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The neural basis of face recognition?
Tim Andrews
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Familiar
Unfamiliar
Hancock, Bruce and Burton (2000) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:330-337Jenkins, White, Van Monfort, Burton (2011) Cognition 121: 313-323
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Outline
1. Which areas of the brain respond to images of faces?
2. Are these regions selective for the identity of the face?
3. Which aspects of the face are important for representing facial identity?
4. Is an image-invariant neural code used to represent information about identity?
5. Are face-selective regions sufficient for face recognition?
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Face localiser scan
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fMRI analysis - modelling the data
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Face-selective regions
FFA: fusiform face areaOFA: occipital face areaSTS: superior temporal sulcus
7.4
4.6
zscore
OFA
STS
FFA
Haxby, Hoffman & Gobbini, TICS 4: 223-233 (2000)Bruce & Young (1986) Br. J. Psychology 77: 305-327Calder & Young, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6: 641-51 (2005)
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Outline
1. Which areas of the brain respond to images of faces?
2. Are these regions selective for the identity of the face?
3. Which aspects of the face are important for representing facial identity?
4. Is an image-invariant neural code used to represent information about identity?
5. Are face-selective regions sufficient for face recognition?
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fMR-adaptation
Grill-Spector, Henson & Martin (2006) Trends Cog Sci 10: 14-23Krekelberg, Boynton and van Wezel (2006) Trends Neurosci 29: 250-256
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fMR-adaptation
Grill-Spector et al (1999) Neuron 24: 187-203Henson et al. (2000) Science 287: 1269-72Andrews & Ewbank, Neuroimage 23: 905-913(2004)Grill-Spector, Henson & Martin (2006) Trends Cog Sci 10: 14-23
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Andrews, Clarke, Pell, Hartley (2010) Neuroimage 49: 703-711
fMR- adaptation to intact, but not scrambled faces
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Andrews, Clarke, Pell, Hartley (2010) Neuroimage 49: 703-711
No adaptation to images of places
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Outline
1. Which areas of the brain respond to images of faces?
2. Are these regions selective for the identity of the face?
3. Which aspects of the face are important for representing facial identity?
4. Is an image-invariant neural code used to represent information about identity?
5. Are face-selective regions sufficient for face recognition?
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Internal and external features
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fMR-adaptation to internal and external features of familiar faces
Andrews, Davies-Thompson, Kingstone & Young (2010) J. Neuroscience 30: 3544-22
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Adaptation to internal and external features of unfamiliar faces
FFA OFA STS
Andrews, Davies-Thompson, Kingstone & Young (2010) J. Neuroscience 30: 3544-22
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Composite face images
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Adaptation to composite familiar faces
same internal, same external
same internal, diff. external
diff. internal, same external
diff. internal, diff. external
Andrews, Davies-Thompson, Kingstone & Young (2010) J. Neuroscience 30: 3544-22
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Adaptation to composite unfamiliar faces
same internal, same external
same internal, diff. external
diff. internal, same external
diff. internal, diff. external
Andrews, Davies-Thompson, Kingstone & Young (2010) J. Neuroscience 30: 3544-22
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The Presidential Illusion!
FFA OFA STS
Sinha and Poggio (1996) Nature 384:404
Sinha and Poggio (2002) Perception 31:131
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Face to Face Coalition!
FFA OFA STS
Andrews and Thompson (2010) iPerception 1: 28-30
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Outline
1. Which areas of the brain respond to images of faces?
2. Are these regions selective for the identity of the face?
3. Which aspects of the face are important for representing facial identity?
4. Is an image-invariant neural code used to represent information about identity?
5. Are face-selective regions sufficient for face recognition?
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Familiar
Unfamiliar
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Experiment 1: same identity FFA
Image invariant adaptation
Davies-Thompson, Newling and Andrews (2012) Cerebral Cortex in press
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Experiment 2: different identity FFA
Image invariant adaptation
Davies-Thompson, Newling and Andrews (2012) Cerebral Cortex in press
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Experiment 1: same identity FFA
Image invariant adaptation
Davies-Thompson, Newling and Andrews (2012) Cerebral Cortex in press
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Experiment 2: different identity FFA
Image invariant adaptation
Davies-Thompson, Newling and Andrews (2012) Cerebral Cortex in press
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Experiment 1
Image invariant adaptationExperiment 2
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Outline
1. Which areas of the brain respond to images of faces?
2. Are these regions selective for the identity of the face?
3. Which aspects of the face are important for representing facial identity?
4. Is an image-invariant neural code used to represent information about identity?
5. Are face-selective regions sufficient for face recognition?
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Case Study - JJ
17 year old male
Complete loss of vision following head trauma
Visual acuity recovered after 5 days, but he retained a specific deficit in colour
and face perception
10 days after injury, battery of visual tests revealed normal acuity, stereopsis,
motion discrimination, contrast sensitivity, object/place recognition, but still had
abnormal colour vision and remained densely prosopagnosic.
After 4 months he showed a complete recovery of colour and face perception.
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Structural MRI revealed no obvious lesion
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1
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Normal functional responses in face-selective regions
FFA FFA STS OFA FFA
FFAPre-recovery Post-recovery Controls
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Normal adaptation to faces in prosopagnosic patient!
Pre-recovery
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
% M
R sig
nal
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Post-recovery
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Control participants
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
differentsame
FFA
same
different
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Conclusions
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Thanks to…• Jodie Davies-Thompson• Andy Young• Heidi Baseler• Andre Gouws• Simon Hickman• Alan Kingstone• Tony Morland• Peter Thompson
• Wellcome Trust• ESRC
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JJ – face perception% correct 27/02 04/03 14/03 21/03 28/03 04/04 22/06
Benton Face Recognition Test 90.7 90.7
Cambridge Face Memory Test 85.0
Emotion Recognition Test 41.7 75.0
Eye Gaze Sensitivity Test 50.0 94.4
Sex Discrimination Test 85.4 81.2
Unfamiliar Face Matching Test 91.6 95.8
Familiar Face Recognition Test 0.0 0.0 0.0 100
Forced Choice Face Recognition Test 42.9 100
Famous Caricature Test 40.0 100
Visual Imagery Test 100 100
Face Texture Test 100 100
Face Size Test 100 100
Face Shape Test 75.0 62.5
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JJ – non-face object perception
% correct 27/02 04/03 14/03 21/03 28/03 04/04 22/06
National Adult Reading Test (NART) 23/50 17/50
Warrington Recognition Memory Test 100 100
Famous Buildings Test 85.0 85.0
Name Recognition Test 97.6 100
Car Recognition Test 79.2 83.3
Famous London Landmarks Test 88.8
Common Objects Test 100