![Page 1: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
13 The Presidency
![Page 2: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. What are the two contradictory expectations
that Americans have about the presidency?
• They want a powerful president
• However, they dislike a concentration of power
![Page 4: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. Outline the procedure for removing a
president from office. 1. Criminal act
2. House – indict president
– majority vote
3. Senate has hearing to vote to convict or acquit (Associate Justice overseeing) 1. can indict for treason,
bribery, or high crimes
4. Vote?
![Page 5: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. Look at Table 13.3 on page 401 & choose one constitutional power of the president from
each category which you believe is the most important & list them below with an
explanation of WHY you think they are the most important.
• Receive ambassadors of other nation = diplomatic recognition of other gov. – establish friendly relations,
talk in private
• Veto legislation – power to thwart, not divide
goals of two branches
• Take care that the law is executed – has the departments
• Grant reprieve & pardon for federal offenses(except impeachment) – can free civil rights leaders,
anyone they deem fit
![Page 7: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
4. Describe two ways in which the power of the
president has expanded from its constitutional base.
• FDR-president as manager of the economy
• Abraham Lincoln-mobilized country for war
![Page 9: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The President as a “Bully Pulpit”
• a public office or position of authority that provides its occupant with an outstanding opportunity to speak out on any issue
![Page 10: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5. What is the goal of a presidential cabinet & Explain the role of
these different cabinet positions? Cabinet position Role
Department of State
make foreign policy including treaty negotiations
Department of Treasury
serves as government’s banker
Department of Defense
formed by consolidation of departments of army & navy
Department of Justice
serves as government attorney, headed by attorney general
Department of Education
responsible for federal gov’s education programs
Department of Homeland
Security
protecting american people from terrorist threats, securing borders
Goal: advise
president on
matters related to
their department
![Page 12: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
6. List & explain the function of the three major
policy making bodies of the Executive Office.
National Security
Council (NSC)-
coordinates the
president’s
foreign & military
policy advisors to
aid in the
implementation in
national security
policy & activities
Council of
Economic Advisors
(CEA)- advises the
president on
economic policy &
prepares the
annual Economic
Report of the
President
Office of
management &
Budget (OMB)-
[re[ares the
president
budget
![Page 13: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
7. What is the difference between a hierarchical
organization & a wheel-and-spokes system of
White House management?
Hierarchical Wheel & Spokes Different levels of power Chief of staff at top-makes sure everyone else is doing their job
Aids have equal status Balanced against one another in decision making
![Page 15: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe
how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence
Abigail Adams -Early feminist -counseled & lobbied husband -partisan symbol of Federalist party
Eleanor Roosevelt -wrote nationally syndicated newspaper column -traveled & advocated New Deal policies -urged husband to adopt liberal social welfare policies
Laura Bush -former librarian -focused on increasing literacy rates in US -opened libraries across America
Hillary Rodham Clinton -influential adviser to her husband -played an active role in the selection of nominees for cabinet & judicial posts -headed the planning for a massive healthcare reform plan
![Page 16: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
9. What is the difference between a veto, a
pocket veto, & a line-item veto?
Veto Constitutionally legal President sends back bill ⅔ vote in houses to override
Pocket Veto
Congress adjourns within 10 days President doesn't take action Bill dies
Line-item veto
Vetoing specific portions President can't do this Usually exercised by governors
![Page 17: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
10. Explain what is meant by the term
“presidential coattails?” • The tendency for a
popular political party leader to attract votes for other candidates of the same party in an election
![Page 18: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Define “presidential coattails” • If voters approve of
president, they vote for that party for Congressional candidates.
• ex: Ronald Reagan had a coattail effect on public
• After he was in office, public voted in his party (Republicans) for Congressional seats.
![Page 19: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
11. Describe the trend in support for the President
& his policies in Congress over the last forty years.
• Presidents tend to gain about 7 seats in the house of reps. Less than 1 seat gained in senate on average per election cycle.
• Presidents tend to gain support for their policies in later years & during the second term of their presidency
![Page 21: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
12. What are the two indicators of public
support for the president? Describe each. • Mandate- If the public likes
an incumbent & their policies, they will vote them back in.
• The incumbent’s policies are taken up as model – ex: FDR getting re-elected 4
times.
• Polls- Actually ask public their opinion.
• Can gather approval ratings, etc. from polls. – ex: random sample polls to find
approval rating of Congress, etc.
![Page 22: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
13. What is meant by the president’s
“honeymoon” period? • Honeymoon
period: public approval of new president is very high after inauguration.
• Approval begins to drop as time progresses.
![Page 23: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
14. What is an executive agreement & how
does it differ from a treaty? • International agreement
negotiated by President
– Routine, deals with non controversial issues
• Does not require senate ratifications
![Page 24: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
15. What are the main provisions of the
War Powers Resolution (Act of 1973)? • Reaction to American
fighting in Vietnam & Cambodia – requires Presidents to
notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to war
– Forbids armed forces from remaining in action for more than 90 days without authorization
![Page 25: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
16. Why is the president more equipped to
handle a crisis than Congress?
• President can instantly monitor events with modern communication
• Pres-rapid action, secrecy, constant management, expert advice
• Congress-moves slowly, large, decentralized
![Page 27: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
17. What are the “two presidencies?”
Explain them. “Foreign Policy” President “Domestic Policy” President
●President often initiates
motion & provides force
●Higher stakes
●President is the main
prominent role
○Congress oversees &
discusses various
aspects of policy
●Congress often initiates
motion by originating
proposals
●President isn’t the only
prominent role
![Page 28: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
18. What is the difference between the president
as head of state & head of government?
Head of State Head of government President is America’s ceremonial leader
● lighting the White House Christmas tree
● tossing first baseball of the season ● meeting foreign heads of state
President is symbol of government ● authority over the executive branch ● commander & chief of the armed
forces
![Page 29: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
19. Describe the pattern in approval ratings
of presidents shown in Figure 13.3.
• very up & down overall
• tends to start high then decrease
![Page 30: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
20. What is the role of the president’s
press secretary? • interacts with media
• serves as spokesman for pres & other administration
• daily press meeting
• deals with white house press corps
• non-cabinet & don’t need approval of Senate
John Earnest
![Page 32: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
21. In what way(s) is the press biased in their
coverage of the presidency?
• Biased because:
– oversimplified
– superficial
– overblown
– doesnt accurately represent b/c designed to attract views
![Page 33: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
22. In what way(s) is the institution of
the presidency undemocratic? • Not elected DIRECTLY
• Divided government leads to too many checks & balances
• Pressing national challenges neglected
![Page 34: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
23. How does the presidency increase &
decrease the scope of government?
• Depends on the president
– Some support increased role of government
– Others constrain it
• Spending
• Domestic policy
![Page 35: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Twenty-Second Amendment • Amendment 22
states
• no person can be elected more than two four-year terms as president
• in response to the FDR regime
![Page 36: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Twenty Fifth Amendment • allows VP to become
president in the event of death, resignation, removal from office or impairment of president
• VP nominate another VP(majority vote by Congress) – 1841 William Henry Harrison
first to die, Tyler Precedent
![Page 37: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Impeachment • Definition-formal process
in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civil punishment.
• 2 presidents-Andrew Johnson & Bill Clinton have been impeached
![Page 38: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Cabinet • group of
presidential advisors
– not mentioned in constitution
– 13 secretaries & attorney general
![Page 39: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
National Security Council (NSC) • Coordinate the president’s foreign
& military policy advisors – formal members: president, vice
president, secretary of state, & secretary of defense
– managed by president’s national security advisor
• runs council’s staff • provides president information & policy
recommendations on national security • aids president in crisis management • coordinate agency & departmental
activities on national security • monitor implementation of national
security policy
![Page 40: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Council of Economic
Advisors (CEA) Three member body
appointed by president to advise the president on economic policy
![Page 41: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Office of Management & Budget (OMB)
-Consists of a handful of political appointees & hundreds of skilled professionals
-Cerforms managerial & budgetary functions, produces the President’s budget
![Page 42: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Veto Constitutional power of President to send bill back to Congress with reasons for veto. ⅔ vote in both houses can override this.
![Page 43: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Pocket veto Indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president (or a governor) by retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session
![Page 44: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Presidential signing statements • A written
pronouncement issued by the president of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law.
![Page 45: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Presidential Coattails Occur when voters
cast their ballots for
congressional
candidates of the
president's party
because they
support the
president.
![Page 46: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Electoral Mandate • Perception that voters strongly support the president's character & policies
![Page 47: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
War Powers Resolution • intended to check president power
• make sure no commitment US to armed conflict without Congress approval
• Ex why) Nixon secretly bombing Cambodia
• Ex) Obama in Libya & NATO
![Page 48: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
“Honeymoon” period • Definition-fleeting phenomena in which the public
affords new occupants of the White House only a short grace period before they begin their inevitable descent in the polls
![Page 49: The Presidency 13whsjantoon.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/6/8/57682575/ch... · 8. Make a list of four First Ladies & describe how they have influenced the presidency. First Ladies Influence](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042812/5face67a6730297ceb29d7b9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The President as a “Bully Pulpit”
• a public office or position of authority that provides its occupant with an outstanding opportunity to speak out on any issue