerance – The strictness of Puritan religion did not allow recognition of other religions
Individual experience - Each worshipper experiences God individually and directly through faith, prayer, and study.
Direct presence of God - God’s hand was present in every human event, and he rewarded good and punished evil.
State of Sin – Man was inherently evil and could only improve through strict, self-discipline and religious communion
No separation of church and state – Laws required church attendance, and criminalized immorality such as drinking, swearing, and idleness.
Intolerance – The strictness of Puritan religion did not allow recognition of other religions
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ProvidenceProvidence
God actively comes to Earth and makes things happen in order to reward or punish humans.
For example, if Jonny falls off his bike, God’s spirit literally pushed him off.
God actively comes to Earth and makes things happen in order to reward or punish humans.
For example, if Jonny falls off his bike, God’s spirit literally pushed him off.
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Human DepravityHuman Depravity
Humans are not born innocent, but full of lustful, perverse, depraved, sick, sinful urges.
The work of humans is to overcome that depravity in order to become eligible for heaven.
Bottom Line: You must be “good enough” to get to heaven.
Humans are not born innocent, but full of lustful, perverse, depraved, sick, sinful urges.
The work of humans is to overcome that depravity in order to become eligible for heaven.
Bottom Line: You must be “good enough” to get to heaven.
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Government: Theocracy
Government: Theocracy
No laws were needed because the Bible dictated behavior.
Government and church were one.
No separation of church No separation of church and stateand state – Laws required – Laws required church attendance, and church attendance, and criminalized immorality such criminalized immorality such as drinking, swearing, and as drinking, swearing, and idleness.idleness.
No laws were needed because the Bible dictated behavior.
Government and church were one.
No separation of church No separation of church and stateand state – Laws required – Laws required church attendance, and church attendance, and criminalized immorality such criminalized immorality such as drinking, swearing, and as drinking, swearing, and idleness.idleness.
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Plainness & Simplicity
Plainness & Simplicity
Puritans were not allowed to dance, read, laugh, or partake in other idle entertainment.
All dress and architecture was simple, with no adornment.
Puritans were not allowed to dance, read, laugh, or partake in other idle entertainment.
All dress and architecture was simple, with no adornment.
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ValuesValues
Industriousness – Belief in honest labor and using the time allotted by God
Temperance – Avoid sins such as alcohol, gambling, dancing, and extramarital sex
Simplicity – Live a moderate life so as not to be tempted by earthly things
Education – Free, popular education was needed to teach people to read the Bible
Point: These qualities of their religion also allowed them to be successful as a colony (in contrast to Virginia and its “gentlemen”)
Industriousness – Belief in honest labor and using the time allotted by God
Temperance – Avoid sins such as alcohol, gambling, dancing, and extramarital sex
Simplicity – Live a moderate life so as not to be tempted by earthly things
Education – Free, popular education was needed to teach people to read the Bible
Point: These qualities of their religion also allowed them to be successful as a colony (in contrast to Virginia and its “gentlemen”)
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Puritan CelebritiesPuritan Celebrities
William Bradford
“Of Plymouth Plantation”
Jonathan Edwards
“Sinners in the
Hands of an Angry
God”
John Winthrop
“City upon a Hill”
GOD
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ContributionsContributions
Within six years of arrival, they establish Harvard in 1636.
The Bay Colony required all youth to attend school.
first newspaper was published in Boston
Within six years of arrival, they establish Harvard in 1636.
The Bay Colony required all youth to attend school.
first newspaper was published in Boston
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Puritan Childhood in Colonial America
Puritan Childhood in Colonial America
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DemographicsDemographicsAges at marriage (late teens,
early 20’s)Life expectancies (60-70 years)High fertility rate (healthy) &
low infant mortality rate (20-25%)
Characterized by large (& nuclear) families (7-9 children)
Naming reflected cultural & religious values
Ages at marriage (late teens, early 20’s)
Life expectancies (60-70 years)High fertility rate (healthy) &
low infant mortality rate (20-25%)
Characterized by large (& nuclear) families (7-9 children)
Naming reflected cultural & religious values
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Childrearing Practices
Childrearing Practices
Childbirth & newborn care same as 17th century Europe
Home childbirth by midwivesPuritans valued breastfeeding
(9 passages in bible favor it!)Illegitimacy: great offense
against god
Childbirth & newborn care same as 17th century Europe
Home childbirth by midwivesPuritans valued breastfeeding
(9 passages in bible favor it!)Illegitimacy: great offense
against god
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Childrearing: Transition at Age 7
Childrearing: Transition at Age 7
Influenced by notion of original sinEx: Isaac watts (1715) book for
children“That I am led to see, I can do nothing
well, and whither shall a sinner flee, to save himself from hell.”
Obedience to the will and authority of parents
Church threatened children with eternal damnation
Influenced by notion of original sinEx: Isaac watts (1715) book for
children“That I am led to see, I can do nothing
well, and whither shall a sinner flee, to save himself from hell.”
Obedience to the will and authority of parents
Church threatened children with eternal damnation
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How Parents Regarded Their
Children (17th Century)
How Parents Regarded Their
Children (17th Century)Referred to developmental
stages & child’s play7% of diarists mentioned
child’s sinful nature (out of concern for child!)
Three childrearing modes: EvangelicalModerateGenteel
Referred to developmental stages & child’s play
7% of diarists mentioned child’s sinful nature (out of concern for child!)
Three childrearing modes: EvangelicalModerateGenteel
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How Parents Regarded the
Parental Role (17th century)
How Parents Regarded the
Parental Role (17th century)Same behavior could be
result of different attitudeProtective functionDisciplineAdvisingTraining
Same behavior could be result of different attitude
Protective functionDisciplineAdvisingTraining
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A day in the life of children . . .
A day in the life of children . . .
Farm work for boys beginning at age 5
Girls helped with spinning/sewingPunished for laughing on the
Sabbath dayRunning, whistling, humming
considered sinful any dayParents developed “Sunday toys”
Farm work for boys beginning at age 5
Girls helped with spinning/sewingPunished for laughing on the
Sabbath dayRunning, whistling, humming
considered sinful any dayParents developed “Sunday toys”
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EducationEducation
Dame schools: 1628, form of daycare
Public school: required by law (except RI) and free
Taxation of parents
Dame schools: 1628, form of daycare
Public school: required by law (except RI) and free
Taxation of parents