•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of

Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

•Born in Virginia

•Graduate of William and Mary College

•A practicing lawyer and member of Virginia’s House of

Burgesses

•Father of the DOI

•Secretary of State under President Washington

•Vice President under Adams

Anti-British/Pro-French•Almost allied with England and went to war with France

to force Napoleon out of New Orleans.

Against slavery•Owned 200 slaves

Strict Construction of Constitution

•Used loose construction of Constitution to justify his purchase of the Louisiana territory

Jefferson realized that “ideas” are often hard to put into practice in the

“real world”.

By 1800, the Federalist party was split, clearing the way to the presidency for the

Democratic-Republicans.

• Two men ran for the party nomination: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr.

ELECTION OF 1800

Jefferson & Burr received an equal number of votes in the Electoral CollegeThis meant that the Federalist-dominated House of Representatives was required to choose a president

Ironically, Alexander Hamilton campaigned for Jefferson

• Hamilton disagreed on most issues Jefferson stood on

• Hamilton personally disliked Jefferson and believed Burr to be “a most unfit and dangerous man.”

• It took 35 ballots, but Jefferson finally won.

Significance of Election of 1800 • Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to

another (bloodless revolution)• “RevolutionaryRevolutionary” achievement

• Jefferson referred to his victory and the subsequent change-over as “the bloodless revolution”

Significance of Election of 1800 • Peaceful transfer of power from one political party to

another (bloodless revolution)• “RevolutionaryRevolutionary” achievement

• Jefferson referred to his victory and the subsequent change-over as “the bloodless revolution”

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

John S. Adams Thomas Jefferson Federalist Democratic/Republican

Election of 1800:Election of 1800: For the second time, a president was saddled with a vice-president he did not want

2. To eliminate future problems1212thth Amendment: Amendment: Requires electors to specify which person they want for President and VP on separate ballots so their would never be a tie.

electoral college

FederalistsFederalists Democratic RepublicansDemocratic RepublicansAdams--Pres---65 Jefferson---Pres.---73

Burr---VP----73

• Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell

dining, casual dress

• Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be

read, rather than speaking himself

• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used

very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural

address

• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway

congressional representatives

• Jefferson integrated democratic principles into presidency, including walking, pell-mell

dining, casual dress

• Set precedent of sending messages to Congress to be

read, rather than speaking himself

• Jefferson dismissed few Federalist appointments, used

very little patronage, consistent with conciliatory inaugural

address

• Jefferson as politician used personal charm to sway

congressional representatives

A New President

• New type of democracy

• Champion for the common mancommon man

• Believed education would prepare them for participation in

government• Believed Believed educationeducation

the key to the key to social social mobilitymobility

• Educated should rule

• Continued to uphold the

treaties signed by Adams&

Washington

• Followed policy of neutrality

• Did not attack tariffs, Bank,

funding at par, or assumption of

debt

• Continued to uphold the

treaties signed by Adams&

Washington

• Followed policy of neutrality

• Did not attack tariffs, Bank,

funding at par, or assumption of

debt

He kept most Federalist programs.He kept most Federalist programs.WHY?

• Felt Federalist diplomats signed good treaties with England, Spain, France, and kept US out of war.

• The Bank of the United States was helping to get the country out of debt

• Federalists preserved democratic gains, while fending off anarchy

• Wanted to help 2-party system by showing that defeat (for Federalists) didn’t mean disaster

Jefferson axed a few Federalist policiesJefferson axed a few Federalist policies

• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act

• Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years

• Pardoned those convicted under expired Sedition Act

• Reduced residency requirement for citizenship back to 5 years

Jefferson and his treasurer Albert Gallatin set out to reduce the national

debt• Under Hamilton, the government had

borrowed money to finance national growth– He thought debt was a good thing: If the

government borrowed from its rich citizens, those citizens would have a vested interest in the country’s growth

• Jefferson decided to abandon this policy, trimmed the federal budget, and cut taxes, all of which he succeeded in doing.

•Jefferson’s Presidency is considered a transitional period in

US History. •Many historians look at this time

period as the beginning of the true democracy.

• TJ believed the National Government became too powerful

during Adam’s Presidency•Would try to reduce National

Govt. power but actually expands Presidential power.

Jeffersonian democracy

KING GEORGEKING GEORGE FEDERALISTS FEDERALISTS JEFFERSONJEFFERSON

Jeffersonian democracy

•Visualized an Visualized an agrarian societyagrarian society •Feared Feared industrializationindustrialization and its and its

effectseffects•FarmersFarmers were the chosen class. were the chosen class.•Laissez faireLaissez faire--govt. stays out of --govt. stays out of

people’s livespeople’s lives

•Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it Felt slavery would eventually end but predicted it would divide countrywould divide country

•Ultimate goal: African Americans would Ultimate goal: African Americans would assimilateassimilate into American societyinto American society

•Co-existence with Co-existence with Native AmericansNative Americans was a long was a long range goal but felt they would have to learn range goal but felt they would have to learn agricultural ways and become self-sufficientagricultural ways and become self-sufficient

•For the time being, felt For the time being, felt Native Americans & whitesNative Americans & whites could not could not co-existco-exist and worked towards and worked towards voluntary voluntary

removalremoval of tribes to western lands of tribes to western lands

• Great Britain’s claims in 1783

• United States in 1783

• Spanish land after 1783

Spanish Land Spanish Land 18001800

New Orleans

•Great Britain’s land after 1783

•United States in 1783

•Spanish land

• New Orleans is a highly desirable port. WHY?

French Land French Land in 1801in 1801

•In 1800, France & Spain signed secret pacts & France acquires

Louisiana & New Orleans

Haitian rev

The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century.

By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and

prosperity.

The French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century.

By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and

prosperity.

• Jefferson knew that the French would use their New Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along

the river

•He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi Valley as possible from France ($10 million)

• Jefferson knew that the French would use their New Orleans’ strategic location to restrict American trade along

the river

•He offered to buy New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi Valley as possible from France ($10 million)

Haitian rev

•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.

•Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. He had wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America

•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

•Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion in French Haiti.

•Napoleon was unable to put down this rebellion. He had wanted to use this island as stepping stone into America

•Forced him to abandon his dream of a French America.

Louisiana purchase

• Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was at war with Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana

Territory to US for $15 million

• Jefferson authorizes the purchased of the Louisiana

Territory, making it an excellent bargain (about 3 cents an acre)

•Doubled the size of the US

• Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

•Why? Didn’t fight a war; no blood shed.

• Since Napoleon lost Haiti & was at war with Great Britain, he offered the entire Louisiana

Territory to US for $15 million

• Jefferson authorizes the purchased of the Louisiana

Territory, making it an excellent bargain (about 3 cents an acre)

•Doubled the size of the US

• Considered Jefferson’s greatest accomplishment

•Why? Didn’t fight a war; no blood shed.

LP Constitutional ?

This sparks a large debate:

Did the President even have the right to purchase land if it is not expressed in the

US Constitution?Jefferson used implied powersimplied powers or loose loose

constructionconstruction to justify his decision

“It was for the best interest of the nation. It is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; and

saying to him when of age, I did this for your good; I pretend to no right to bind you; you may disavow me, and I must get out of the scrape as I can: I thought it

my duty to risk myself for you.”

LP Constitutional ?

•Hamilton and Federalists were against the purchase

•Why? • It would create a population shift take

Federalist power away in Congress• They feared Jefferson’s vision of an

“agrarian society”“agrarian society”•Jefferson referred to this as his “valley of “valley of

democracy”democracy”

LP Constitutional ?

•Conflicted with his commitment to debt reductionConflicted with his commitment to debt reduction

• It facilitated the removal of eastern Native Americans by It facilitated the removal of eastern Native Americans by providing land for their exileproviding land for their exile

• It promised fulfillment of his dream of an agrarian It promised fulfillment of his dream of an agrarian

Map 6 of 45

Expansion of the United States

Map 7 of 45

Expansion of the United Stateswith Louisiana Purchase 1803

•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Merriweather Lewis and army officer William

Clark to explore north Louisiana

• Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.

• Included York, an African American slave

• Carried 21 bags of gifts

•Establish good & stimulate interest in trading for US

manufactured goods

•Spring, 1804: Jefferson sends personal secretary Merriweather Lewis and army officer William

Clark to explore north Louisiana

• Corp of Discovery: 28 men who accompanied Lewis/Clark.

• Included York, an African American slave

• Carried 21 bags of gifts

•Establish good & stimulate interest in trading for US

manufactured goods

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Knew the

languages of mountain tribes

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and

Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

•Interpreter and guide for Lewis and Clark

•Her knowledge of trails and mountain passes helped with the success of the expedition.

•She was also a “diplomat” for Lewis and Clark. Knew the

languages of mountain tribes

•Her presence with a baby was looked upon as good and

Lewis and Clark were considered peaceful.

The Expedition yielded maps, knowledge of Native Americans, &

overland trail to Pacific

• It caused many pioneers to turn their attentions westward in search of wealth and freedom.

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Democratic Republican

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary

war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

•Aaron Burr (1756-1836)

•Born in Newark N.J.

•Democratic Republican

•Fought with the continental Army in the Revolutionary

war.

•A practicing lawyer in New York City against Hamilton

•Vice President of the United States (1801-1805).

Both held grudges against each other &

when Hamilton accused Burr of being a liar, Burr

challenged the Federalist leader to a

duel

Both held grudges against each other &

when Hamilton accused Burr of being a liar, Burr

challenged the Federalist leader to a

duel

Hamilton did not fire & Burr was indicted for murderHamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of

many

Hamilton did not fire & Burr was indicted for murderHamilton’s death in 1804 deprived the Federalists of their last great leader and earned Burr the enmity of

many

Political career in ruins, he fled to the West

In 1806, he schemed to take Mexico from Spain and carve a

new empire out of the Louisiana Territory

Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s

arrest and trial for treason

Political career in ruins, he fled to the West

In 1806, he schemed to take Mexico from Spain and carve a

new empire out of the Louisiana Territory

Jefferson learned of the conspiracy and ordered Burr’s

arrest and trial for treason

A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack

of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

A jury acquitted Burr, basing its decision on Marshall’s narrow definition of treason and the lack

of witnesses to any “overt act” by Burr

In 1805, the British and French were at war and at a

stalemate. In an effort to gain an advantage, each side began blockading the other’s trade

routes.

• The US, dependent on both as trade partners, suffered greatly from the blockades.

• To add insult to injury, the British began stopping American ships and impressing them again

•1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of Virginia.

•A British ship in the region ordered it to stop, but it refused.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

•1807, the USS Chesapeake was sent to protect US merchant ships 10 miles off the coast of Virginia.

•A British ship in the region ordered it to stop, but it refused.

•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake before it surrendered

•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4 sailors impressed

Chesapeake affair

Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British

Most Americans were angered over this incident and public opinion was to go to war with the British

Chesapeake article

Regarding the Chesapeake Affair, the Washington

Federalist reported,

“We have never, on any occasion, witnessed the spirit

of the people excited to so great a degree of

indignation, or such a thirst for revenge, as on hearing of the late unexampled outrage

on the Chesapeake. All parties, ranks and

professions were unanimous in their detestation of the

dastardly deed, and all cried aloud for vengeance.”

• Jefferson was at a loss.

• He couldn’t go to war against the British because

the US Navy was no match for

England’s forces.

• If you were Jefferson, what would you do?

• Jefferson was at a loss.

• He couldn’t go to war against the British because

the US Navy was no match for

England’s forces.

• If you were Jefferson, what would you do?

• He decided to boycott by convincing Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.

•This cut off trade with all foreign nations

•By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it would force them to respect US neutrality (aka

economic coercion)

• He decided to boycott by convincing Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807.

•This cut off trade with all foreign nations

•By cutting off trade with them, he hoped that it would force them to respect US neutrality (aka

economic coercion)

While boycotting, he decided to increase military & naval expenditures

• Embargo Act hurt the US because it basically shut down America’s import and export business, causing disastrous economic results

• New England’s economy collapsed (talks of secession started), and smuggling became widespread

• Jefferson thus repealed the unsuccessful Embargo Act and did not run again for president.

•American people became angry with Jefferson

•The Embargo Act was thus replaced by the Non-

Intercourse Act by President Madison, which allowed U.S. exports and trade but not with France

and Great Britain

embargo2

“Our ships all in motion,Once whiten’d the ocean;

They sail’d and return’d with a Cargo;Now doom’d to decayThey are fallen a prey,

To Jefferson, worms and EMBARGO.”

A Federalist circular in Massachusetts A Federalist circular in Massachusetts against the embargo cried out,against the embargo cried out,

““Let every man who holds the name of Let every man who holds the name of America dear to him , stretch forth his hands America dear to him , stretch forth his hands

and put this accursed thing, this Embargo and put this accursed thing, this Embargo from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty, from him. Be resolute, act like sons of liberty,

of God, and your country; nerve your arms of God, and your country; nerve your arms with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson) with vengeance against the Despot (Jefferson)

who would wrest the inestimable germ of who would wrest the inestimable germ of your Independence from you---and you shall your Independence from you---and you shall

be Conquerors!!!”be Conquerors!!!”

• Born in Virginia, 1755• Served as an officer with General

Washington during the Revolution• Attended College of William and

Mary and became a practicing attorney.

• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.

• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his court decisions would reflect the need for a strong national government over the states.

• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist party died out.