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THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITYOF GROUNDWATER IN RELATION TO
SURFACE WATER POLLUTION INMAJIDUN AREA OF IKORODU, LAGOSSTATE, NIGERIA.
AWOYEMI OLUSHOLA MOSES
2012
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1.0. INTRODUCTION
Much of the current concern with regardsto environmental quality is focused onwater because of its importance inmaintaining the human health and health
of the ecosystem. Fresh water is finiteresource, essential for agriculture, industryand even human existence, without fresh
water of adequate quantity and quality,sustainable development will not bepossible (Kumar, 1997).
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1.1. Statement of Research Problem
The quality of surface and groundwater isoften affected by increasing population,urbanization and/or anthropogenic activities inthe environment. Surface water in the area of
study is also being polluted and this can causevariation in the groundwater quality in thearea.
However, there is limited documentation of the
changes that take place on the physico-chemical quality of surface and groundwater,hence this study.
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1.2. Specific Objectives of the Research
The specific objectives of the study are:
to determine the physico-chemical waterquality of groundwater resource in Majidun
area of Ikorodu, Lagos State;
determine the seasonal variation pattern ingroundwater quality in the area; and
assess the effect of surface water pollutionon the physico-chemical quality of the
groundwater resource.
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3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. Geographical Location of the Study Area
The study area Majidun-ilaje community islocated in Ikorodu west area of LagosState between longitudes 3o 27' E and 3o
28' E and latitude 6o 37' N. It is situatedalong the Coast of Majidun River, anextension of Oba River which channelsinto Lagos lagoon. The area is populated
and covers 1.71 km2 area of land. Themaps of the sample location (majidunarea) and sampling points are shown inFigures 3.1 and 3.2.
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Fig. 3.1 Map of Lagos State indicating Fig. 3.2 Map of the samplingMajidun area, Ikorodu. points in Majidun area.
. RUS
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3.2. ExperimentalTABLE 3.1: Water Sample Sources and GPS Location
Sample
No.
Water Source Symbol GPS Location Distance
(m)
Depth of water (m) Total depth
(m)
Dry Wet
01 River (Upstream) RUS N 6o 37' 9.3'' E 3o
28' 8.7''
0.0
02 River (Downstream) RDS N 6o 37' 7.1'' E 3o
28' 8.4''
70.38
03 Hand-dug Well HDW-1 N 6o 37' 10.0'' E 3o
28' 4.7''
127.62 9.7 5.8 12.0
04 Hand-dug Well HDW-2 N 6o 37' 8.4'' E 3o
28' 3.9''
139.82 4.8 1.5 8.0
05 Hand-dug Well HDW-3 N 6o 37' 9.0'' E 3o28' 2.4''
189.76 3.6 0.7 6.0
06 Hand-dug Well HDW-4 N 6o 37' 10.5'' E 3o
28' 1.9''
203.08 3.8 0.8 6.6
07 Borewell BW-1 N 6o 37' 11.1'' E 3o
28' 11.2''
79.90
08 Borewell BW-2 N 6o 37' 12.6'' E 3o
28' 0.4''
254.12
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Parameter Method Procedure/ Equipment Sample
volume(ml)
Unit
Temperature
pH
Conductivity
Colour
(True and
Apparent)
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
Colorimetric
Mercury-in-glass
bulb thermometer
pH-meter
Conductivity meter
Colorimeter (Wavelength =
430nm)
-
-
-
10
oC
-
uS/cm
Pt-Co
Turbidity
Total dissolved
solids (TDS)
Nephelometric
Gravimetric
Colorimeter (Wavelength =
540 nm)
Difference in weights of filtered
and unfiltered sample after
evaporation of to constant
weight at at 105 2 oC.
10
100
NTU
mgL-1
TABLE 3.2: Methods for the Analysis of Physical Parameters of WaterQuality
Source: APHA et al., (1995).
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TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemicalparameters of Water Quality
Water
quality Parameter
Method Titrant and
Indicator
Volume
Used(ml)
Colour Change Unit
Alkalinity Acid-Base
Titration
H2SO4
and
Mixed indicator
(Bromocresol green
and Methyl red)
50 Light blue to Pink mgL-1
Chloride (Cl-) Mohr-
Titration
Hg(NO3)2
and Diphenylcarbazone-
bromo phenol blue
50 Yellow to
Purple
mgL-1
Calcium Complexio-metric
Titration
Na2EDTA
and
Calcon indicator
50 Purple to
Light blue
mgL-1
Magnesium
Total hardness
Organic carbon,
Organic matter
(TOM), and Chemical
oxygen demand
(COD)
Complexio-
metric
titration
Complexio-metric
titration
Chromic acid wet
digestion titration
Na2EDTA
and
Eriochrome
Black-T indicator
Na2EDTAand
Eriochrome
Black-T indicator
Ferrous ammonium
sulphate
and
Barium diphenylamine
sulphonate
50
25
100
Purple to
Light blue
Wine red toLight blue
Yellow to
Light green
mgL-1
mgL-1
mgL-1
TABLE 3.3: Titrimetric methods for the analysis of Chemical parameters of Water Quality
Source: Ademoroti (1996b); APHA et al(1995).
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TABLE 3.4: Instrumentation Methods Used in the ChemicalAnalyses of Water Quality Parameters.
Water
Quality parameter
Instrument used Wavelength (nm) Unit
Sodium (Na+) Flame emission
Spectrophotometer (FES)
589.0 mgl-1
Potassium (K+) Flame emission
Spectrophotometer (FES)
766.0 mgl-1
Sulphate (SO42-) Turbidimetric
(Turbidity meter)
540.0 mgl-1
Phosphate (PO43-
)
Nitrate (NO32-)
Turbidimetric(Turbidity meter)
Turbidimetric
(Turbidity meter)
882.0
420.0
mgl-1
mgl-1
Source: Golterman et al., (1978); APHA et al., (1995).
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4.0.RESULTTABLE 4.1: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in dryseason for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos
Parameters Permissible
Limit
(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
Temp (oC) Ambient 28.050.05 28.100.10 27.800.10 28.000.10 27.650.15 27.700.10 28.100.10 27.650.05
pH 6.5-8.5 6.900.10 6.850.25 7.150.15 6.800.00 7.450.05 7.350.05 6.850.25 6.900.40
App.C (Pt.Co) 15 139.9632.
01
171.5832.
33
171.5832.
33
27.9815.9
9
27.9815.9
9
43.970.00 43.970.00 0.000.00
Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 27.9815.9
9
43.970.00 27.9815.9
9
11.990.00 6.006.00 11.990.00 11.990.00 0.000.00
Turb (NTU) 5 8.534.90 11.804.90 21.601.63 3.643.26 11.801.63 3.643.26 6.900.00 0.370.00
EC (S/cm) 1000 13880.00
5350.00
13730.00
5090.00
4290.001
50.00
2040.003
0.00
1880.001
0.00
1900.008
0.00
1620.000.
00
60.000.00
TDS (mg/L) 500 8883.204
324.00
8787.003
257.60
2745.696.
00
1305.601
9.20
1203.206.
40
1216.005
1.20
1036.800.
00
38.400.00
Alk (mg/L) 50-200 48.008.00 44.008.00 33.001.00 27.001.00 29.001.00 24.002.00 25.001.00 23.001.00
TH (mg/L) 500 1470.232
38.62
1494.435
4.32
1366.302
76.85
1039.852
27.65
1393.632
18.28
1276.482
18.28
981.2826
7.48
842.6549.
20
TOC (mg/L) 1.0 0.130.00 0.240.02 0.180.02 0.660.12 0.110.01 0.120.00 0.130.01 0.070.00
TOM (mg/L) 3.0 0.280.04 0.420.04 0.320.02 1.130.21 0.190.02 0.200.01 0.220.02 0.130.01
COD (mg/L) 5.0 0.360.02 0.650.06 0.490.04 1.750.32 0.290.03 0.310.02 0.340.03 0.200.02
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TABLE 4.1 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in dry season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,Lagos
Parameters Permiss
ibleLimit
(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
K+ (mg/L) 50 45.501
5.50
45.501
5.25
26.000
.00
27.751
.25
17.630
.88
30.381
.12
14.250
.25
1.380.
12
Na+ (mg/L) 200 926.00
238.00
1009.00
274.00
434.50
35.50
151.00
11.00
145.50
5.50
150.00
5.00
162.00
6.00
11.000
.00
Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 306.00
30.00
318.00
18.00
318.00
66.00
246.00
54.00
330.00
54.00
306.00
54.00
234.00
66.00
204.00
12.00
Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 86.254
6.25
76.255
1.25
25.002
.50
12.502
.50
16.251
.25
8.751.
25
8.751.
25
2.500.
00
Cl- (mg/L) 250 32684.9
010138
.70
37438.3
07937.
70
4573.06
63.81
1396.73
35.45
1318.74
155.98
1191.12
85.08
1474.72
28.36
247.33
34.63
SO42- (mg/L) 100 6.141.3
5
8.525.
10
1.270.
03
1.600.
76
3.820.
06
4.080.
87
1.100.
08
1.020.
28
PO43- (mg/L) 100 1.571.1
4
1.101.
07
0.720.
10
0.860.
16
1.480.
55
1.200.
46
0.580.
18
1.260.
55
NO3- (mg/L) 45 0.960.0
0
0.330.
12
0.960.
25
0.580.
12
0.460.
00
0.230.
23
0.230.
23
0.100.
10
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TABLE 4.2: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variables investigated in wetseason for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu, Lagos.
Parameters Permissib
le Limit
(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
Temp (oC) Ambient 26.550.
35
26.350.
35
26.150.
05
26.100.
20
26.200.
00
26.200.
10
26.300.
20
26.300.
10
pH 6.5-8.5 6.650.55
6.450.4
5
6.400.4
0
6.700.0
0
7.100.2
0
6.600.0
0
6.800.3
0
6.100.2
0
App.C (Pt.Co) 15 219.9016.00
251.871
5.99
59.9716
.00
11.990.
00
6.006.0
0
27.9815
.99
91.9616
.00
6.006.0
0
Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 75.9631.99
107.953
1.99
11.990.
00
11.990.
00
0.000.0
0
11.990.
00
11.990.
00
0.000.0
0
Turb (NTU) 5 18.341.64
18.334.90
13.443.26
2.001.63
3.643.26
5.261.64
8.942.04
2.001.63
EC (S/cm) 1000 3050.002690.00
2925.00
2525.00
3350.00
510.00
1860.00
330.00
2340.00
410.00
1620.00
320.00
1540.00
140.00
165.009
5.00
TDS (mg/L) 500 1830.001614.00
1755.00
1515.00
2010.00
306.00
1116.00
198.00
1404.00
246.00
972.001
92.00
924.008
4.00
99.0057
.00
Alk (mg/L) 50-200 13.001.
00
16.505.
50
73.0017
.00
80.007.
00
92.0012
.00
93.0020
.00
74.0010
.00
13.002.
00TH (mg/L) 500 258.141
72.10
241.321
26.58
358.071
47.03
402.921
70.78
534.561
20.24
452.782
08.14
229.404
4.88
365.202
39.32
TOC (mg/L) 1.0 4.570.22
4.180.3
3
4.340.0
6
4.820.1
2
4.260.2
1
4.160.2
0
4.340.0
2
3.640.8
4
TOM (mg/L) 3.0 7.880.3
7
7.210.5
7
7.480.1
0
8.320.2
0
7.340.3
6
7.180.3
4
7.480.0
3
6.271.4
4
COD (mg/L) 5.0 12.200.58
11.160.88
11.570.16
12.880.31
11.360.56
11.100.52
11.580.04
9.702.23
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TABLE 4.2 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in wet season for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells in Majidun area of Ikorodu,Lagos.
Parameters Permissi
ble
Limit(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-
1
HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
K+ (mg/L) 50 13.751
0.00
13.009
.25
34.13
1.62
26.123
.88
24.003
.50
30.252
.25
15.000
.00
3.382.
12
Na+ (mg/L) 200 265.50
234.50
259.00
231.00
219.00
121.0
0
112.00
43.00
140.50
30.50
105.50
24.50
139.50
13.50
9.751.
25
Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 52.293
2.83
49.712
3.25
58.37
38.91
69.314
0.13
89.983
1.62
81.475
2.29
49.861
0.94
87.555
8.37
Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 17.501
5.00
15.001
2.50
47.50
5.00
47.502
.50
66.253
.75
47.502
.50
10.000
.00
2.500.
00
Cl- (mg/L) 250 2906.90
2495.6
8
3417.38
2991.9
8
2396.4
21020
.96
1120.22
70.90
1155.67
475.03
744.45
177.25
1269.06
347.44
233.97
21.27
SO42- (mg/L) 100 24.968
.11
19.667
.80
22.46
7.48
16.220
.00
53.200
.80
21.720
.74
6.242.
50
7.182.
80
PO43- (mg/L) 100 1.420.
42
1.680.
56
2.942.
16
1.200.
84
2.211.
46
1.641.
22
1.680.
36
1.640.
81
NO3- (mg/L) 45 1.080.
12
1.080.
37
1.580.
87
1.450.
99
1.330.
87
1.700.
25
0.830.
12
0.830.
12
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TABLE 4.3: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemical variablesinvestigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and bore wells.
Parameters Permissibl
e Limit
(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
Temp (oC) Ambient 27.300.4
6
27.220.5
3
26.980.
48
27.050.5
6
26.920.4
2
26.950.4
4
27.200.5
3
26.980.3
9
pH 6.5-8.5 6.780.24 6.650.24 6.780.28
6.750.03 7.280.13 7.020.19 6.820.16 6.500.29
App.C (Pt.Co) 15 179.9327.31
211.732
7.46115.773
5.43
19.988.0
0
16.999.4
3
35.988.0
0
67.9615.
31
3.003.00
Tr.C (Pt.Co) 15 51.9720.12
75.9622.
62
19.998.
00
11.990.0
0
3.003.00 11.990.00
11.990.0
0
0.000.00
Turb (NTU) 5 13.433.53
15.063.40
17.522.79
2.821.56 7.722.79 4.451.56 7.921.02 1.180.82
EC (S/cm) 1000 8465.003968.69
8327.50
3887.113820.00
347.471950.00
144.912110.00
213.701760.00
157.061580.00
61.64112.504
9.22
TDS (mg/L) 500 5356.602556.12
5271.102
504.43
2377.80
249.471210.80
97.931303.60
115.991094.00
107.43980.404
7.2968.7029.
11
Alk (mg/L) 50-200 30.5010.
63
30.258.8
7
53.0013
.48
53.5015.
57
60.5018.
84
58.5021.
54
49.5014.
73
18.003.0
3TH (mg/L) 500 864.183
69.94867.873
66.09862.193
17.94721.382
17.50964.092
68.05864.632
67.77605.342
43.66603.931
70.13
TOC (mg/L) 1.0 2.351.28 2.211.14 2.261.20
2.741.20 2.191.20 2.141.17 2.231.22 1.861.08
TOM(mg/L) 3.0 4.082.20 3.821.97 3.902.0
7
4.722.08 3.772.07 3.692.02 3.852.10 3.201.87
COD(mg/L) 5.0 6.283.42 5.903.06 6.023.20
7.313.22 5.833.20 5.703.12 5.963.24 4.952.89
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TABLE 4.3 continued: Mean and standard error of mean of physical and chemicalvariables investigated in dry and wet seasons for river water, hand-dug wells and borewells
Parameters Permissibl
e Limit
(WHO)
RUS RDS HDW-1 HDW-2 HDW-3 HDW-4 BW-1 BW-2
K+ (mg/L) 50 29.6211.86
29.2511.
88
30.062.
44
26.941.
73
20.812.
36
30.311.
03
14.620.
24
2.381.0
4
Na+ (mg/L) 200 595.75234.44
634.002
61.31326.758
0.75131.502
1.33143.001
2.73
127.751
6.41
150.758
.86
10.380.
62
Mg2+ (mg/L) 250 179.1475.46
183.867
8.37188.188
1.21
157.665
7.93
209.997
3.84
193.747
1.71
141.935
9.76
145.774
1.50
Ca2+ (mg/L) 200 51.8828.07
45.6227.
86
36.256.
88
30.0010
.21
41.2514
.52
28.1211
.24
9.380.6
2
2.500.0
0
Cl- (mg/L) 250 17796.009595.
02
20428.00
10413.7
0
3484.70
754.461258.50
86.131237.20
209.48967.781
51.881371.90
154.20240.651
7.03
SO42- (mg/L) 100 15.556.39
14.094.98
11.876.84
8.914.23
28.5214.26
12.905.11
3.671.80
4.102.12
PO43-(mg/L) 100 1.500.
501.390.52 1.831.0
91.020.3
6
1.840.6
71.420.5
51.120.3
6
1.450.4
1
NO3- (mg/L) 45 1.020.
060.710.27 1.270.4
11.020.4
80.890.4
40.960.4
50.530.2
00.470.2
2
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Fig. 4.1. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples for Temp., pH, Total hardness andTrue color.
4.1. Mean Seasonal Variation
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Fig. 4.2. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples for App.color, Turbidity, Conductivity, andAlkalinity.
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Fig. 4.3. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-chemical parameters of the water samples for TDS, TOC, TOM and COD.
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Fig. 4.4. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples for Chloride, Sulphate, Phosphateand Nitrate ions.
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Fig. 4.5. Graphical Presentation of the Mean Seasonal Variation in the Physico-
chemical parameters of the water samples for Potassium, Sodium, Magnssiumand Calcium ions.
TABLE 4 4 ANOVA of the physico chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for River
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Samples
Parameters
Upstream river (RUS)
F Sig.
Downstream river (RDS)
F Sig.
Temperature (oC) 18.000 0.051 23.113 0.041*
pH 0.200 0.698 0.604 0.518
Conductivity (S/cm) 3.271 0.212 3.616 0.198
Organic Carbon (mg/l) 426.380 0.002** 139.449 0.007**
Organic matter (mg/l) 417.040 0.002** 141.207 0.007**
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 423.713 0.002** 141.980 0.007**
Chloride ion (mg/l) 8.134 0.104 16.084 0.057
Sulphate ion (mg/l) 5.240 0.149 1.428 0.355
Phosphate ion (mg/l) 0.015 0.913 0.231 0.678
Nitrate ion (mg/l) 1.000 0.423 3.606 0.198
Potassium ion (mg/l) 2.963 0.227 3.320 0.210
Sodium ion (mg/l) 3.908 0.187 4.380 0.171
Magnessium ion (mg/l) 32.545 0.029* 83.255 0.012*
Calcium ion (mg/l) 1.999 0.293 1.348 0.365
Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 3.472 0.203 3.381 0.189
Turbidity (NTU) 3.306 0.198 0.888 0.445
Alkalinity (mg/l) 18.846 0.049* 8.024 0.105
Total hardness (mg/l) 16.973 0.054 82.767 0.012*
Apparent color (Pt.Co) 4.991 0.115 4.958 0.156
True color (Pt.Co) 1.800 0.312 4.000 0.184
TABLE 4.4. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for RiverMajidun.
TABLE 4 5 ANOVA of the physico chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for Hand dug wells
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Samples
Parameters
HDW-1
F Sig.
HDW-2
F Sig.
HDW-3
F Sig.
HDW-4
F Sig.
Temp (oC) 217.800 0.005** 72.200 0.014* 93.444 0.011* 112.500 0.009**
pH 3.082 0.221 - - 2.882 0.232 169.000 0.006**
E. C (S/cm) 3.127 0.219 0.295 0.641 1.258 0.379 0.721 0.485
TOC (mg/l) 4584.000 0.000** 602.735 0.002** 381.014 0.003** 431.078 0.002**
TOM (mg/l) 4400.000 0.000** 614.698 0.002** 383.117 0.003** 433.124 0.002**
COD (mg/l) 4315.000 0.000** 615.817 0.002** 383.149 0.003** 430.603 0.002**
Cl-(mg/l) 4.528 0.167 12.168 0.073 0.106 0.775 5.161 0.151
SO42-(mg/l) 8.018 0.105 370.056 0.003** 3840.000 0.000** 238.536 0.004**
PO43-(mg/l) 1.040 0.415 0.157 0.731 0.219 0.686 0.111 0.771
NO3- (mg/l) 0.472 0.563 0.753 0.477 1.000 0.423 18.962 0.049*
K+(mg/l) 25.000 0.038* 0.159 0.728 3.122 0.219 0.002 0.965
Na+ (mg/l) 2.921 0.230 0.772 0.472 0.026 0.887 3.167 0.217
Mg2+ (mg/l) 11.483 0.077 6.897 0.120 14.713 0.062 8.922 0.096
Ca2+ (mg/l) 16.200 0.057 98.000 0.010* 160.000 0.006** 192.200 0.005**
TDS (mg/l) 5.261 0.149 0.908 0.441 0.666 0.500 1.508 0.344
Turb (NTU) 5.006 0.155 0.201 0.698 5.006 0.155 0.199 0.699
Alk (mg/l) 5.517 0.143 56.180 0.017* 27.372 0.035* 11.785 0.075
TH (mg/l) 10.345 0.085 5.009 0.155 11.883 0.075 7.459 0.112
AC (Pt.Co) 9.575 0.090 1.000 0.423 1.657 0.327 1.000 0.423
TC (Pt.Co) 1.000 0.423 - - 1.000 0.423 - -
TABLE 4.5. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and wet) for Hand dug wells
TABLE 4 6 ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry and
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Samples
Parameters
BW-1
F Sig.
BW-2
F Sig.
Temperature (oC) 64.800 0.015* 145.800 0.007**
pH 0.016 0.910 3.200 0.216
Conductivity (S/cm) 0.327 0.625 1.222 0.384
Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) 36900 0.000** 18.174 0.051
Total Organic matter (mg/l) 40540 0.000** 18.180 0.051
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 43150 0.000** 18.190 0.051
Chloride ion (mg/l) 0.348 0.615 0.108 0.774
Sulphate ion (mg/l) 4.230 0.176 4.773 0.161
Phosphate ion (mg/l) 7.226 0.115 0.151 0.735
Nitrate (mg/l) 5.344 0.147 20.332 0.046*
Potassium ion (mg/l) 9.000 0.095 0.883 0.447
Sodium ion (mg/l) 2.320 0.267 1.000 0.423
Magnessium ion (mg/l) 7.576 0.111 3.819 0.190
Calcium ion (mg/l) 1.000 0.423 - -
Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 1.803 0.311 1.130 0.399
Turbidity (NTU) 1.000 0.423 1.000 0.423
Alkalinity (mg/l) 23.772 0.040* 20.000 0.047*
Total hardness (mg/l) 7.685 0.109 3.819 0.190
Apparent color (Pt.Co) 9.000 0.095 1.000 0.423
True color (Pt.Co) - - - -
TABLE 4.6. ANOVA of the physico-chemical parameters between seasons (dry andwet) for Bore wells
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Samples
Parameters
River and HDW
Sig.
River and BW
Sig.
BW and HDW
Sig.
Temperature (oC) 0.751 0.923 0.957
pH 0.429 0.973 0.297
Conductivity (S/cm) 0.003** 0.001** 0.619
Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) 0.999 0.976 0.955
Total Organic matter (mg/l) 0.999 0.975 0.955
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 0.999 0.976 0.955
Chloride ion (mg/l) 0.001** 0.002** 0.973
Sulphate ion (mg/l) 0.992 0.288 0.158
Phosphate ion (mg/l) 0.984 0.963 0.885
Nitrate (mg/l) 0.825 0.536 0.174
Potassium ion (mg/l) 0.897 0.006** 0.005**
Sodium ion (mg/l) 0.001** 0.001** 0.633
Magnessium ion (mg/l) 0.994 0.837 0.729
Calcium ion (mg/l) 0.517 0.025* 0.109
Total dissolved solid (mg/l) 0.003** 0.001** 0.639
Turbidity (NTU) 0.101 0.018* 0.440
Alkalinity (mg/l) 0.112 0.971 0.184
Total hardness (mg/l) 0.998 0.612 0.555
Apparent color (Pt.Co) 0.000** 0.000** 0.869
True color (Pt.Co) 0.000** 0.000** 0.833
TABLE 4.7. Post-Hoc multivariate comparism (Sheffe) to compare betweenphysico-chemical parameters of water sources
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5.0. DISCUSSION
The physico-chemical water quality of surfaceand groundwater resources in Majidun area ofIkorodu, Lagos State.
The seasonal variation pattern in surface and
groundwater quality in the area.
The effect of surface water pollution on thephysico-chemical quality of the groundwater
resource.
Interrelationship study between the physico-chemial parameters of the water sources.
5 1 CONCLUSION
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5.1. CONCLUSION
The result of the river water quality
indicated that it is highly polluted andunsafe (above WHO limits) for human use.The hand dug wells and the closest borewell to the river are relatively polluted withsignificant variations between the two majorseasons. The quality of farthest bore well(BW-2) to the river indicated that it is within
the WHO permissible limit to be used forvarious purposes.
Concl sion cotin ed
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Conclusion cotinued
The polluted surface water also hadsignificant influence on the groundwaterquality which varied with distance awayfrom the polluted river and depth of thegroundwater. Based on this, it is therefore
adviced that the anthropogenic activitiescausing the pollution of the water bodiesshould be avoided.
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5.2. Contribution to knowledge
The study has provided information on thequality of surface and groundwater and theimpact of anthropogenic activities on the
groundwater quality in relation to surfacewater pollution in Majidun community ofIkorodu, Lagos State.
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