Bill Laing
LAING EXPLORATION Pty Ltd
18 August 2016
1
The Nightflower high-grade polymetallic ore system, and its relationship to the Red Dome
IRGS deposit type and the Permo-Carboniferous intrusive system in the Chillagoe region
Geological summary
See Poster for Exploration & commercial summary
2
The Nightflower high-grade polymetallic ore system, and its relationship to the Red Dome
IRGS deposit type and the Permo-Carboniferous intrusive system in the Chillagoe region
Expansion of (separate) Red Dome and Nightflower deposits into:
a single ore system: porphyry + epithermal
higher grade orebodies: 2x grade
new geological host units: 3x
expanded depth range: 2x depth
expanded target terrane: 40x area
Model already contains world-class orebodies & mineseg Red Dome, Mungana, Mount Leyshon, Pajingo
aka PERN Model:Porphyry-Epithermal Red Dome-Nightflower Model
3
PERN orebodies & mines
Predicted PERN orebodies
4
4
Mineralised Featherbed Cauldron in the Hodgkinson Basin
Maps: DNRM (2014)Mackenzie et al (1993)
Nightflower
Red Dome camp
Chillagoe
Cairns
5
5
Maps DNRM (2014)Mackenzie et al (1993)
Nightflower
Red Dome camp
FEATHERBED VOLCANIC CAULDRONYounger volcanics covering early
calderas & mineralisationEARLY CALDERAS ON FEATHERBED CAULDRON RIM
Older volcanics containing mineralisation
Mineralised early calderas on the Featherbed Cauldron rim
Chillagoe
Cairns
6
6
Maps DNRM (2014)Mackenzie et al (1993)
Nightflower
Red Dome camp
FEATHERBED VOLCANIC CAULDRONYounger volcanics covering early
calderas & mineralisationEARLY CALDERAS ON FEATHERBED CAULDRON RIM
Older volcanics containing mineralisation
Mineralised early calderas on the Featherbed Cauldron rim
Chillagoe
Cairns
Nightflower Fault host: 58% is unmapped and unsampled
5.4 km fault length,3.1 km unmapped
HODGKINSON FORMATION
NIGHTFLOWER DACITE
FEATHERBED VOLCANICS
WABAREDORY GRANITE
Map
Unmapped & unsampled
Unmapped & unsampled
Mineralisation recorded
FAULT KNOWLEDGE SECTORS:
299-308 Ma
308 Ma281 Ma
Mapped, sampled, drilledNIGHTFLOWER
TERRACE Prospect
ca 308 Ma
Mt Leyshon 290 Ma
Red Dome Cu 300 MaNightflower 308-299 MaRavenswood 310-300 MaMt Wright 306 MaMungana 317-307 Ma Red Dome Au 325-310 Ma
Kidston 332 MaPajingo 342 Ma
Red = NightflowerOrange = within 35km of NightflowerGreen = further S in North Queensland Permo-Carboniferous metallogenic province
DISCRETE MINERALISING EVENT300-310 Ma
Decreasing age
PERN metallogeny: major mineralising event at 300-310 Ma
Digger Lode: Indicated Resource + Terrace prospect
5.4 km fault length,3.1 km unmapped
HODGKINSON FORMATION
FEATHERBED VOLCANICS
WABAREDORY GRANITE
Map
TESTING:
Sampling, IP, 19 DD + 14 RC
Indicated Resource + 2 Exploration Targets:
1.8 mt @ 151g Ag, 3% Pb, 1.5% Zn, 0.3% Cu. 0.8 g Au
$3.7 million total expenditure
DIGGER LODE
TERRACE Prospect
Digger Lode: 2 ore stages, both epithermal, Ag-Au rich
HODGKINSON FORMATION
NIGHTFLOWER DACITE
WABAREDORY GRANITE
2 ORE STAGES: A and B
2 ore types: Stage A + Stage B
A = Massive base metal + Ag, B = Epithermal qz + Au
71 g/t Au“ginguro”
452 g/t Ag
Map
DIGGER LODE
TERRACE Prospect
Digger Lode: intrusive crowded porphyry + ?skarn clasts
HODGKINSON FORMATION
NIGHTFLOWER DACITE
WABAREDORY GRANITE
Map
?MINERALISING INTRUSIVE: CROWDED PORPHYRY
Digger Porphyry in subsurfaceDIGGER LODE
TERRACE Prospect
MINES & PROSPECTS IN NIGHTFLOWER ORE SYSTEM
Mine: World class
Mine: Developing
Prospect: JORC Indicated Resource
Prospect: Advanced exploration around historical mine(s)
Well-defined multi-sample stream sediment gold-(polymetallic) anomaly
Digger Lode
Terrace
MunganaRed Dome
King Vol
30 km
NKAGARA EPM’sKAGARA EPM’s
Chillagoe
Bilch Creek
12
PROJECT ASSETS
NIGHTFLOWER FAULTDigger Lode:
Indicated Resource + 2 Exploration Targets + Deep porphyry target
Terrace Prospect:Best intercept 6.4m true width @ 69 g/t Ag, 1.7% Pb, 1.6% Zn, 0.04% Cu, 0.31 g/t Au
PERN TARGETS Zn-Cu-Pb-Ag-Au-InBilch Creek3 lesser targets
HODGKINSON Au-ONLY DEPOSITSRetina Fault
Nightflower assets in NNE-trending Mungana Transfer Zone
Epithermal Pb+Zn+Cu+Ag+Au Nightflower: 3 million oz Ag to date (incl Exploration Targets)
Porphyry Cu+Au+Ag: Red Dome + Mungana: 32.2 million oz Ag, 2.5 million oz AuNightflower: target beneath epithermal deposit
Private & Confidential
MUNGANAAnnie Girofla Griffiths HillRED DOMELady JaneHookworm
Porphyry Cu+Au deposit
Pb+Ag+Zn+Cu+AuDigger LodeDigger Lode extension
MUNGANAAnnie Girofla Griffiths HillRED DOMELady JaneHookworm
Porphyry Cu+Au deposit
Pb+Ag+Zn+Cu+AuDigger LodeDigger Lode extension
RED DOME & MUNGANA
NIGHTFLOWER Cu+Au Predicted; porphry already located
NIGHTFLOWER DEEPS Likely extension
DIGGER LODE
NIGHTFLOWER FAULT draped over PALMERVILLE FAULT Long sectionN S
13
PERN system: Nightflower cf Red Dome-Mungana deposits
Long sectionsSame scale for all deposits
MUNGANA
DIGGER LODE KnownEpithermal Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-AuDark = drilledLight = geologically likely
N S
RED DOME
DIGGER Cu-Au Predicted -Digger Porphry found
NIGHTFLOWER
1
2
Surface at Nightflower
High potential for porphyry deposits, at deeper levels
Surface at Red Dome-Mungana
No potential for epithermal deposits - eroded (unless telescoped)
KING VOL
EPITHERMAL
PORPHYRY
500m
PERN delivers different depth prospectivity for each type
World-class IRGS precious metal depositsNewly discovered epithermal componentContinent-scale Tasmanide Permo-Carboniferous metallogeny Most known deposits have only one level preserved - epithermal or porphyry, but not bothAll are subvertical pipes, polymetallic strongly zonedThe base metal deposits include a Couer d’Alene (?)IRGS suite: Nightflower-Conrad-WebbsNightflower is a dual-level system - epithermal + indicators of porphyry system
EPITHERMAL ZONEVolcanic host: competent dilational jog
PORPHYRY ZONEMetasediment host: fertile replacement
Major Fault
?Splay Fault
EPITHERMAL PIPE
PORPHYRY STOCK(S)
Dilational jog and/or fault intersection pipe
COVER: Featherbed Volcanics
Nightflower base metal +Au
Mungana AuRed Dome AuKidston AuMount Leyshon AuMount Wright Au
PORPHYRY STOCK
1 km
King Vol base metalMungana base metal
Zn+Cu±Au±Ag
Au±Ag
BASEMENT: Hodgkinson & Kitoba Formations
SKARN
PIPE
Unconformity
EPITHERMAL ZONE
PORPHYRY ZONE
Pb+Ag±Au±Sb
PERN system: stacked architecture & metal zonation
PERN ore shoots are zoned vertically
Multi-shoots, intra-zoned & inter-zoned
Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag
Cu-Au-Ag-Mo-Zn-Pb
Cu-Au-Mo
RED DOME MUNGANA NIGHTFLOWER
800mZn-Cu-Pb-
Ag
Cu-Pb-Ag-Zn-Au
Cu-Au-Zn
800mAu-Ag
Zn-Pb-Ag-Cu-Au
Pb-Ag-Cu-Au-Zn
?
Stage A Stage B
Longitudinal section - schematic
Upper zone: Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag
Lower zone: Cu-Au-Ag-Mo
16
Single shoot(?), intra-zoned
PERN: Mungana contains epithermal mineralisation
200o
300o
400o
500o
600o
EPITHERMAL Quartz veins & sulphide
350-480o
Arsenopyrite in porphyry
400o
Arsenopyrite in base metal
300-430o
Arsenopyrite in skarn
390-650o
Early porphyry stockwork
220-400o
Late porphyry stockwork
500-540o
Quartz phenocrysts
350-480o
Arsenopyrite in porphyry stockwork
390-650o
Quartz in brain rock (UST)
LATE PORPHYRY Quartz veins & sulphide
EARLY PORPHYRY Quartz phenocrysts, veins & brain rock (UST)
T
500m
MUNGANA GEOTHERMOMETERS(Rubenach, 2010)
EPITHERMAL
PORPHYRY
200-300o
Base metal lode quartz200-300o
Epithermal quartz
PERN: Mungana epithermal mineralisation = Nightflower
200o
300o
400o
500o
600o
EPITHERMAL Quartz veins & sulphide
200-300o
Base metal lode quartz200-300o
Epithermal quartz
350-480o
Arsenopyrite in porphyry
400o
Arsenopyrite in base metal
300-430o
Arsenopyrite in skarn
390-650o
Early porphyry stockwork
220-400o
Late porphyry stockwork
500-540o
Quartz phenocrysts
350-480o
Arsenopyrite in porphyry stockwork
390-650o
Quartz in brain rock (UST)
LATE PORPHYRY Quartz veins & sulphide
EARLY PORPHYRY Quartz phenocrysts, veins & brain rock (UST)
T
500m
EPITHERMAL
PORPHYRY
Interpreted equivalent NIGHTFLOWER epithermal stages:
STAGE A Massive base metal lode STAGE B Epithermal quartz + gold
Nightflower Fault = Lode channel
W E
ZnZn
Zn
INTRUSIVE PORPHYRYMinor alteration
NIGHTFLOWER DACITE
Ag+Pb
Ag +Pb+Cu
VEINED WALLROCK
LATERAL & VERTICAL ZONINGProximal Ag-Pb distal Zn
NON-VEINED WALLROCK
10m
V:H = 1
Map or section (looking N)
19
Dilational jog, with strong metal zoning in fault & stockwork
STRUCTURAL-METASOMATIC UNITS (SMU's)1 Massive base metal + silver sulphide - INFILL2 Semi-massive base metal + silver sulphide - BRECCIA3a Dark matrix breccia - fine sulphide - MILLED3b Puggy breccia - no sulphide - MILLED4a Epithermal quartz vein, sulphide-poor - INFILL4b Epithermal quartz vein, fine sulphide-rich - INFILL5 Felsite dyke - INTRUSIVE6 Epithermal stockwork, dense, fine sulphide7a Stockwork - coarse base metal sulphide7b Stockwork - quartz + fine sulphide, epithermal
7ab Stockwork - mixed 7a and 7b8 Wallrock - haematite+chlorite+sericite ALTERATION9 Wallrock - sericite ALTERATION10 Unaltered wallrock - rhyodacite - VOLCANIC11 Unaltered coarse quartz+feldspar porphyry - INTRUSIVE
Boundary of pervasively sericitised volcanicsBoundary of lode channel - faultDemonstrable intrusive boundary - along faultFault
20
STAGE A Massive sulphide Ag-rich
STAGE B Epithermal quartz Au-rich
5m
VEINED WALLROCK
NON-VEINED WALLROCK
A
B
100m
W E
Nightflower Fault
Map or section (looking N)
Dilational jog infill + mineralised TVA + alteration
TENSION VEIN ARRAY
FAULT CHANNEL
Lode plunges parallel to dilational jog + TVA axis
1.0
2.2
1.71.6
7.2
4.6
0.916.0
0.8
18.2
5.8
5.7
3.0
4.51.9
2.5
1.5
4.5
13.8
Limit of data
400RL
300RL
200RL
Deep intercept @ 050 RL
KEY>15m metres true width10-15m 5-10m<5m
Lim
it of
dat
a
SHOOT PLUNGE & LOCATION FROM WIDTH CONTOURS 45o
SHOOT PLUNGE FROM STRUCTURAL DATA 45o
TRUE WIDTH CONTOURS Long section
21
TVA Axes, each from multiple dataDD17,19 TVA Axes, each from multiple dataDD17,19
S N
Drillhole pierce point & True width
1974 drillhole which did not penetrate full width of lode (terminated in porphyry dyke, erroneously thought to be W wall), but has been"restored" by adding the likely intercept at the W end from adjacent known drilling.
100m
18.2m true width @ 189g/t Ag, 4.5% Pb, 1.2% Zn, 0.16% Cu, 0.3g/t Au
Dilational jog Infill - Stage A: Milled breccia chamber(s)
8135
500
N
8135
900
N
? 400RL
100RL
300RL
200RL
22
S N
MILLED BRECCIA
MILLED BRECCIA REPLACED BY MASSIVE Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu-Au
Downplunge limit of data
Downplunge limit of data
100m
Dilational jog Infill - Stage A: Massive Base Metals + Ag
8135
500
N
8135
900
N
?
100m
400RL
100RL
300RL
200RL
1
23
Brecciating, milling, mineralising fluid bores up pair of adjacent dilational jog open-space chambers
S N
REPLACED MILLED BRECCIA+ INFILL MASSIVE SULPHIDE
SILVER 180 g/tSILVER 180 g/t
8135
500
N
8135
900
N
?
100m
400RL
100RL
300RL
200RL
24
GOLD 15 g/tGOLD 15 g/t
EPITHERMAL QUARTZ + Au IN LATER DILATIONAL PIPES
S N
Mineralising epithermal siliceous fluid egresses up later pipes, still within boundaries of dilational jog
Dilational jog Infill - Stage B: Epithermal quartz + Au
Epithermal pipe = Infill, Porphyry pipe = Replacement
25
1 km
Nightflower Dacite
Hodgkinson Formation
Wabaredory GraniteEPITHERMAL
PORPHYRY
Long section
S N
Replaced wallrock
Open space infill
2 end-member deposit targets, both high-grade Au ± Ag
DEPOSIT MADE OF STAGE A
Map or Cross section
DEPOSIT MADE OF STAGE B
Ag 1200
DEPOSIT MADE OF STAGES A + B
Au 1.0Au 15 Au 0.4
4000N
4200N
4400N
4800N
5000N
5200N
5600N
6000N
6200N
N i g h t f l o w e r E a s t?
IP survey over the mapped & sampled 2.2 km central section of the Nightflower Fault
The fault is anomalous in chargeability and resistivity in every section
Within, and also outside of, this globally anomalous fault section, occur three distinct anomalies:
1. Digger Lode2. Terrace Prospect3. Nightflower East
27
Nightflower Fault strongly electrically anomalous + targets
1
2
3
3D modelChargeability pseudosections
F FF FNIGHTFLOWER DACITE
KITOBA MEMBER
HODGKINSON FORMATION
N S
FEATHERBED VOLCANICS
?SOUTH PORPHYRYPredicted from magnetics
DIGGER PORPHYRYPredicted 2006 -Intersected 2008
WABAREDORY GRANITE
?TERRACE PORPHYRYPredicted from model
MINERALISING INTRUSIVES:
NIGHTFLOWER FAULT Long section
1 km
DIGGER LODE TERRACE PROSPECT
Nightflower Fault: porphyry intrusives & fertile basement
Nightflower Fault: Interpreted basement - Kitoba Member
Nightflower
Nightflower Fault
20 km
Coincident features:• GSQ mapped contact between Hodgkinson & Kitoba• Laing interpreted Ticklehim Creek normal fault • strong regional magnetic suture
HODGKINSON FORMATION
Map
KITOBA MEMBER
Nightflower Fault: Interpreted basement - Kitoba Member
20 km
Coincident features:• GSQ mapped contact between Hodgkinson & Kitoba• Laing interpreted Ticklehim Creek normal fault • strong regional magnetic suture
HODGKINSON FORMATION
Map
Nightflower
Nightflower FaultKITOBA MEMBER
NIGHTFLOWER FAULT ZONE
Cross section
Unconformity
W E
Nightflower Fault: Kitoba Member has replaceable units
Crowded porphyry
NIGHTFLOWER DACITE
20 km
Coincident features:• GSQ mapped contact between Hodgkinson & Kitoba• Laing interpreted Ticklehim Creek normal fault • strong regional magnetic suture
HODGKINSON FORMATION
KITOBA MEMBER
Map
Nightflower
Nightflower Fault
KITOBA MEMBERin S half of Nightflower Fault
F FF FNIGHTFLOWER DACITE
KITOBA MEMBER
HODGKINSON FORMATION
N S
FEATHERBED VOLCANICS
?SOUTH PORPHYRYPredicted from magnetics
DIGGER PORPHYRYPredicted 2006 -Intersected 2008
WABAREDORY GRANITE
?TERRACE PORPHYRYPredicted from model
MINERALISING INTRUSIVES:
NIGHTFLOWER FAULT Long section
1 km
DIGGER LODE TERRACE PROSPECT
Nightflower Fault: porphyry intrusives & fertile basement
NNE fault array mineralises epithermal & porphyry systems
NNE-trending mineralising fault array including Nightflower Fault
N
• An array of NNE faults in the Nightflower-Red Dome region separate compartments of differing magnetic signature• They are not simply offsetting faults, they are (de)magnetising faults, interpreted as (at least partly) sulphidising
faults• The Nightflower Fault is at least one fault in the NNE array which is mineralising in Au+Ag + base metals. Similar NNE-
trending faults in the Red Dome deposit are also clearly mineralising in Cu+Au+Ag (see later slide).
TMI image Mossman 1:250,000 sheet
50 km
Nightflower
Red Dome and Mungana both lie within the NW-trending Palmerville Fault.
Their deposit architecture is controlled by NE- to NNE-trending steep faults:
Red Dome deposit is controlled by NE to NNE-trending faults containing crowded porphyry dykes along faults (Torrey et al, 1988, Figs 2, 4)
Mungana’s mineralised stockwork is “preferentially oriented NE” parallel to the Mungana Fault (Nethery & Barr, 1998).
The intersecting faults and replaced host sequence are subvertical, hence the resulting pipes of intrusive porphyry & ore are subvertical.
Red Dome-Mungana controlled by NNE faults & porphyries
Map from Torrey et al (1988, Figs 2, 4) Compiled & interpreted by W. Laing
RED DOME
35
MAGNETICSThe epithermal Nightflower deposit is non-magnetic: host rocks, ore, intrusivesThe porphyry Red Dome deposits are associated with magnetic rocks: ?intrusives, skarns
NIGHTFLOWER
5 km
35
MINERALISING FAULTSThe mineralising Nightflower Fault has the same NNE subvertical orientation as a set of mineralising
faults at Red Dome. These faults also contain crowded porphyry dykes similar to the Digger Porphyry.
BILCH CREEK
RED DOME
Bilch Creek porphyry target = Red Dome porphyry suite
Bilch Creek porphyry target: NNE faults + intrusives + skarns
1 km
RACK n ROCKCu prospect
NIGHTFLOWER 1km
Basal Nightflower Dacite
?MINERALISING PORPHYRY Buried under colluvium
Tourmaline stockwork & alteration
PORPHYRITIC GRANODIORITE
MAGNETIC UNITS Bullseyes = ?pipes Curvilinears = ?skarns
STREAM GEOCHEMISTRY Au-Ag-Pb-Cu-As
FEATHERBED CAULDRON
NIGHTFLOWER CALDERA
PERN target ore types: Infill vs replacement
CHILLAGOE FORMATIONLimestone
KITOBA FORMATION
Limestone + clastics
HODGKINSON FORMATION
Clastics
H “Hodgkinson” depositsSimple infill along faultNo replacement
K “Kitoba” depositsInfill > replacementInfill in dilational pipeReplacement around pipe
C “Chillagoe Formation” depositsReplacement > InfillInfill in fault intersection pipeReplacement around pipe
H
K
K
CC
Non-mineralising fault
Infill along mineralising fault
Infill breccia pipe, dilational jog: tabular along fault
Infill breccia pipe, fault intersection: equant
Replacement selvedge:parallel to NE faultparallel to NW fault & bedding
CFEATHERBED CAULDRON
Volcanic blanket
INFILL = RedModerate tonnage, high grade
REPLACEMENT = YellowHigh tonnage, moderate grade
H
PERN target ore types: Optimised exploration strategy
CHILLAGOE FORMATIONLimestone
KITOBA FORMATION
Limestone + clastics
HODGKINSON FORMATION
Clastics
FEATHERBED CAULDRON
Volcanic blanket
H
KF
KK
C
CP
CPI
Testing grid: tabular (elongate) in the direction shown
Testing grid: equant (small pipe)
EXPLORATION STRATEGY
The target PERN deposits possess a mixture of templates:- tabular vs equant- bedding/fault-parallel vs pipes- NW-trending vs NE-trending
They thus demand a sophisticated exploration strategy which 1 Recognises this, then 2 Seeks to identify the correct template very early
in the program, then 3 Optimises the program by selecting (and if
necessary changing to) the correct orientation for geochemical & geophysical surveys & drilling.
Non-mineralising fault
Infill along mineralising fault
Infill breccia pipe, dilational jog: tabular along fault
Infill breccia pipe, fault intersection: equant
Replacement selvedge:parallel to NE faultparallel to NW fault & bedding
NON-INTUITIVE PROSPECT GRIDSThis grid is normal to the host fault. This grid is not elongate along the host PFZ.
FEATHERBED CAULDRON
COROMANDEL CALDERA ZONE
25 km
NNightflower
1
23 4
6
5
7
9
10
118 12
1
2
34
5 6
Comparison Nth Queensland & Coromandel Metallogenes
Caldera
The COROMANDEL system contains:• over 40 epithermal Au deposits • 3 porphyry Cu+Au deposits
The FEATHERBED CAULDRON system contains:• a small suite of known porphyry Cu+Au+Ag deposits• the Nightflower epithermal deposit• several hundred mixed, unclassified,
Pb+Zn+Cu+Ag+Ag+Sn+W+Mo deposits, most of which are likely to be classified as epithermal or porphyry
2
PERN target terranes: P+E exploration windows (1.5km depth)
Crustal section from Vos et al (2006)
Too deep?
NIGHTFLOWER EPITHERMAL
ABOVE PORPHYRY
BLOCK
RED DOME PORPHYRY
BLOCK
PORPHYRY+ EPITHERMAL
BLOCK
P E+P EP
FEATHERBED CAULDRON
41
41
Target terranes: Featherbed Cauldron & transfer structures
Map Mackenzie et al (1993)
Nightflower
King Vol
MunganaRed Dome
42
Target terrane P: Porphyry deposits beneath early calderas
PORPHYRY TARGET TERRANESubstrate to early calderas
Pre- 300-310 Ma
P
P
P
Porphyry terrane: 5000 km2
Nightflower
Map Mackenzie et al (1993)
43
Target terrane E: Epithermal deposits within early calderas
EPITHERMAL TARGET TERRANEEarly calderas
300-310 Ma
EEpithermal terrane: 2000 km2
Nightflower
Map Mackenzie et al (1993)
E
PORPHYRY TARGET TERRANEBeneath early calderas
Pre- 300-310 Ma
+
44
PORPHYRY + EPITHERMAL TARGET TERRANECombined substrate + early calderas
300-310 Ma
Target terranes P+E: Porphyry + Epithermal windows
E + P
EP
P
Total target terrane: 7000 km2
Nightflower
King Vol
MunganaRed Dome
Map Mackenzie et al (1993)
Spatial analysis of all recorded 151 deposits in the Featherbed Cauldron and hangingwall of the Palmerville Fault shows:
Remarkably strong clustering of the 151 deposits:
1. Each cluster has a very homogeneous metal assemblage. 2. Each cluster is surrounded by a barren region. 3. Adjacent clusters generally have different metal assemblages.
The compartmentalisation of metals is remarkable. Of the 151 deposits, only 12 fail to fit this pattern; a mere 8%.
- mineralisation is strongly controlled by the distribution of intrusives- and by an inferred strong set of faults which control this distribution - the faults take part in the mineralising process- the NNE fault set features strongly
PERN: strong mineralising control by intrusives & faults
The 15 clusters of 151 deposits show a further strong grouping, into3 superclusters, defined by
chalcophile (Cu+Zn+Pb+Ag+Au) vslithophile (Sn+W+Mo±Cu±Pb) metal assemblages.
The 3 superclusters are separated in space and have discrete characteristics. They are:
1. Chillagoe - chalcophile2. Bamford Hill - lithophile3. Nightflower - chalcophile + lithophile
PERN: mineralising clusters grouped into superclusters
SUPERCLUSTER METAL ASSEMBLAGE NUMBER OFDEPOSITS
EXCEPTIONS
Number Name1 Red Dome Cu+Zn+Pb+Ag 9 42 Red Dome - gold Au+Cu+Zn+Pb+Ag 25 0
CHILLAGOE 3 Zillmanton Cu 8 0Chalcophile 4 Chillagoe Cu>Pb+Zn+Ag 8 0
5 Quaker Bore Cu 26 16 Bustard Bore Au + fluorite 20 17 Mount Lucy Pb>Cu+Ag 18 08 Koorboora West Pb+Ag+Cu 9 09 Koorboora Sn 48 1
BAMFORD HILL 10 Wolfram Line W 9 0Lithophile 11 Oaky Creek Sn 21 1
12 Sunnymount Mo 2 013 Bamford Hill Sn+Pb+W 14 014 Petford Pb+Ag+Cu 4 015 Mount Black Sn>W+Cu 36 4
TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPOSITS: 134
Chalcophile NB No deposits have been omitted from the districtAu analysis: the deposit clusters are separated by Cu barren groundCu+Pb+Ag±Zn
LithophileSn+W+(Cu/Pb)SnWMo
PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS DEPOSIT CLUSTERS - FEATHERBED CAULDRONDEPOSIT CLUSTER SUPERCLUSTER METAL ASSEMBLAGE NUMBER OF
DEPOSITSEXCEPTIONS
Number NameNIGHTFLOWER 16 Nightflower Pb+Ag+Zn+Cu+Au+Sb 10 0Chalcophile + 17 Black Pony Au+Sb 2 0
Lithophile 18 Pandora Sn 6 0
TOTAL NUMBER OF DEPOSITS: 17
Chalcophile NB No deposits have been omitted from the districtCu+Pb+Ag±Zn analysis: the deposit clusters are separated by Au+Sb barren ground
LithophileSn
PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS DEPOSIT CLUSTERS - NIGHTFLOWER CAULDRONDEPOSIT CLUSTER
PERN: detailed metal content of clusters and superclusters
1
2
3